Development of PNS

Question 1

What is the first marker of human brain segmentation?

Answer 1

mesencephalic flexure

Question 2

tripartite brain =

Answer 2

prosencephalon (forebrain)
mesencephalon (midbrain)
rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Question 3

in the adult the lumbar spin ends at

Answer 3

L2-L3

Question 4

where would a needle to make a spinal tap be inserted?

Answer 4

in L4-L5

Question 5

Tethered Cord Syndrome

Answer 5

spinal cord is attached to connective tissues within the column. causes abnormal stretching of the spinal cord. it is a progressive disorder.

Question 6

Biopotential progenitor cells arise from the ___ plate

Answer 6

alar

Question 7

Biopotential progenitor cells form

Answer 7

glial lineage progenitor cells which produce cells supporting the CNS, and neuronal lineage progenitor cells which produce neurons.

Question 8

The Marginal Layer

Answer 8

Spinal Ganglion

Question 9

Marginal Layer

Answer 9

contains neuronal processes

Question 10

Biopotential progenitor cells form…

Answer 10

neurons and neuroglia

so, neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells

Question 11

Neurons and neuroglial cells go to the

Answer 11

cortical plate

Question 12

Stages of a neuroblast include

Answer 12

apolar neuroblast —> bipolar neuralblast –> multipolar neuropolar neuralblast

Question 13

Where does neuroblast differtentiation into their final form (neurons) occur?

Answer 13

in the mantle layer

Question 14

what happens to a postmitotic neuron/glial cell?

Answer 14

the neurons/glial cells migrate outward to form the intermediate mantle or cortical zone, which becomes the grey matter

Question 15

intermediate mantle =

Answer 15

the cortical zone

Question 16

neuronal processes move out to surround

Answer 16

developing grey matter and form outer white matter

Question 17

marginal zone =

Answer 17

white matter

Question 18

Mantle vs cortical vs marginal

Answer 18

mantle and cortical = grey matter, marginal zone = white matter

Question 19

BMP4/7 secreted in ectoderm establish

Answer 19

signaling center in the roof plate

Question 20

BMP4 in the roof plate upregulates

Answer 20

TGF-beta proteins, including BMP5 and BMP7, activin and dorsalin

SHH from notochord establishes additional SHH signaling in floor plate

Question 21

a protein gradient consisting of _______ proteins and ______ activate transcription factors that regulate neuronal differentiation

Answer 21

TGF-beta and SHH

Question 22

TGF-beta controls

Answer 22

PAX-3/7 which upregulates sensory neuron differentiation

Question 23

PAX-3/7 controls

Answer 23

sensory neuron differentiation

Question 24

SHH activate

Answer 24

PAX6 and ventral (motor) neuron differentiation

Question 25

ventral neurons will be differentiated by

Answer 25

PAX-6

Question 26

dorsal neurons will be differentiated by

Answer 26

PAX-3/7

Question 27

Shh from the ____---> Pax __

Answer 27

notochord and floor plate, Pax-6

Question 28

TGF-betas (BMP) from the ____ ---> Pax ____

Answer 28

dorsal neural tube, Pax-3/7

Question 29

a high concentration of Pax-3/7 will favor

Answer 29

sensory neuron development

Question 30

a high concentration of Pax-6 will favor

Answer 30

motor neuron development

Question 31

Dorsal area --->

Answer 31

sensory input, Afferent

Question 32

Ventral area -->

Answer 32

motor input, Efferent

Question 33

Neural crest --->

Answer 33

dorsal root ganglia, chain ganglia (motor) , chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla, preaortic ganglia (motor) parasympathetic ganglia in walls of viscera

Question 34

Ganglia formed by neural crest

Answer 34

motor/efferent autonomic sympathetic chain ganglia (paravertebral) and pre-aortic ganglia parasympathetic (within walls of viscera) Sensory/afferent Dorsal root ganglia Input into dorsal horn

Question 35

CNS vs PNS derived from?

Answer 35

CNS-- neural tube | PNS - neural crest

Question 36

PNS =

Answer 36

``` somatic autonomic (sympathetic+parasympathetic) ```

Question 37

PNS components

Answer 37

peripheral ganglia and nerve endings cranial nerves- 12 spinal nerves -31

Question 38

Somatic nervous system

Answer 38

conscious action

Question 39

ANS

Answer 39

unconscious action+ maintains homeostasis

Question 40

Where would general visceral efferent neurons be located in the spinal cord?

Answer 40

the intermediate grey matter, although they must pass through the ventral horn they're ONLY located between T1-L2 and S1-S4

Question 41

T1-L2

Answer 41

sympathetics, cell bodies located in the lateral grey area

Question 42

S1-S4

Answer 42

parasympathetics, cell bodies located in the lateral grey area

Question 43

how many spinal nerves are there

Answer 43

31

Question 44

what kind of information do spinal nerves carry?

Answer 44

mixed

Question 45

what kind of information do dorsal/ventral ramus carry?

Answer 45

mixed

Question 46

SCN9A

Answer 46

sodium channel located in the disorder "congenital insensitivity to pain"

Question 47

of neurons in path from CNS

Answer 47

two neurons

Question 48

Somatic has ___ neuron in its path

Answer 48

one

Question 49

how many neurons in the ANS?

Answer 49

two: preganglionic and postganglionic

Question 50

sympathetic is the

Answer 50

stimulatory, fight or flight

Question 51

parasympathetic is the

Answer 51

rest digest system

Question 52

the Alar plate -->

Answer 52

becomes the DRG dorsolateral thickening of the intermediate zone of the neural tube gives rise to sensory neuroblasts of the dorsal horn receives axons from dorsal root ganglia, which endter spinal cord and become dorsal (sensory roots)

Question 53

the Basal plate

Answer 53

ventrolateral thickening of the intermediate zone of the neural tube gives rise to motor neuroblasts of the ventral and lateral horns projects axons from motor neuroblasts, which exit spinal cord and become ventral motor roots basal plate eventually becomes the ventral horn of the spinal cord

Question 54

Shh induces formation of

Answer 54

motor neurons

Question 55

Neuroepithelium

Answer 55

refers to initial epithelial layer of neural tube

Question 56

biopotential progenitor cells

Answer 56

refers to a cell that has been restricted to one of two pathways: neuronal lineage or glial lineage

Question 57

early Neural tube epithelia

Answer 57

pseudostratified epithelium