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Gastrointestinal system > Overview of GI system function > Flashcards

Overview of GI system function Flashcards

1
Q

Accessory digestive organs

A

(adnexa) - teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

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2
Q

Gi tract

A

tube extending from mouth to anus and is constituted by: mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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3
Q

Which layers of embryonic tissue is GIT made from?

A

Endoderm and mesoderm

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4
Q

Which embryonic layer forms epithelial lining of GIT?

A

endoderm, forms secretory cells (parenchyma) of glands

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5
Q

Which embryonic layer forms connective tissue, muscle and peritoneal covering?

A

Splanchnic (visceral) mesoderm

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6
Q

Divisions of GIT

A
  • Foregut: pharynx
  • Extends from mouth to hepatopancreatic ampulla entering duodenum - has oro-pharyngeal, thoracic and abdominal parts
  • Midgut
  • From where hepatopancreatic ampulla enters duodenum to junction between proximal 2/3 and distal 1/3 of transverse colon
  • Hindgut
  • Extends from junction of proximal 2/3 and distal 1.3 of transverse colon to anus
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7
Q

Sections of foregut

A

pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, stomach, proximal half of duodenum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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8
Q

Sections of midgut

A

duodenum distal half, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending and transverse colon

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9
Q

Sections of hindgut

A

Hindgut: transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and anal canal

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10
Q

Vasculature of gut tube

A

Abdominal aorta

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11
Q

Vasculature of foregut

A

Coeliac trunl

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12
Q

Vasculature of midgut

A

Superior mesenteric artery

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13
Q

Vasculature of handgun

A

inferior mesenteric artery

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14
Q

Coeliac trunk

A

abdominal aorta at T12 (aortic hiatus), supplies foregut via common hepatic, left gastric and splenic branches

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15
Q

Superior mesenteric artery

A

from abdominal aorta at L1, supplies midgut via pancreaticoduodenal, jejunal, ileal, ileocolic and colic arteries

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16
Q

Inferior mesenteric artery

A

from aortic aorta at L3, supplies hindgut via left colic artery, sigmoid arteries, superior rectal artery

17
Q

Ischaemic colitis

A

insufficient blood supply of splenic flexure of colon

18
Q

Venous drainage

A
  • Hepatic veins drain venous blood from major GIT parts through hepatic portal venous system into IVC
  • Hepatic portal vein receives drainage from abdominal part of GIT, pancreas, spleen and gallbladder via gastric, splenic and mesenetric veins to liver
  • Venous drainage from mesenteric veins corresponds to pattern of mesenteric arterues
19
Q

Physiological umbilical hernias

A
  • Intestinal loops protrude through umbilical region of developing fetus to form hernia
20
Q

Omphalocele

A

failure of inestinal loops to return to abdominal cavity after physiological herniation

21
Q

Ileal diverticulum

A
  • Ileal diverticulum: Embryological remnant of vitelline duct of yolk sac attached close to ileocecal junction (Meckel’s diverticulum)
22
Q

Diverticula of colon

A

Small out-pouches from colon wall

23
Q

Peritoneum

A
  • 2 layers - parietal and visceral (v is inner)
  • Parietal layer: lines inner surface of walls of abdomen)
  • Visceral layer: covers abdominal viscera
  • Peritoneal cavity: space between layers
  • Intraperitoneal: organs covered by visceral peritoneum
  • Retroperitoneal: organs behind peritoneum and partially covered on anterior surface only - kidneys or pancreas
24
Q

Peritoneal ligaments

A
  • Mesenteries: double layers of peritoneum that enclose organs and connect them to either anterior or posterior abdominal walls
  • Greater omentum (gastrocolic ligament) - connects stomach and transverse colon
  • Lesser comentum: connects stomach and duodenum sections to liver
    Falciform ligament: connects liver to ant abdominal wall
25
Q

Foramen of Winslow

A
  • Anterior border: bile duct, hepatic artery and portal vein = portal triad
  • Posterior border: inferior IVC
  • Inferior border: first part of duodenum
  • Superior border: caudate lobe of liver
26
Q

Large intestine

A

Consists of cecum, appendix, ascending/transverse/descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal

27
Q

Omental appendices

A

Small, fatty projections

28
Q

Teniae coli

A

3 longitudinal smooth muscle bands

29
Q

Haustra

A

Sacculations of wall of colomn between teniae

30
Q

Variations in appendix position

A
  • Retro-colic (it is behind colon)
  • Retro-caecal
  • Sub-caecal
  • Pelvic - towards pelvic cavity
  • Retro-ileal
  • Pre-ileal
  • Surgical importance - normally located at McBurney’s point - retro-colic or retro-caecal
31
Q

Embryological derivative of anal canal

A

Endoderm cloaca of hindgut (upper 2/3) and ectoderm cloaca 0 lower 1/3

32
Q

Rectum and anal canal delineated by

A

Pectinate line

33
Q

Innervation of GIT

A
  • Splanchnic nerves carry autpnomic visceral efferent and afferent fibres to and from GIT respectively
  • Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerve (T5 to L2/3) carry sympathetic fibres - lower thoracic splanchnic (greater (T5-9/10), lesser (T10-11) and least (T11/12)) and lumbar splanchnic (L1-2/3)
  • Vagus and pelvic splanchnic nerves S2-4 carry parasympathetic and visceral afferent fibres to and from GIT respectively
34
Q

Stomach bed

A
  • Cardial notch to angular incisure is lesser curvature
  • Superior to inferior: left dome of diaphragm, spleen, left kidney and suprarenal gland, splenic artery, pancreas, transverse mesocolon
  • Posterior gastric ulcer can erode into stomach bed
  • Pancreatic pseudo-cysts and abscesses in omental bursa may push stomach anteriorly
  • Inflammation of pancreas may lead to adhesion of posterior wall of stomach to omental bursa
35
Q

Blood supply of stomach

A

Prepyloric vein of mayo ascends over pylorus identifies pylorus in surgery

36
Q

Duodenum and pancreas

A
  • Pancreatic head is in duodenum cavity
  • Duodenum has 4 parts - initial, vertical, horizontal and vertical rising
  • Pancreas near inferior mesenteric vessels
  • Cancer of head of pancreas compresses and obstructs bile duct and hepatopancreatic ampulla = enlargement of gallbladder and jaundice, Whipple’s procedure performed

Gastrointestinal system (27 decks)

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