Outcome 8 - Blood and Lymph Flashcards
What are the component of extracellular fluid?
- blood plasma (20%)
- interstitial fluid (80%)
When interstitial fluid is moved into the lymphatic vessels, what is it called?
lymph fluid
What are the three functions of blood?
- transportation of o2, co2, waste, nutrients, hormones and heat.
- regulation of temperature, pH, blood osmotic pressure
- protection–ability to clot and prevent disease
What is the normal blood volume for males? females?
male: 5-6L
female: 4-5L
What is the pH range of blood?
pH = 7.35-7.45
what are the blood components?
plasma - 55%
RBC - 45%
Buffy coat (wbcs, platelets)
What percentage of blood makes up our body weight?
8%
what are the different types of wbc?
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
what are neutrophils?
- wbc that move into tissue at the site of infections
- they are phagocytic cells that eat debris and pathogens
- constantly circulating – but once they leave the circulatory system they will never come back
what are lymphocytes?
constantly circulating between lymphatic and circulatory system
- fight pathogens
what are monocytes? and what do they turn into?
phagocytic and clean up debris
- once it leaves the blood, it turns into macrophages
- wandering or fixed
what are eosinophils?
important wbc in allergic reactions and in parasitic infections
what are basophils?
important to intensify inflammatory response (causes more cells to get to that site)
what is hemopoiesis? hematopoiesis?
- the production of blood cells
- process which the formed elements of blood develops
during hemopoiesis, what is regulated by a negative feedback system?
production of rbc and platelets
what is wbc regulation dependent on?
the presence of foreign antigens and pathogens
where does hemopoiesis occur?
- yolk sac in early fetal dvpment
- liver
- spleen
- thymus
- lymph nodes
- red bone marrow
where is rbm found in adults? newborns?
adults - axial irregular and flat bones, pelvic girdle and proximal ends of femora and humeri
newborns - all marrow is red
what are hemocytoblasts?
multipotent stem cells that can divide and differentiate into multiple types of blood cells
how much of rbm comprises of hemocytoblasts?
0.05%-0.1%
What are the different types of hematopoietic growth factors? (3)
- erythropoietin (EPO)
- thrombopoietin (TPO)
- cytokines (CSFs)
what are EPO responsible for? what produces it?
production of RBC
- kidneys in peritubular interstitial cells
what are TPO responsible for? what produces it?
stimulates the production of platelets (from a megakaryocyte)
- produced by the liver
what are cytokines responsible for? how are they produced?
stimulate proliferation of progenitor cells in rbm and defense cells
- produced by rbm, leukocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells
what are the two cytokines that stimulate wbc formation?
colony-stimulating factors and interleukins
what are antigens found on rbcs?
glycolipids
A, B, O, and Rh
What is the rate of rbc production in adults?
2 million cells per second
what is the rate of rbc destruction in adults?
2 million cells per second
what is unique about rbcs?
they have no nucleus or organelles, thus no reproduction or extensive metabolic activity
how is atp produced by rbcs?
anaerobically so they don’t use up the O2 they carry
what carries the O2 in the rbc?
hemoglobin molecules in the rbc
how many O2 molecules could hemoglobin bind to? how?
4; O2 are binding to the iron that is found on the heme
What does the CO2 bind to on the hemoglobin?
the globlin (polypeptide chain)
what else binds to hemoglobin?
NO
What does NO do?
causes vasodilation of smooth muscles in the vessel walls = increase blood flow to area near the release
What is carbonic anhydrase? where is it found?
- enzymes that catalyzes the production of carbonic acid/bicarbonate rxn
- contained in rbc
what is hemoglobin?
- it’s a protein that carries O2 and CO2
- it gives blood its colour
what the normal amount of hemoglobin in a normal male? normal female?
normal male - 14-18 g/100 ml
normal female - 12-16 g/ 100 ml
what is hematocrit?
it is the percent of TOTAL BLOOD VOLUME occupied by RBCs
what is the hematocrit in normal males? normal females?
normal males - 40-54%
normal females - 38-46%
what is the theory behind why males have higher hematocrit?
idea that more androgen which stimulates the EPO
hematocrit < N = ________ (not enough rbcs)
hematocrit > N = ________ (too many rbcs)
not enough - anemia
too much - polycythemia
what is needed to produce heme?
iron
what does vit b12 do?
produces the globin part
what is the average lifecycle of a rbc?
~120 days
what is the reticuloendothelial system (RES)?
- it is made up of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow
- it contains FIXED macrophages
the hemoglobin breaks down in heme and globin. how is HEME recycled?
heme - iron gets released into the blood
- the pigment portion breaks down into biliverdin
- biliverdin into bilirubin, stercobilin, and urobilin
the hemoglobin breaks down in heme and globin. how is GLOBIN recycled?
- broken down by amino acids
- secreted from macrophages and reused for protein synthesis
bilirubin — _________
stercobilin — ________
urobilin — _________
excreted by:
bili - small intestines (part of bile)
sterco - feces
uro - urine
what are the two classes of leukocytes (WBCs)?
