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ANPH 215 - Anatomy and Physiology > Outcome 2 - Tissue Level of Organization > Flashcards

Outcome 2 - Tissue Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four principle types of tissue?

A
  1. nervous
  2. muscular
  3. epithelial
  4. connective
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2
Q

What are the 5 types of cell junctions?

A
  1. gap junctions - in nervous tissue
  2. tight junctions - common in epithelial tissue
  3. adheren - has plaque and cadherins
  4. desmosomes - has plaque in random spots
  5. hemi-desmosomes - found attaching to the basement membrane
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3
Q

What is the extracellular layer intermediate to the epithelium and connective tissue called? What are the two layers it is composed of called?

A

basement membrane (basal lamina + reticular lamina)

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4
Q

What are the 4 different shapes of epithelial cells?

A
  1. cuboidal
  2. squamous
  3. columnar
  4. transitional
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5
Q

What are the 3 different arrangements of epithelial cell layers?

A
  1. simple
  2. pseudostratified
  3. stratified
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6
Q

A gland that secretes into interstitial space is called? Secretes onto a surface or into a duct?

A

interstitial space which diffuses into blood stream - endocrine gland

surface/duct - exocrine gland

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7
Q

What are the 6 types of cells found in connective tissue?

A

fibroblast, macrophages, plasmocytes, WBC, mast cells, adipocytes

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8
Q

Other than cells, what else makes up connective tissue?

A

extracellular matrix

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9
Q

What are the 2 components of the extracellular matrix?

A
  1. fibers
  2. ground substance
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10
Q

What are 3 fibres that can be found in connective tissue?

A
  1. collagen
  2. elastin
  3. reticular
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11
Q

What are 2 examples of liquid connective tissue?

A

blood and lymph fluid

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12
Q

What are voluntary muscle tissue? Involuntary?

A

voluntary = skeletal
involuntary = cardiac, smooth

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13
Q

what are two types of nervous cells?

A
  1. neurons
  2. neuroglia
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14
Q

Which tissue has the greatest ability to regenerate?

A

epithelial

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15
Q

What is a tissue?

A

group of similar cells that have a common embryonic origin; function together – specialized activities

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16
Q

How do tissues contribute to homeostasis?

A

by providing protection, support, communication and resistance to diseases

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17
Q

What are 7 types of connective tissues?

A

Bones, blood, cartilages, dense irr/regular tissue, adipose tissue and areolar connective tissue

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18
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissues?

A
  • it covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, body cavities, ducts and form glands
  • it allows for interaction between external and internal environments
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19
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A
  • to protect and support body organs, bind organs, and stores energy
  • helps to provide the body with immunity
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20
Q

What is the function of muscular tissue?

A

specialized for contraction and generation of force and heat

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21
Q

what is the function of nervous tissue?

A

to detect changes inside and outside, respond by electrical signals that activate muscular contraction and gland secretions

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22
Q

Describe tight junctions.

A

they fuse adjacent plasma membranes together by web-like strands of transmembrane proteins
- meant to seal off passageways between cells

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23
Q

Describe adheren junctions.

A
  • contain plaques on the inside of the plasma membrane which allows for the attachment to membrane proteins and microfilaments on cytoskeletons
  • contain cadherins which are transmembrane glycoproteins that joins the cells
  • contain adhesion belts
24
Q

Describe desmosomes.

A
  • has spots of plaque + cadherins (transmembrane glycoproteins)
  • don’t attach to microfilaments but attaches to intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton
  • increases stability
25
Q

Describe hemi-desmosomes.

A
  • anchor cells to basement membrane
  • contains integrins which are transmembrane glycoproteins that attach intermediate filaments on the inside of plasma membranes to the laminin protein in the basement membrane
26
Q

Describe gap junctions.

A
  • has connexions, which are fluid filled tunnels that connect neighbouring cells
  • allows for diffusion of ions and small molecules, waste, and chemical/electrical communication + nerve/muscle impulses
27
Q

What are the three functions of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. selective barriers
  2. secretory surfaces
  3. protective surfaces
28
Q

What are the three surfaces of epithelial tissue? What is the difference?

