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ANPH 215 - Anatomy and Physiology > Outcome 8 - Blood and Lymph > Flashcards

Outcome 8 - Blood and Lymph Flashcards

1
Q

What are the component of extracellular fluid?

A
  • blood plasma (20%)
  • interstitial fluid (80%)
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2
Q

When interstitial fluid is moved into the lymphatic vessels, what is it called?

A

lymph fluid

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3
Q

What are the three functions of blood?

A
  1. transportation of o2, co2, waste, nutrients, hormones and heat.
  2. regulation of temperature, pH, blood osmotic pressure
  3. protection–ability to clot and prevent disease
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4
Q

What is the normal blood volume for males? females?

A

male: 5-6L
female: 4-5L

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5
Q

What is the pH range of blood?

A

pH = 7.35-7.45

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6
Q

what are the blood components?

A

plasma - 55%
RBC - 45%
Buffy coat (wbcs, platelets)

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7
Q

What percentage of blood makes up our body weight?

A

8%

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8
Q

what are the different types of wbc?

A

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

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9
Q

what are neutrophils?

A
  • wbc that move into tissue at the site of infections
  • they are phagocytic cells that eat debris and pathogens
  • constantly circulating – but once they leave the circulatory system they will never come back
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10
Q

what are lymphocytes?

A

constantly circulating between lymphatic and circulatory system
- fight pathogens

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11
Q

what are monocytes? and what do they turn into?

A

phagocytic and clean up debris
- once it leaves the blood, it turns into macrophages
- wandering or fixed

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12
Q

what are eosinophils?

A

important wbc in allergic reactions and in parasitic infections

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13
Q

what are basophils?

A

important to intensify inflammatory response (causes more cells to get to that site)

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14
Q

what is hemopoiesis? hematopoiesis?

A
  • the production of blood cells
  • process which the formed elements of blood develops
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15
Q

during hemopoiesis, what is regulated by a negative feedback system?

A

production of rbc and platelets

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16
Q

what is wbc regulation dependent on?

A

the presence of foreign antigens and pathogens

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17
Q

where does hemopoiesis occur?

A
  • yolk sac in early fetal dvpment
  • liver
  • spleen
  • thymus
  • lymph nodes
  • red bone marrow
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18
Q

where is rbm found in adults? newborns?

A

adults - axial irregular and flat bones, pelvic girdle and proximal ends of femora and humeri

newborns - all marrow is red

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19
Q

what are hemocytoblasts?

A

multipotent stem cells that can divide and differentiate into multiple types of blood cells

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20
Q

how much of rbm comprises of hemocytoblasts?

A

0.05%-0.1%

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21
Q

What are the different types of hematopoietic growth factors? (3)

A
  1. erythropoietin (EPO)
  2. thrombopoietin (TPO)
  3. cytokines (CSFs)
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22
Q

what are EPO responsible for? what produces it?

A

production of RBC
- kidneys in peritubular interstitial cells

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23
Q

what are TPO responsible for? what produces it?

A

stimulates the production of platelets (from a megakaryocyte)
- produced by the liver

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24
Q

what are cytokines responsible for? how are they produced?

A

stimulate proliferation of progenitor cells in rbm and defense cells
- produced by rbm, leukocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells

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25
Q

what are the two cytokines that stimulate wbc formation?

A

colony-stimulating factors and interleukins

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26
Q

what are antigens found on rbcs?

A

glycolipids
A, B, O, and Rh

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27
Q

What is the rate of rbc production in adults?

A

2 million cells per second

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28
Q

what is the rate of rbc destruction in adults?

A

2 million cells per second

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29
Q

what is unique about rbcs?

A

they have no nucleus or organelles, thus no reproduction or extensive metabolic activity

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30
Q

how is atp produced by rbcs?

A

anaerobically so they don’t use up the O2 they carry

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31
Q

what carries the O2 in the rbc?

A

hemoglobin molecules in the rbc

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32
Q

how many O2 molecules could hemoglobin bind to? how?

A

4; O2 are binding to the iron that is found on the heme

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33
Q

What does the CO2 bind to on the hemoglobin?

A

the globlin (polypeptide chain)

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34
Q

what else binds to hemoglobin?

A

NO

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35
Q

What does NO do?

A

causes vasodilation of smooth muscles in the vessel walls = increase blood flow to area near the release

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36
Q

What is carbonic anhydrase? where is it found?

A
  • enzymes that catalyzes the production of carbonic acid/bicarbonate rxn
  • contained in rbc
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37
Q

what is hemoglobin?

A
  • it’s a protein that carries O2 and CO2
  • it gives blood its colour
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38
Q

what the normal amount of hemoglobin in a normal male? normal female?

