Overview/Nuclear Energy pt. 1 Flashcards
Well-known issues in the energy field
-Energy use is increasing
-Raw fuel reserves are limited
-Pressure on standard of living
-Global warming
Energy usage in heating involves ______
gas and oil
Energy usage in electricity involves _______
coal, nuclear, gas, and hydro
This sector needs mobile fuel to operate
transportation
Energy is applied through:
Electricity by ______%,
Heating by _______%, and
Transportation by _________%
40%, 32%, and 28%
US oil usage by transportation accounts for ________%, and by heating for _________%
69%, 31%
World coal reserves= ________ tons
World gas reserves= ________ million million cubic feet
World oil reserves= ________ thousand million cubic feet
930,423 million tons
6,189 million million cubic feet
1,277 thousand million cubic feet
Supplies of oil and natural gas will last for _________, coal for _____, and oil shale and tar sands for ______.
50 years, 300 years, 350 years
Is not a naturally occurring fuel; is an energy carrier and must be manufactured
Hydrogen
Major technologies of interest
-Fossil fuels
-Nuclear fission
-Hydroelectric
-Renewable energy (wind, solar thermal, solar voltaic, biomass, geothermal)
Waste heat into the environment
Exhaust steam
Given by furnace inlet temperature and exhaust temperature
Heat engine efficiency
All fossil fuels use ________ to burn and produce large amounts of ________
oxygen; CO2
At equilibrium the earth reaches a high enough temperature so that
Power in = Power out
___________ rate depends on temperature
Re-radiation
Only _______ produces energy by fission
Uranium 235
Key nuclear reaction
n + 235U → 2 fission products + 2.5n + 6β + 10γ + 10ν + energy
1 nuclear reaction is equal to
1,000,000 fossil reaction
Its main source of energy is gravity; implied power density is low
hydroelectric
Wind power involves wind turning the _________.
_________ converted to the shaft of a generator, producing electricity.
Produces______MWe peak and _______average
windmill blades
mechanical motion
400 MWe; 130 MWe
Two ways that a sun’s energy can make electricity
Solar thermal rays, solar voltaic
________: focused rays can heat water, water turns to steam to make electricity
________: The sunlight impinges on a solar voltaic cell. The energy is directly converted into DC electricity
Solar thermal rays
Solar voltaic
Like wind, the power density is low
Its peak power produced is about 100 - 200 W/m2. Average power is about 30 - 60 W/m2.
solar energy
Burn wood, plants and a huge land area is required
biomass energy
Involves digging a hole until steam or hot water is reached and hot fluid is forced to the surface
geothermal energy
Nuclear fission research
and atomic bomb development during __________ bringing nuclear energy to public attention.
World War 2 (1930s-1940s)
The first commercial nuclear power plant in the Soviet union built in 1954
Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant
Nuclear energy provides about ________ of the world’s electricity (as of September 2021)
10%
Philippines is the first ________to build a nuclear power plant
ASEAN Member state
In _______, Marcos admin decided to build a nuclear power plant comprising __________units
1973
two 600 MWe units
According to the _________, directing a study for the adoption of a national position on a nuclear energy program, constituting a nuclear energy program inter-agency committee, and for other purposes
executive order no. 164
- The first commercial nuclear power reactor began operating in _________, and nuclear energy has been a national strategic priority since 1973. Up until 2011, Japan was generating some _______ of electricity from its reactors.
- It has_______ nuclear power reactors classed as operable but just 10 reactors have since received clearance from the regulator to restart
mid-1966
30%
33
The ________ operated a small uranium refining and conversion plant at Ningyo Toge, Okayama prefecture, but these facilities are now decommissioned.
Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)
Has one of the largest nuclear
power programs in the world.
France
Nuclear power plants in France generated 361 billion kWh of electricity in 2021, accounting for _______ of the country’s annual electricity generation
About 17% of France’s electricity is from _____. Over the last decade France has exported up to 70 TWh net each year.
68%
recycled nuclear fuel
In 2021, the nuclear share of total U.S. electricity generating capacity was about ________, while the nuclear share of total utility-scale electricity generation was about ________.
8%
19%
Most U.S. commercial nuclear power reactors are located east of the _________.
________ has more reactors than any state (11 reactors at 6 plants). Has the largest total nuclear net summer generation capacity at 11,582 MW
Mississippi river
Illinois
________ in Port Gibson, Mississippi has the largest U.S. nuclear reactor with an electricity, generating capacity of about 1,400 mW.
The Grand Gulf Nuclear Station
allow energy buffs to examine the reliability of various power plants. It basically measures how often a plant is running at maximum power. 100% means it is producing power all the time
capacity factors
________ was completely self-sufficient in the production of nuclear energy.
________ conducts uranium mining and processing in Jharkland
India
Uranium Corporation of India Ltd. (UCIL)
The sole Russian utility running nuclear power reactors is ________. It was founded on 1992.
Rosenergoatom
_________will use nuclear energy as the backbone of its power generation system in the next “10 to 20 years,” according to the National Energy Administration (NEA), adding up to 300 GWe of nuclear capacity during that time.
China
According to the ________ nuclear power currently provides about 10% of the world’s electricity and 18% of electricity in _________ countries. The IAEA projects that this share could increase to 12% by 2050.
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
The countries with the highest demand for nuclear energy are _____________.
_________ is currently the world’s largest nuclear power plant builder, and it is expected to add more than 100 gigawatts of nuclear capacity by 2050.
China, India, Russia
China
This make clear the increasing prominence of electricity, with all projected scenarios indicating a higher rate of demand growth compared to total final energy demand.
World Energy Outlook
The WEO only provides predictions for the next __________ because it is difficult to make accurate projections that far into the future.
The WEO prediction ends in ________ because the IEA believes that it is the most likely year for the world to reach peak electricity demand
27 years
2040
