Geothermal pt. 2 Flashcards
The primary application of geothermal energy in the Philippines is ______
power generation
___________
Location: Leyte, Geothermal Power Plant
- 232.5 MW- Malitbog
- 180 MW - Mahanagdong
- 125 MW - Upper Mahiao
- 50.9 MW - Optimization
UNIFIED LEYTE
is a subsidiary of First Gen.
Energy Development Corporation (EDC)
EDC has a total of _____ installed capacity?
1,484.09 MW
Prior to November 2007, EDC was a government-owned and controlled corporation, known as ___________
Philippine National Oil Company-Energy Development Corporation (PNOC-EDC)
EDC’s 12 integrated geothermal power stations consist of the following:
(familiarize n’yo nalang sarili nyo hehe)
- 232.5-MW Malitbog (Leyte)
- 180-MW Mahanagdong (Leyte)
- 125-MW Upper Mahiao (Leyte)
- 123.0-MW Tongonan (Leyte)
- 50.9-MW Optimization (Leyte)
- 120-MW Bacman I (Bicol)
- 20-MW Bacman II (Bicol)
- 112.5-MW Palinpinon I (Negros Island)
- 60-MW Palinpinon II (Negros Island)
- 49.4-MW Nasulo (Negros Island)
- 52-MW Mindanao I (North Cotabato)
- 54-MW Mindanao II (North Cotabato)
What are the 7 producing geothermal fields?
- Mak-Ban
- Tiwi
- Nasulo (Northern Negros)
- Palinpion I and II
- Tongonan and Unified Leyte
- Mindanao I and II
- Bac-man I and II
________________
Location: Limao, Calauan, Laguna
Capacity: 458 MW
Technology: Flash Steam
Years Operating: 43 years
Operator: AP Renewables, Chevro
Mak-Ban
_______
Location: Tiwi, Albay
Capacity: 234 MW
Technology: Flash Steam
Years Operating: 44 years
Operator: AP Renewables, Chevron
Tiwi
____________
Location: Pugahan, Negros Occidental
Capacity: 49 MW
Technology: Flash Steam
Years Operating: 10 years
Operator: Energy Development Corp
Nasulo (Northern Negros)
______________
Location: Valencia, Negros Oriental
Capacity: 192 MW
Technology: Binary Cycle
Years Operating: 40 years
Operator: Energy Development Corp
Palinpinon I and II
_____________________
Location: Kananga, Leyte
Capacity: 716 MW
Technology:Double Flash & Binary Cycle
Years Operating: 40 years
Operator: Energy Development Corp
Tongonan and Unified Leyte
__________
Location: Kidapawan City, North Cotabato
Capacity: 104 MW
Technology:Double Flash & Binary Cycle
Years Operating: 30 years
Operator. Energy Development Corp
Mindanao I and II
______
Location: Bacon, Sorsogon City, Bicol
Capacity: 150 MW
Technology:Flash Steam
Years Operating: 30 years
Operator. Energy Development Corp
Bac-Man I and II
*Global Demand
What are the factors driving international energy demand?
(4)
● Renewable Energy Transition
● Energy Security
● Economic Viability
● Environmental Benefits
____________ - governments of 37 democracies The industrial sector is the largest consumer of energy - and constitutes more than half of global energy consumption
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
By 2050, wind and solar account for over ____ of total renewables generation.
70%
________ becomes the leading source of primary energy consumption by ____ although consumption increases for all primary energy sources
Renewable energy ; 2050
- Local Demand
What are the factors driving international energy demand
(6)
● Electricity Generation
● Renewable Energy
● Energy Security
● Rural Electrification
● Energy Efficiency
● Power Infrastructure Development
In 2020, the Philippines’ total non-coincidental peak demand reached 15,282 MWz, which is 299 MW or _____ lower than the peak demand in ____.
1.9%,
2019
How Geothermal Energy Utilized
What are the technologies/ Equipment Used? (5)
- Thermal Wellhead
- Geothermal Steam Turbine
- Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
- Geothermal Heat Pumps
- Geothermal Wells
About 1,748 geothermal wells in the United States, majority in ___
California
What are the Four Types of Geothermal Heat Pumps Systems?
