Overview/Nuclear Energy pt. 2 Flashcards
Demand: Local
________________
Following the start of the fourth Arab-Israeli conflict on _____________, the majority of the nations regarded as being favorable to Israel – including Europe, the United States, Japan, and of course the Philippines – were subject to limitations on _______________________________. The purposeful reductions in oil output in the Middle East resulted in widespread supply disruptions and increased prices. The price of oil increased by ____________________ percent from $3 to over $12 per barrel. (Samonte, 2022)
The 1973 Oil Crisis
October 6, 1973
OPEC oil exports and production
300
Demand: Local (pt.1)
_________________________
During the1973 oil crisis, the Marcos administration decided to build a nuclear plant
comprising __________________. At a cost of $1.9
billion, construction work started in ________ and was finished in __ The BNPP currently stands in Morong, Bataan, atop Napot Point that overlooks the West Philippine Sea
Nuclear Power Plant in Bataan
two 600 MWe units
July 1976
1984.
Demand: Local (pt.2)
Nuclear Power Plant in Bataan when the United States provided the Philippines a __________________in the 1950s, Volentik et al. claim that nuclear energy first became a political issue in the Philippines. In 1958, the _________________________ was created by the government, and a nuclear program was formally launched.
nuclear fission reactor
Philippine Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)
Demand: Local (pt.1)
Today:
In 2007, the Philippines DOE established a
programme to research ______________as part of a national energy strategy. In order to lessen the nation’s dependence on imported ___________, nuclear energy would be taken into
consideration. Aside from Bataan, the government was considering two additional 1000 MWe _________________, using technology from the abandoned North Korean KEDO project.
nuclear energy development
coal and oil
Korean Standard Nuclear Plant units
Demand: Local (pt.2)
Today
In its 2008 update of the national energy plan, 600 MWe nuclear was projected online in 2025, with further 600 MWe increments in 2027, 2030, and 2034 to give 2400 MWe. This equipment was reportedly being offered by ______ for $1.1 billion, although it has since been used elsewhere.
KEPCO (Korea Electric Power Corporation)
Demand: Local (PT.3)
Today
In November 2022, DOE Undersecretary of
Energy________________ stated that it would cost
US $2.3 billion to refurbish and restart Bataan and that the DOE hopes to use a portion of its 2023 budget to start a third-party assessment of the facility. The DOE is still considering the possibility of restarting the Bataan plant, but it is also considering building a new nuclear plant using ________________________ technology. The DOE announced an updated priority list for 2023 in January and stated that it would investigate the possibility of incorporating nuclear power into the ________________ by creating SMRs. According to Garin, the nation is also considering the prospect of building SMRs.
Sharon Garin
small modular reactor (SMR)
electricity mix
Over the last two decades, nuclear power has reliably and economically generated over ______ of electricity generation in the United States.
It continues to be the single largest contributor to ________________ emitting electricity power generation in the United States (more than 70%)
20%
non-greenhouse-gas
are advanced nuclear reactors with power capacities of up to 300 MW(e) per unit, or around one-third of the producing capacity of typical nuclear power reactors
Small modular reactors (SMRs)
These____________________, with capacities ranging from tens to hundreds of megawatts, can be utilized for power production, process heat, desalination and other industrial applications.
sophisticated reactors
The advanced SMRs that are now being
developed in the United States come in a variety of sizes, technological options, capabilities, and deployment circumstances
_____________________ are currently the predominant technology for nuclear energy production worldwide, and their dominance is expected to continue in the foreseeable future LWRs are a type of ________________ that utilizes regular water (ordinary water) instead of heavy water, which contains a higher concentration of the hydrogen isotope deuterium.
Light water reactors (LWRs)
thermal-neutron reactor
The ordinary water used in LWRs serves the dual purpose of ______________ and_______________, effectively slowing down fastmoving neutrons. By harnessing controlled nuclear fission, LWRs generate heat as a byproduct.
coolant and neutron moderator
account for more than 65% of commercial reactors in the United States. In order to prevent the water from boiling, these reactors pump water at high pressure into the reactor core. Nuclear fission heats the water in the core, which is subsequently fed into tubes inside a heat exchanger. To generate steam, the tubes heat a separate water source. The steam then powers an electric generator, which produces electricity. The core water is returned to the reactor for reheating, and the process is repeated.
Pressurized-water reactors, or PWRs
____________________defined as “a nuclear fission reactor with significant improvements over the most recent generation of nuclear fission reactors” or a reactor using nuclear fusion.