- granular
- agranular
when stained, granular wbcs have what?
cytoplasmic vesicles full of visible granules
when stained, agranular wbcs have what?
even stained, their cytoplasmic vesicles aren’t visible
*there, just not visible
what is different about rbcs and wbcs in terms of internal components?
wbcs have nucleus and organelles
leukocytosis = ______
leukopenia = _______
cytosis = wbc > 10,000/uL
penia = wbc < 5,000/uL
what kind of antigens are found on wbcs?
major-histocompatibility (MHC) protruding from cell membranes
*lets the body know that whatever is in your body is yours and not something foreign
what is the average lifespan of a wbc?
few days to years
what is the difference between granulocytes and lymphocytes?
gran - don’t return to circulation once they leave to fight infection, inflammation or pathogen invasions
lympho- continually re-circulate (blood-interstitial-lymph-blood)
what is the general function of leukocytes?
- phagocytosis
- immune response (response specific to antigens)
what is emigration?
the process of moving blood to tissue
what is diapedesis?
wbc leaving blood into the tissues
what helps wbc stick to the endothelial surface?
adhesion molecules
what are the adhesion molecules on endothelial cells called? what are they responding to?
selectins, they respond to nearby injury or inflammation
what are the adhesion molecules on wbcs called?
integrins
what is chemotaxis and what does it do?
chemotaxis - chemicals released by microbes in inflamed tissues or csf’s
- attracts the phagocytes to the area
what is the first responders to tissue destruction?
neutrophils
how do neutrophils destroy invaders?
by releasing lysozymes, oxidants and defensive proteins after engulfing the invaders
what are the second responders?
monocytes (arrive in large numbers)
what do monocytes turn into?
they differentiate into macrophages
what do basophils release?
granules that contain heparin, histamine, and serotonin
what do basophils do?
at sites of inflammation, they leave the capillaries and enter tissues. they intensify inflammatory responses and are involved in allergic reactions (histamine)
what do eosinophils release?
enzymes in response to parasitic invasion or allergic reactions
what do eosinophils perform phagocytosis on?
antigen-antibody complexes
what is considered the “primary solider in immune response”?
lymphocytes
what are the different examples of lymphocytes? (3)
- b-cells
- t-cells
- natural killer cells
what do b-cells do?
kill bacteria and inactivate their toxins
what do t-cells do?
attack viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells and bacteria
what do natural killer cells do?
attack microbes and spontaneous tumour cells
what is “differential wbc count”?
number of each type of wbc in the total wbc count
what is the total wbc count?
5,000-10,000/uL of blood
What are platelets?
fragments of a cell called megakaryocyte
where does the fragmentation occur?
in the rbm
what is the volume of platelets?
150,000-400,000/uL
platelets had tons of vesicles and a nucleus. t/f
false.
tons of vesicles but no nucleus.
what is the average lifespan of a platelet?
5-9 days
where are aged and dead platelets removed from? by what?
in the spleen and liver by fixed macrophages
what is the role of platelets?
they contain granules that have chemicals that signals for blood clotting
thrombocytopenia = _______
thrombocythemia = _______
penia - less than normal
hemia - greater # than normal
what is hemostasis?
it is the sequence of quick, localized responses to stop bleeding
what are the three steps to hemostasis?
- vascular spasm
- form platelet plug
- coagulation (blood clotting)
when does vascular spasm occur?
- if there is dmg to the smooth muscle of the blood vessel
- when platelets are activated
- pain receptors are stimulated
what is vascular spasm?
it is the immediate vasoconstriction of the vessel walls (smooth muscles)
what is a platelet plug?
it is a mass that is formed by an accumulation and attachment of a large number of platelets
what is the 3 step process to formation of a platelet plug?
- platelet adhesion
- platelet release reaction
- platelet aggregation
what are the vesicle chemicals that are released from a platelet?
ADP, serotonin and thromboxane a2
what is a blood clot consisted of?
insoluble fibrin (protein fibres)
what are the three main steps to clotting?
- prothrombinase production (extrinsic and intrinsic pathways)
common pathway:
2. thrombin production
3. fibrin formation
what is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic pathways for prothrombinase production?
extrinsic - occurs within SECONDS; initiated by thromboplastin (PROTEINS) from tissue OUTSIDE the vessel
intrinsic - occurs within MINUTES; initiated by ACTIVATORS WITHIN the vessel
what is clot retraction?
the gradual tightening of the fibrin clot that pulls the edges of the vessel closer together
what is thrombin production?
when prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin
what is fibrin formation?
when thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin
what is an anticoagulant?
what are some examples of anticoagulants?
anticoagulants are substances that delay, suppress or prevent blood clotting
- heparin, warfarin (Coumadin), aspirin
what does heparin do to hemostasis?
it blocks thrombin by combining with antithrombin
how is heparin produced?
by mast cells and basophils
what does warfarin do?
it acts as an antagonist to vitamin k
- which blocks the synthesis of 4 clotting factors
what does aspirin do?
it inhibits vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation
what are thrombolytic agents? what are some examples of thrombolytic agents?
they breakdown formed clots *given to those having MI/TIA/CVA
- streptokinase and tPA
what is the difference between thrombosis and thrombus?
thrombosis is the PROCESS of clotting in an unbroken blood vessel
thrombus is a clot
what is an embolism?
a dislodged thrombus (clot)
what is an embolus then?
it isn’t necessarily a clot, but it can be an air bubble, fat or debris
both nucleated and non-nucleated cells have MHC antigens. t/f
false. only nucleated cells do therefore, abc don’t have MHC antigens
what do rbcs have on them then?
agglutinogens - an assortment of antigens
*determines blood groups
there are many different kinds of blood groups but what are the two most common?