- Direct exchange
- Vertical Loops
- Pond/Lake
- Open loop
Horizontal, vertical and pond/lake - are _____ system (entirely self-contained)
closed loop
A ________ transfers heat between the refrigerant ; antifreeze in the heat pump and the solution
heat exchanger
Types of Geothermal Heat Pumps Systems
____ does not use a heat exchanger and instead pumps the refrigerant through copper tubing that is buried in the ground
Direct Exchange
Types of Geothermal Heat Pumps Systems
_____ are used where the soil is too shallow for trenching
Vertical loops
Types of Geothermal Heat Pumps Systems
_____ if the site has an adequate body of water
Pond/Lake
Types of Geothermal Heat Pumps Systems
_____ uses well or surface body water as the heat exchange fluid that circulates directly through the GHP system.
Open Loop
Three elements are needed to generate power from geothermal:
- found in rocks deep underground
- carry heat from the rocks
- pathways to move fluids
- Heat
- Fluid
- Permeability
Three Main Types of Geothermal Power Plant Technologies
- Dry Steam Power Plants
- Flash Steam Power Plants
- Binary Cycle Power Plants
Type of Geothermal Power Plant Technologies
________
- Use hydrothermal fluids that are already mostly steam (relatively rare)
- The steam is drawn directly to a turbine , which drives a generator that produces electricity.
- After the steam condenses, it is frequently reinjected into the reservoir.
Dry Steam Power Plants
Types of Geothermal Power Plant Technologies
_______
- The most common type of geothermal power plants in operation today
- Fluids at temperatures greater than 182°C/360°F, pumped from deep underground, travel under high pressures to a low-pressure tank at the earth’s surface.
- The change in pressure causes some of the fluid to rapidly transform, or “flash,” into vapor.
- The vapor then drives a turbine, which drives a generator.
Flash Steam Power Plants
Type of Geothermal Power Plant Technologies
________
- Can use lower temperature geothermal resources.
- Geothermal reservoir fluids never come into contact with the power plant’s turbine units.
- Low-temperature (below 182°C/360°F) geothermal fluids pass through a heat exchanger with a secondary, or “binary,” fluid
Binary Cycle Power Plants
_______ has a much lower boiling point than water.
Binary fluid
EGS stands for?
Enhanced or Engineered Geothermal Systems (EGS)
improve the permeability of geothermal systems through hydraulic, chemical and thermal stimulation.
(EGSs)
_____ can be enhanced by stimulating the reservoir through pumping of water (or other fluids, such as carbon dioxide [CO2]) to fracture the rock, thereby creating an artificial reservior
Permeability
_____________ relies on other energy sources. This form of geothermal energy uses water that has been heated as a byproduct in oil and gas wells.
In the United States, about 25 billion barrels of hot water are produced every year as a by-product.
Co-produced geothermal energy technology
____________
● Well cost scales exponentially with depth.
● Maximum depth capability to 42,000 ft (12 km).
● Borehole stability
● Lost circulation mud is still a big problem in some formations.
Drilling Technologies
The Russian scientists drilled down the earth for about 19 years, drilling just 12.26 kilometers ,
which remains as the ____ bore hole ever reached by drilling.
- deepest man-made
What are the relevant chemical engineering principles and calculations? (7)
● Thermodynamics
● Mass and Energy Balances
● Heat Transfer (heat loss and heat flows)
● Fluid Flow and Pressure Drop
● Phase Equilibrium and Equations of State
● Chemical Kinetics and Corrosion Control
● Power Plant Efficiency
____ is the rate of change of
temperature with depth.
Thermal Gradient
Excess temperature in K or °C above that on the surface as a function of distance from the center in kilometers showing the boundaries between interior regions of the Earth.
Thermal Gradient
- Advantages of Geothermal Energy
- The technical potential of hydrothermal geothermal resources is estimated at around ____ and over ____(GWth)
- The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projects that geothermal energy can supply about __ of the world’s electricity demand and meet the electricity needs of ___ of the world’s population.
- 200 GWe ;5 000 gigawatts thermal
- 18% ; 17%
- ________ is renewable; it is not a fossil fuel that will be eventually used up.