A

normal male - 14-18 g/100 ml
normal female - 12-16 g/ 100 ml

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39
Q

what is hematocrit?

A

it is the percent of TOTAL BLOOD VOLUME occupied by RBCs

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40
Q

what is the hematocrit in normal males? normal females?

A

normal males - 40-54%
normal females - 38-46%

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41
Q

what is the theory behind why males have higher hematocrit?

A

idea that more androgen which stimulates the EPO

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42
Q

hematocrit < N = ________ (not enough rbcs)
hematocrit > N = ________ (too many rbcs)

A

not enough - anemia
too much - polycythemia

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43
Q

what is needed to produce heme?

A

iron

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44
Q

what does vit b12 do?

A

produces the globin part

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45
Q

what is the average lifecycle of a rbc?

A

~120 days

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46
Q

what is the reticuloendothelial system (RES)?

A
  • it is made up of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow
  • it contains FIXED macrophages
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47
Q

the hemoglobin breaks down in heme and globin. how is HEME recycled?

A

heme - iron gets released into the blood
- the pigment portion breaks down into biliverdin
- biliverdin into bilirubin, stercobilin, and urobilin

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48
Q

the hemoglobin breaks down in heme and globin. how is GLOBIN recycled?

A
  • broken down by amino acids
  • secreted from macrophages and reused for protein synthesis
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49
Q

bilirubin — _________
stercobilin — ________
urobilin — _________

A

excreted by:
bili - small intestines (part of bile)
sterco - feces
uro - urine

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50
Q

what are the two classes of leukocytes (WBCs)?

A
  1. granular
  2. agranular
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51
Q

when stained, granular wbcs have what?

A

cytoplasmic vesicles full of visible granules

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52
Q

when stained, agranular wbcs have what?

A

even stained, their cytoplasmic vesicles aren’t visible
*there, just not visible

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53
Q

what is different about rbcs and wbcs in terms of internal components?

A

wbcs have nucleus and organelles

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54
Q

leukocytosis = ______
leukopenia = _______

A

cytosis = wbc > 10,000/uL
penia = wbc < 5,000/uL

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55
Q

what kind of antigens are found on wbcs?

A

major-histocompatibility (MHC) protruding from cell membranes
*lets the body know that whatever is in your body is yours and not something foreign

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56
Q

what is the average lifespan of a wbc?

A

few days to years

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57
Q

what is the difference between granulocytes and lymphocytes?

A

gran - don’t return to circulation once they leave to fight infection, inflammation or pathogen invasions
lympho- continually re-circulate (blood-interstitial-lymph-blood)

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58
Q

what is the general function of leukocytes?

A
  1. phagocytosis
  2. immune response (response specific to antigens)
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59
Q

what is emigration?

A

the process of moving blood to tissue

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60
Q

what is diapedesis?

A

wbc leaving blood into the tissues

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61
Q

what helps wbc stick to the endothelial surface?

A

adhesion molecules

62
Q

what are the adhesion molecules on endothelial cells called? what are they responding to?

A

selectins, they respond to nearby injury or inflammation

63
Q

what are the adhesion molecules on wbcs called?

A

integrins

64
Q

what is chemotaxis and what does it do?

A

chemotaxis - chemicals released by microbes in inflamed tissues or csf’s
- attracts the phagocytes to the area

65
Q

what is the first responders to tissue destruction?

A

neutrophils

66
Q

how do neutrophils destroy invaders?

A

by releasing lysozymes, oxidants and defensive proteins after engulfing the invaders

67
Q

what are the second responders?

A

monocytes (arrive in large numbers)

68
Q

what do monocytes turn into?

A

they differentiate into macrophages

69
Q

what do basophils release?

A

granules that contain heparin, histamine, and serotonin

70
Q

what do basophils do?

A

at sites of inflammation, they leave the capillaries and enter tissues. they intensify inflammatory responses and are involved in allergic reactions (histamine)

71
Q

what do eosinophils release?

A

enzymes in response to parasitic invasion or allergic reactions

72
Q

what do eosinophils perform phagocytosis on?

A

antigen-antibody complexes

73
Q

what is considered the “primary solider in immune response”?

A

lymphocytes

74
Q

what are the different examples of lymphocytes? (3)

A
  1. b-cells
  2. t-cells
  3. natural killer cells
75
Q

what do b-cells do?

A

kill bacteria and inactivate their toxins

76
Q

what do t-cells do?

A

attack viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells and bacteria

77
Q

what do natural killer cells do?

A

attack microbes and spontaneous tumour cells

78
Q

what is “differential wbc count”?