ABO and Rh groups
Type A blood has what kind of antigens on their rbc? what antibodies do they have in their plasma?
a-antigens on the rbc
anti-b antibody in the plasma
Type B blood has what kind of antigens on their rbc? what antibodies do they have in their plasma?
b-antigens on the rbc
anti-a antibody in the plasma
Type AB blood has what kind of antigens on their rbc? what antibodies do they have in their plasma?
both a- and b-antigens on the rbc
no antibodies in plasma
Type O blood has what kind of antigens on their rbc? what antibodies do they have in their plasma?
have neither a- or b- antigens on the rbc
both anti-a and anti-b antibodies
which abo group is considered the universal donor?
O
which abo group is considered the universal recipient?
AB
when is someone Rh+?
when their rbc has the Rh antigen on their rbc
is there such thing as anti-rh antibodies in normal blood?
nope.
what is the hemolytic disease of the newborn?
when the mother is rh- and the baby is rh+.
the mom will start to develop anti-rh antibodies and attack the baby’s blood
*usually extra worry occurs during second pregnancy
what are lymphatic tissues made of?
specialized reticular connective tissue with a large number of lymphocytes
what does the lymphatic system consist of?
lymph - interstitial fluid (contained in lymphatic vessels/tissues)
lymphatic vessels - vessels that transport lymph
thymus and rbm
all vascular and avascular organs and the brain contain lymphatic vessels. t/f
false.
only the vascular organs do excluding the brain
what are the two ducts that the lymphatic vessels drain into?
right lymphatic duct
left thoracic duct
what are the three major functions of the lymphatic system?
- drain excess interstitial fluid from tissue space into the blood
- transport dietary lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins absorbed from the GI lymph into blood
- immunity - initiates specific responses to microbes and abnormal cells
what are lacteals?
lymph vessel in the GI tract
what are t-cells?
they destroy foreign pathogens by causing lysis or by releasing cytotoxic chemicals
what are b-cells?
cells that differentiate into plasma cells
- plasma cells then produce antibodies and proteins that combine with and destroy specific foreign substances
how are lymphatic vessels like veins?
they have valves
subcutaneously, lymphatic vessels follow the path of _____. While within the viscera, they follow the path of _____–LV form ____ around them.
sub - veins
visceral - arteries; form plexuses
what do lymph nodes encapsulate?
b-cells, t-cells and lymphocytes
what is unique about the lymphatic capillaries?
they have unique endothelial cell structures that make it up to allow for one-way flow of fluid
- these endothelial cells overlap
what are three features that are specific to lymphatic capillaries?
- closed ended
- overlapping endothelial cells
- anchoring filament
what is chyle?
it is the white cloudy lymph that is produced by lymph capillaries in the gut
what are the trunks that the lymphatic vessels collect into?
- lumbar trunk
- intestinal trunk
- bronchomediastinal trunk (R and L)
- subclavian trunk (R and L)
- jugular trunk (R and L)
what is the flow of blood/lymph fluid?
blood capillaries –> interstitial space (interstitial fluid –> lymph capillaries –> l. vessels –> l. trunks –> l. ducts –> internal jugular + subclavian veins (blood) –> superior vena cava
what trunks do the thoracic duct receive lymph from?
- lumbar, intestinal, L jugular, L subclavian, L bronchomediastinal
what trunks do the right lymphatic duct receive lymph from?
R juglar, R subclavian, R bronchomediastinal
there is more interstitial fluid diffusing back into the blood capillaries than leaving. t/f
false.
there is more leaving the blood capillaries than coming back in.
What amount of extra interstitial fluid is going back into the lymphatic system?
~3L/day
what are the two pumps that help lymph circulate?
- skeletal muscles
- respiration (diaphragm)
where do you find the spleen?
left hypochondriac region
intermediate to the stomach and the diaphragm
what is special about the spleen?
it is the largest mass of lymphatic tissue
superior surface of the spleen is to the inferior surface of what?
the diaphragm
what is the colic flexure?
the colic impression that a spleen gets from the colon
what is the hilum?
it is the entry and exit depressions on the surface of the spleen for vessels, nerves and lymphatic ducts.
what is the flow of blood in the spleen?
splenic artery –> sinuses (filters) –> splenic vein
what are the two function tissues (parenchyma) found in the spleen?
red and white pulp
what is white pulp?
b and t lymphocytes carrying out immune responses for specific antigens
what is red pulp?
- it is fixed macrophages that remove damaged, old, or ruptured rbc and platelets
- it also stores ~1/3 of the body’s platelets
- performs hematopoiesis during the first 6 months of fetal dvpment