Advanced reactors tend to be referred to as “_____________” nuclear technologies, while existing commercial reactors are referred to as “__________.”
Advanced Nuclear Reactors
Generation IV
Generation III
account for around one-third of all reactors in operation in the United States. BWRs heat water and produce steam directly inside the reactor vessel. Water is heated by fission when it is pumped up through the reactor core. Pipes then carry the steam directly to a turbine,
which generates electricity. Unused steam is
condensed back into water and used in the heating process.
Boiling water reactors (BWRs)
Advanced reactors include advanced_________________, _____________, ______________, and_______________, which would release energy via the combination of light and heat. Most of these concepts have been researched, but only a few have progressed to commercial-size demonstration
water-cooled reactors
gas-cooled reactors
liquid metal-cooled reactors
fusion reactors
is a one-of a kind scientific user facility
capable of carrying out large-scale, fast-spectrum neutron-irradiation tests and research investigations that are not currently possible.
Versatile Test Reactor (VTR)
Refers to the application of chemical processes and principles in the design, operation, and optimization of nuclear power plants and related systems. Chemical Engineers in this field are monitoring and maintaining the unit operations on the entire process.
Chemical Engineering Principles and
Calculations in Nuclear Energy
is an industrial process involving various activities to produce electricity from uranium in nuclear power reactors. The cycle starts with the mining of uranium and ends with the disposal of spent fuel and other radioactive waste.
nuclear fuel cycle
The raw material for today’s nuclear fuel is
__________. It must be processed through a series of steps to produce an efficient fuel for generating electricity. __________ needs to be taken care of for reuse and disposal.
uranium
Spent fuel
The nuclear fuel cycle includes the ‘________’, i.e. preparation of the fuel, the ‘_____’, in which fuel is used during reactor operation to generate electricity, and the ‘_________’, i.e. the safe management of spent fuel including reprocessing and reuse and disposal.
front end
service period
back end
to analyze the behavior of nuclear reactions and the distribution of isotopes within the reactor.
mass and energy balance calculations
Determining heat transfer rates and temperature profiles within the reactor core and coolant systems using principles of conduction, convection, and radiation.
Heat Transfer Calculations
Analyzing fluid dynamics, pressure drop, and flow rates in coolant systems, such as determining pump requirements and pipe sizing.
Fluid Flow Calculations
Determining the required enrichment level of uranium fuel and calculating the separative work units (SWU) needed for uranium enrichment processes, such as gas
centrifugation or gaseous diffusion
Uranium Enrichment Calculations
Modeling and analyzing chemical reactions involved in fuel production processes, such as
leaching, solvent extraction, and precipitation.
Chemical Reaction Kinetics
Calculating the quantities of reactants, products, and energy requirements in fuel production and processes, ensuring efficient utilization of resources
Material and Energy Balance
Reactor Design and Operation deals with the
following unit operations: (6)
Heat Transfer Calculations
Fluid Flow Calculations
mass and energy balance calculations
Uranium Enrichment Calculations
Chemical Reaction Kinetics
Material and Energy Balances
3 Surprising Ways to Use Nuclear Energy
Nuclear Desalination
Clean Hydrogen Production
Process Heating Industry
Dozens of US nuclear energy businesses are now developing new reactor systems that are carbon-free, can be sited nearly anywhere on the planet, and can produce water and electricity simultaneously when combined with desalination plants.
Nuclear Desalination
Hydrogen is an important component of future
energy systems since it can be produced with little to no emissions using technologies such as nuclear energy.
Clean Hydrogen Production
A clean, dependable, and consistent source of high-temperature heat, nuclear energy can power industrial facilities and is a carbon-free alternative.
Process Heating Industry
Issues in Nuclear Energy (6)
Radioactive Waste Management
Risk of Accidents
Limited Uranium Resources
High Initial Costs
Decommissioning and Site Remediation
Public Perception and Trust
one of the major concerns with nuclear energy is the management and disposal of
radioactive waste
Radioactive Waste Management
Although nuclear accidents are rare, they can have severe consequences for the environment and human populations.
Risk of Accidents
Uranium is the primary fuel used in nuclear reactors, and there are concerns about the limited availability of this resource.
Limited Uranium Resources
The construction and startup costs of nuclear power plants are generally high compared to other energy sources.
High Initial Costs
When a nuclear power plant reaches the
end of its operational life, it must be
decommissioned and the site remediated
Decommissioning and Site Remediation
Nuclear energy carries a legacy of public concerns and perceptions related to safety, accidents, and radioactive waste
Public Perception and Trust
RBMK stands for “Reaktor Bolshoy Moshchnosti Kanalny,” which translates to “________________” in English.