- Using ________ is relatively clean, and low emission.
- ______________ can last for decade and possibly centuries.
Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy
Geothermal Power Plants
- Unlike other renewable energy sources, geothermal systems are ____. (This means they can work in the summer or winter and are not dependent on changing factors such as the presence of wind or sun.)
- The space it takes to build a geothermal facility is much ___ than other power plants.
- baseload
- more compact
- Reasonably well distributed : available
everywhere at ____ , and at shallower depths (3-6 km) in ___ regions. - Scalable: from < ___ MW to ___ MW (thermal or electric).
- Flexible: generation of electricity, heat, and ___.
- 6 km depth; “high-grade”
- 1 MW to 1000 MW
- cogeneration
- Disadvantages of geothermal energy
- The process of injecting high-pressure streams of water into the Earth can result in ____ or small earthquakes.
- Geothermal plants have been linked to subsidence or slow sinking of land
- __________ may cause micro seismic events (and sometimes more than micro that can lead to shutting down the operation).
- minor seismic activity
- Drilling deep holes
- Water that flows through underground reservoirs can pick up trace amounts of ________ such as arsenic, mercury, and selenium.
- Although the process requires almost ___ to run, the initial cost of installing geothermal technology is expensive.
- toxic elements
- no fuel
Drilling deep underground and transforming that heat into a usable form of energy are difficult and expensive, which is why geothermal power-sometimes called the _____ makes up only about 0.5% of electricity generation worldwide.
forgotten renewable
Issues of geothermal energy (8)
● Resource Availability
● Economic Viability
● Technological Limitations
● Environmental and Social Impacts
● Direct greenhouse gas emissions
● Life-cycle assessment (LCA)
● Local environmental impacts
● Potential hazards of seismicity
Geothermal energy emits only a fraction of the _____ released by coal or natural gas power plants, making it an environmentally sustainable option.
carbon dioxide
Geothermal energy contributes to SDGs like (familiarize n’yo mahaba e)
- SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy , by providing a renewable energy source that helps mitigate climate change.
- Reducing reliance on fossil fuels* and supporting SDG 13: Climate Action .
- The use of geothermal energy contributes to SDG 15: Life on Land, as it does not require extensive land use or cause habitat destruction.
- It helps achieve SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure, as it encourages investments in renewable energy technologies and infrastructure
- Geothermal power plants have long lifespans and relatively low operational costs, contributing to energy price stability over time and promoting local economic growth.
- Geothermal energy supports SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth by creating job opportunities in the construction and operation of geothermal power plants.
- It contributes to SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities by providing sustainable heating and cooling options for residential and commercial buildings, improving energy efficiency
- Aligns with SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production, as geothermal energy promotes the use of clean and sustainable energy sources, reducing the dependence on non-renewable resources.
Geothermal energy is utilized in several _____ in the Philippines
industrial applications
Future development of geothermal energy (6)
● Deep Drilling and Reservoir Characterization
● Hybrid Systems
● Direct Use Applications
● Improving Geothermal Heat Pumps
● Subsea Geothermal
● Geothermal Energy Storage
__________________
Will focus on advancing geothermal heat pump technology, improving system efficiency, and reducing installation costs, making them more accessible for widespread adoption.
Improving Geothermal Heat Pumps
- By _____, geothermal projects can tap into higher temperatures, resulting in increased power generation.
- improved _____________ techniques, such as seismic imaging and advanced modeling , will help in accurately predicting reservoir behavior and optimizing geothermal plant performance.
- drilling deeper wells
- Improved reservoir characterization techniques
Geothermal energy can be combined with other renewable energy sources to form
hybrid systems
Will focus on expanding ______
such as heating and cooling systems for residential, commercial, and industrial buildings.
direct use applications
Will focus on advancing _________ , improving system efficiency, and reducing installation costs, making them more accessible for widespread adoption.
geothermal heat pump technology
____ has the advantage of being available in coastal regions and could provide a significant contribution to the global renewable energy mix.
Subsea geothermal
Geothermal energy can potentially be stored and retrieved using various methods, such as _____, underground thermal batteries, or utilizing geothermal fluids in advanced heat storage systems.
thermal energy storage