A

number of each type of wbc in the total wbc count

79
Q

what is the total wbc count?

A

5,000-10,000/uL of blood

80
Q

What are platelets?

A

fragments of a cell called megakaryocyte

81
Q

where does the fragmentation occur?

A

in the rbm

82
Q

what is the volume of platelets?

A

150,000-400,000/uL

83
Q

platelets had tons of vesicles and a nucleus. t/f

A

false.
tons of vesicles but no nucleus.

84
Q

what is the average lifespan of a platelet?

A

5-9 days

85
Q

where are aged and dead platelets removed from? by what?

A

in the spleen and liver by fixed macrophages

86
Q

what is the role of platelets?

A

they contain granules that have chemicals that signals for blood clotting

87
Q

thrombocytopenia = _______
thrombocythemia = _______

A

penia - less than normal
hemia - greater # than normal

88
Q

what is hemostasis?

A

it is the sequence of quick, localized responses to stop bleeding

89
Q

what are the three steps to hemostasis?

A
  1. vascular spasm
  2. form platelet plug
  3. coagulation (blood clotting)
90
Q

when does vascular spasm occur?

A
  • if there is dmg to the smooth muscle of the blood vessel
  • when platelets are activated
  • pain receptors are stimulated
91
Q

what is vascular spasm?

A

it is the immediate vasoconstriction of the vessel walls (smooth muscles)

92
Q

what is a platelet plug?

A

it is a mass that is formed by an accumulation and attachment of a large number of platelets

93
Q

what is the 3 step process to formation of a platelet plug?

A
  1. platelet adhesion
  2. platelet release reaction
  3. platelet aggregation
94
Q

what are the vesicle chemicals that are released from a platelet?

A

ADP, serotonin and thromboxane a2

95
Q

what is a blood clot consisted of?

A

insoluble fibrin (protein fibres)

96
Q

what are the three main steps to clotting?

A
  1. prothrombinase production (extrinsic and intrinsic pathways)

common pathway:
2. thrombin production
3. fibrin formation

97
Q

what is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic pathways for prothrombinase production?

A

extrinsic - occurs within SECONDS; initiated by thromboplastin (PROTEINS) from tissue OUTSIDE the vessel

intrinsic - occurs within MINUTES; initiated by ACTIVATORS WITHIN the vessel

98
Q

what is clot retraction?

A

the gradual tightening of the fibrin clot that pulls the edges of the vessel closer together

99
Q

what is thrombin production?

A

when prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin

100
Q

what is fibrin formation?

A

when thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin

101
Q

what is an anticoagulant?
what are some examples of anticoagulants?

A

anticoagulants are substances that delay, suppress or prevent blood clotting
- heparin, warfarin (Coumadin), aspirin

102
Q

what does heparin do to hemostasis?

A

it blocks thrombin by combining with antithrombin

103
Q

how is heparin produced?

A

by mast cells and basophils

104
Q

what does warfarin do?

A

it acts as an antagonist to vitamin k
- which blocks the synthesis of 4 clotting factors

105
Q

what does aspirin do?

A

it inhibits vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation

106
Q

what are thrombolytic agents? what are some examples of thrombolytic agents?

A

they breakdown formed clots *given to those having MI/TIA/CVA
- streptokinase and tPA

107
Q

what is the difference between thrombosis and thrombus?

A

thrombosis is the PROCESS of clotting in an unbroken blood vessel
thrombus is a clot

108
Q

what is an embolism?

A

a dislodged thrombus (clot)

109
Q

what is an embolus then?

A

it isn’t necessarily a clot, but it can be an air bubble, fat or debris

110
Q

both nucleated and non-nucleated cells have MHC antigens. t/f

A

false. only nucleated cells do therefore, abc don’t have MHC antigens

111
Q

what do rbcs have on them then?

A

agglutinogens - an assortment of antigens
*determines blood groups

112
Q

there are many different kinds of blood groups but what are the two most common?

A

ABO and Rh groups

113
Q

Type A blood has what kind of antigens on their rbc? what antibodies do they have in their plasma?

A

a-antigens on the rbc
anti-b antibody in the plasma

114
Q

Type B blood has what kind of antigens on their rbc? what antibodies do they have in their plasma?

A

b-antigens on the rbc
anti-a antibody in the plasma

115
Q

Type AB blood has what kind of antigens on their rbc? what antibodies do they have in their plasma?

A

both a- and b-antigens on the rbc
no antibodies in plasma

116
Q

Type O blood has what kind of antigens on their rbc? what antibodies do they have in their plasma?

A

have neither a- or b- antigens on the rbc
both anti-a and anti-b antibodies

117
Q

which abo group is considered the universal donor?

