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MSK I > Development of PNS > Flashcards

Development of PNS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first marker of human brain segmentation?

A

mesencephalic flexure

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2
Q

tripartite brain =

A

prosencephalon (forebrain)
mesencephalon (midbrain)
rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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3
Q

in the adult the lumbar spin ends at

A

L2-L3

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4
Q

where would a needle to make a spinal tap be inserted?

A

in L4-L5

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5
Q

Tethered Cord Syndrome

A

spinal cord is attached to connective tissues within the column. causes abnormal stretching of the spinal cord. it is a progressive disorder.

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6
Q

Biopotential progenitor cells arise from the ___ plate

A

alar

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7
Q

Biopotential progenitor cells form

A

glial lineage progenitor cells which produce cells supporting the CNS, and neuronal lineage progenitor cells which produce neurons.

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8
Q

The Marginal Layer

A

Spinal Ganglion

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9
Q

Marginal Layer

A

contains neuronal processes

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10
Q

Biopotential progenitor cells form…

A

neurons and neuroglia

so, neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells

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11
Q

Neurons and neuroglial cells go to the

A

cortical plate

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12
Q

Stages of a neuroblast include

A

apolar neuroblast —> bipolar neuralblast –> multipolar neuropolar neuralblast

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13
Q

Where does neuroblast differtentiation into their final form (neurons) occur?

A

in the mantle layer

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14
Q

what happens to a postmitotic neuron/glial cell?

A

the neurons/glial cells migrate outward to form the intermediate mantle or cortical zone, which becomes the grey matter

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15
Q

intermediate mantle =

A

the cortical zone

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16
Q

neuronal processes move out to surround

A

developing grey matter and form outer white matter

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17
Q

marginal zone =

A

white matter

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18
Q

Mantle vs cortical vs marginal

A

mantle and cortical = grey matter, marginal zone = white matter

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19
Q

BMP4/7 secreted in ectoderm establish

A

signaling center in the roof plate

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20
Q

BMP4 in the roof plate upregulates

A

TGF-beta proteins, including BMP5 and BMP7, activin and dorsalin

SHH from notochord establishes additional SHH signaling in floor plate

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21
Q

a protein gradient consisting of _______ proteins and ______ activate transcription factors that regulate neuronal differentiation

A

TGF-beta and SHH

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22
Q

TGF-beta controls

A

PAX-3/7 which upregulates sensory neuron differentiation

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23
Q

PAX-3/7 controls

A

sensory neuron differentiation

24
Q

SHH activate

A

PAX6 and ventral (motor) neuron differentiation

25
Q

ventral neurons will be differentiated by

A

PAX-6

26
Q

dorsal neurons will be differentiated by

A

PAX-3/7

27
Q

Shh from the ____—> Pax __

A

notochord and floor plate, Pax-6

28
Q

TGF-betas (BMP) from the ____ —> Pax ____

A

dorsal neural tube, Pax-3/7

29
Q

a high concentration of Pax-3/7 will favor

A

sensory neuron development

30
Q

a high concentration of Pax-6 will favor

A

motor neuron development

31
Q

Dorsal area —>

A

sensory input, Afferent

32
Q

Ventral area –>

A

motor input, Efferent

33
Q

Neural crest —>

A

dorsal root ganglia, chain ganglia (motor)

, chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla, preaortic ganglia (motor)

parasympathetic ganglia in walls of viscera

34
Q

Ganglia formed by neural crest

A

motor/efferent
autonomic
sympathetic
chain ganglia (paravertebral) and pre-aortic ganglia
parasympathetic (within walls of viscera)

Sensory/afferent
Dorsal root ganglia
Input into dorsal horn

35
Q

CNS vs PNS derived from?

A

CNS– neural tube

PNS - neural crest

36
Q

PNS =

A 
somatic 
autonomic (sympathetic+parasympathetic)
37
Q

PNS components

A

peripheral ganglia and nerve endings
cranial nerves- 12
spinal nerves -31

38
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

conscious action

39
Q

ANS

A

unconscious action+ maintains homeostasis

40
Q

Where would general visceral efferent neurons be located in the spinal cord?

A

the intermediate grey matter, although they must pass through the ventral horn

they’re ONLY located between T1-L2 and S1-S4

41
Q

T1-L2

A

sympathetics, cell bodies located in the lateral grey area

42
Q

S1-S4

A

parasympathetics, cell bodies located in the lateral grey area

43
Q

how many spinal nerves are there

A

31

44
Q

what kind of information do spinal nerves carry?

A

mixed

45
Q

what kind of information do dorsal/ventral ramus carry?

A

mixed

46
Q

SCN9A

A

sodium channel located in the disorder “congenital insensitivity to pain”

47
Q

of neurons in path from CNS

A

two neurons

48
Q

Somatic has ___ neuron in its path

A

one

49
Q

how many neurons in the ANS?

A

two: preganglionic and postganglionic

50
Q

sympathetic is the

A

stimulatory, fight or flight

51
Q

parasympathetic is the

A

rest digest system

52
Q

the Alar plate –>

A

becomes the DRG

dorsolateral thickening of the intermediate zone of the neural tube

gives rise to sensory neuroblasts of the dorsal horn

receives axons from dorsal root ganglia, which endter spinal cord and become dorsal (sensory roots)

53
Q

the Basal plate

A

ventrolateral thickening of the intermediate zone of the neural tube

gives rise to motor neuroblasts of the ventral and lateral horns

projects axons from motor neuroblasts, which exit spinal cord and become ventral motor roots

basal plate eventually becomes the ventral horn of the spinal cord

54
Q

Shh induces formation of

A

motor neurons

55
Q

Neuroepithelium

A

refers to initial epithelial layer of neural tube

56
Q

biopotential progenitor cells

A

refers to a cell that has been restricted to one of two pathways: neuronal lineage or glial lineage

57
Q

early Neural tube epithelia

A

pseudostratified epithelium

MSK I (14 decks)

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