Unit 4 of the Chernobyl plant was a RBMK1000 reactor, a type of _________________.
According to the World Nuclear Association’s incident report,____________ was the primary contributing factor to the nuclear meltdown in Chernobyl.
“High Power Channel-type Reactor”
graphite-moderated reactor
Xenon intoxication
Issues: ________, Ukraine 1986
____________is widely regarded as mankind’s catastrophic nuclear destruction to history.
It happened on __________, when a sudden spike in power during a nuclear systems test caused an explosion and fire that destroyed Unit 4.
Chernobyl
Chernobyl
April 26, 1986
Issues: ____________, Middletown, Pennsylvania, USA, 1986
The ____________ nuclear power plant is located in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It was furnished with two pressurized water reactors.
_____, an 880 MWe (819 MWe net) PWR, started service in 1974 as well as maintained one of the best-performing units in the United States until it was decommissioned in 2019.
______, had a capacity of 959 MWe (880 MWe net) and was nearly brand new at the time of the disaster.
The catastrophe began with ________ secondary system failures, which were followed by a human-operated relief valve in the primary system that started to become jammed open.
Three Mile Island
Three Mile Island
TMI-1
TMI-2
non-nuclear
The March 11, 2011, earthquake and tsunami which devastated eastern Japan ended up causing an enormous meltdown at the ___________________ nuclear power facility on Japan’s northeastern coast.
The plant had six boiling water reactors (BWRs) designed by ______________. The reactors affected were Units 1, 2, and 3, while Units 4, 5, and 6 were shut down at the time of the incident.
Fukushima Daiichi
General Electric (GE)
Issues: _____________________, Philippines 1980
The plant was never fueled or turned on, though, due to financial problems and worries about earthquakes.
Following the Chernobyl disaster in ____________, newly elected President _______________ made the decision to shut down the plant. Allegations of corruption plagued the Bataan project.
Bataan Nuclear Power Plant
April 1986
Corazon Aquino
- ________________ is little to none since it produces energy by fission
- Electricity is produced using the___________ to produce steam, which turns a __________
- The _______________________ recorded that in 2020, the United States prevented more than 471 million metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions.
Carbon emission
heat from fission
turbine
Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI)
- smallest power plant in the US: __________________in New York (426 acres (less than 1 mile) of land on “Lake Ontario in New York).
- has one reactor and a net summer energy production capacity of roughly 582 megawatts (MW).
R.E. Ginna Nuclear Power station
The ________________Roadmap has been established for the guidance in the implementation and timeline of activities of the ______________________________based on the earliest optimal entry of nuclear energy by 2027 and findings of the prefeasibility studies.
Nuclear Power Program (NPP)
Nuclear Energy Program Implementing Organization (NEPIO)
- During Phase 1, the NEPIO conducts studies that take into account the factors to be considered before launching an NPP. This includes the NEPIO’s energy planning and feasibility studies, as well as the 19 infrastructure issues identified in the Milestone Approach.
- The activities for Phase 2 of the roadmap, as well as the milestone approach, are scheduled for 2019 to 2022. The outcome of the peer review will allow NEPIO to begin planning for a knowledgeable commitment to the NPP.
- The outcome of the Phase 2 evaluation will indicate the readiness to contract for and build a nuclear power project in Phase 3. The NEPIO’s role will be reduced in Phase 3.
Executive Order (EO) 164 (pt.1)
According to the Department of Science and Technology-Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (DOST-PNRI), President Rodrigo Duterte’s Executive Order 164 “______________________________________” signed on February 28, 2022, is the first step toward nuclear power.
The first of the 19 milestones approach prescribed by the_______________________ to assist countries considering launching nuclear power program is a national position or policy, such as an executive order.
“Adopting a National Position for a Nuclear Energy Program and for Other Purposes”
International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA)
Executive Order (EO) 164 (pt.2)
The 19 milestones are centered on the safe, secure, and peaceful application of nuclear energy. The EO is based on these principles to ensure that the country adheres to the highest standards when
implementing a Nuclear Energy Program.
As other energy sources such as natural gas, geothermal, hydro, and coal become depleted, nuclear power is expected to reduce electricity costs and contribute to energy security. Nuclear power,
which has benefited several countries around the world for more than six decades, will now be considered as an option to address the country’s energy concerns under EO 164.