A

O

118
Q

which abo group is considered the universal recipient?

A

AB

119
Q

when is someone Rh+?

A

when their rbc has the Rh antigen on their rbc

120
Q

is there such thing as anti-rh antibodies in normal blood?

A

nope.

121
Q

what is the hemolytic disease of the newborn?

A

when the mother is rh- and the baby is rh+.
the mom will start to develop anti-rh antibodies and attack the baby’s blood
*usually extra worry occurs during second pregnancy

122
Q

what are lymphatic tissues made of?

A

specialized reticular connective tissue with a large number of lymphocytes

123
Q

what does the lymphatic system consist of?

A

lymph - interstitial fluid (contained in lymphatic vessels/tissues)
lymphatic vessels - vessels that transport lymph
thymus and rbm

124
Q

all vascular and avascular organs and the brain contain lymphatic vessels. t/f

A

false.
only the vascular organs do excluding the brain

125
Q

what are the two ducts that the lymphatic vessels drain into?

A

right lymphatic duct
left thoracic duct

126
Q

what are the three major functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. drain excess interstitial fluid from tissue space into the blood
  2. transport dietary lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins absorbed from the GI lymph into blood
  3. immunity - initiates specific responses to microbes and abnormal cells
127
Q

what are lacteals?

A

lymph vessel in the GI tract

127
Q

what are t-cells?

A

they destroy foreign pathogens by causing lysis or by releasing cytotoxic chemicals

128
Q

what are b-cells?

A

cells that differentiate into plasma cells
- plasma cells then produce antibodies and proteins that combine with and destroy specific foreign substances

129
Q

how are lymphatic vessels like veins?

A

they have valves

130
Q

subcutaneously, lymphatic vessels follow the path of _____. While within the viscera, they follow the path of _____–LV form ____ around them.

A

sub - veins
visceral - arteries; form plexuses

131
Q

what do lymph nodes encapsulate?

A

b-cells, t-cells and lymphocytes

132
Q

what is unique about the lymphatic capillaries?

A

they have unique endothelial cell structures that make it up to allow for one-way flow of fluid
- these endothelial cells overlap

133
Q

what are three features that are specific to lymphatic capillaries?

A
  1. closed ended
  2. overlapping endothelial cells
  3. anchoring filament
134
Q

what is chyle?

A

it is the white cloudy lymph that is produced by lymph capillaries in the gut

135
Q

what are the trunks that the lymphatic vessels collect into?

A
  • lumbar trunk
  • intestinal trunk
  • bronchomediastinal trunk (R and L)
  • subclavian trunk (R and L)
  • jugular trunk (R and L)
136
Q

what is the flow of blood/lymph fluid?

A

blood capillaries –> interstitial space (interstitial fluid –> lymph capillaries –> l. vessels –> l. trunks –> l. ducts –> internal jugular + subclavian veins (blood) –> superior vena cava

137
Q

what trunks do the thoracic duct receive lymph from?

A
  • lumbar, intestinal, L jugular, L subclavian, L bronchomediastinal
138
Q

what trunks do the right lymphatic duct receive lymph from?

A

R juglar, R subclavian, R bronchomediastinal

139
Q

there is more interstitial fluid diffusing back into the blood capillaries than leaving. t/f

A

false.
there is more leaving the blood capillaries than coming back in.

140
Q

What amount of extra interstitial fluid is going back into the lymphatic system?

A

~3L/day

141
Q

what are the two pumps that help lymph circulate?

A
  1. skeletal muscles
  2. respiration (diaphragm)
142
Q

where do you find the spleen?

A

left hypochondriac region
intermediate to the stomach and the diaphragm

143
Q

what is special about the spleen?

A

it is the largest mass of lymphatic tissue

144
Q

superior surface of the spleen is to the inferior surface of what?

A

the diaphragm

145
Q

what is the colic flexure?

A

the colic impression that a spleen gets from the colon

146
Q

what is the hilum?

A

it is the entry and exit depressions on the surface of the spleen for vessels, nerves and lymphatic ducts.

147
Q

what is the flow of blood in the spleen?

A

splenic artery –> sinuses (filters) –> splenic vein

148
Q

what are the two function tissues (parenchyma) found in the spleen?

A

red and white pulp

149
Q

what is white pulp?

A

b and t lymphocytes carrying out immune responses for specific antigens

150
Q

what is red pulp?

A
  • it is fixed macrophages that remove damaged, old, or ruptured rbc and platelets
  • it also stores ~1/3 of the body’s platelets
  • performs hematopoiesis during the first 6 months of fetal dvpment

ANPH 215 - Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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