A
  1. apical (free) surface
  2. lateral surface
  3. basal surface

apical - cell facing body surface, body cavity, lumen or duct
lateral - cell facing adjacent cells
basal - deepest layer adhering to basement membrane

29
Q

What are basal lamina secreted by?

A

epithelial cells

30
Q

What is the reticular lamina secreted by?

A

connective tissue

31
Q

Epithelial tissues are vascular, meaning they have blood supply. T/F

A

False.
epithelial tissues are avascular. the blood comes from the underlying connective tissue

32
Q

What’s the difference between surface and glandular epithelial tissue?

A

glandular secretes substances and deeper

33
Q

How do you classify surface epithelial tissues?

A
  1. the shape
  2. layering of the cells
34
Q

Where are transitional epithelial cells found?

A

In the bladder.
shape changes from cuboidal to squamous shape as the bladder holds in more urine

35
Q

What are the 8 types of epithelial tissues?

A

1-3: simple squamous/cuboidal/columnar
4. pseudostratified columnar
5-7: stratified squamous/cuboidal/columnar
8, transitional

36
Q

What are connective tissues?

A

one of the most abundant and widely distributed tissues; highly vascular
- binds and supports other tissues
- protects and insulate internal organs
- transport systems
- immune response
- storage of energy (adipose tissues)

37
Q

-blast vs. -cyte?

A

-blast = immature cells that can divide and secrete extracellular matrix
-cyte = reduce capacity for division, responsible for maintenance

38
Q

Describe fibroblasts.

A

large and flat cells with branching processes
- secrete matrix
*seen in all general connective tissues

38
Q

What are the 3 types of fibres found in extracellular matrix of connective tissues?

A
  1. collagen
  2. elastic
  3. reticular
39
Q

Describe macrophages.

A

large and irregular shaped with short branching processes
- develop from WBC monocytes and engulf bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis

40
Q

Describe plasmocytes.

A

small and develop from WBC B lymphocytes
-secrete antibodies

41
Q

Describe mast cells.

A

found along the blood vessels supplying CT
- produces histamine during inflammatory reponses

42
Q

Describe adipocytes

A

“fat cells”
-store fat and found visceral to the skin and around organs

43
Q

Describe WBCs.

A

not much in connective tissues but are found during inflammatory responses

44
Q

What are the two major categories of connective tissues?

A
  1. Embryonic - present in embryo and fetus
  2. mature - arise from embryonic ct
45
Q

What are the 5 types of MATURE connective tissues?

A
  1. loose connective tissue (more cells, less fibres)
  2. dense connective tissue (less cells, more fibres)
  3. cartilage
  4. bone tissue
  5. liquid connective tissue (blood + lymph)
46
Q

What are characteristics of muscle tissues?

A
  • consists of myocytes
  • uses ATP to generate force
  • produce movement/generate heat
  • aid in posture
  • provide protection
47
Q

What are characteristics of skeletal muscle tissues?

A
  • they move bones.
  • they are striated (light/dark protein bands)
  • have peripheral nuclei
  • mainly VOLUNTARY, however some are involuntary like the diaphragm and your posture
48
Q

What are characteristics of cardiac muscle tissues?

A
  • striated and branched with ONE centrally located nucleus
  • involuntary
49
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Muscle that makes up the heart; is made up of cardiac muscle fibres

50
Q

Where are gap junctions found in cardiac muscle tissues?

A

in the intercalated discs where electrical stimulus are passed along

51
Q

What are characteristics of smooth muscle?

A

-non-striated
- usually involuntary
- make up the walls of hollow internal structures (think blood vessels, airways, and organs in the abdominopelvic cavity)

52
Q

How do new cells come to be in tissues?

A
  • cell division from stroma (connective tissue) or parenchyma (functional part of tissue)
53
Q

List the types of tissues from greatest ability to regenerate to lowest ability to repair.

A

greatest: epithelial
connective
muscle
lowest: nerve tissue

54
Q

What plays a roll in regeneration?

A
  • parenchymal cells - if they are active in the repair process, near perfect reconstruction of the injured tissue can occur
  • fibrosis: fibroblasts involved in repair of original tissue/organ function
55
Q

What are parenchymal cells?

A

“functional cells” - able to be stimulated and transfer APs to different types of cells.

ANPH 215 - Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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