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ANPH 215 - Anatomy and Physiology > Outcome 1 - Intro to Human Body > Flashcards

Outcome 1 - Intro to Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

Study of the body structures and the relationship between those structures

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2
Q

What is physiology?

A

The study of how those body structures work

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3
Q

What are the six structural organization of the body?

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. System
  6. Organismal
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4
Q

What are tissues?

A

Group of cells and materials surrounding those cells that work together to perform a specific function.

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5
Q

What are the four basic types of tissue?

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscular tissue
  4. Nervous tissue
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6
Q

What do epithelial tissues do?

A

They cover the body surfaces and line hollow organs and cavities. They also form glands.

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7
Q

What do muscular tissues do?

A

They contract to make parts of the body move which generates heat!

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8
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

They connect, support, and protect the body and they distribute blood vessels to other tissues.

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9
Q

What does nervous tissue do?

A

They carry information from one part of the body to another by nerve impulses.

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10
Q

What are organs composed of?

A

Two or more different types of tissues.

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11
Q

What makes up a system?

A

It consists of organs that have the same function.

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12
Q

What are the 11 systems?

A
  1. Integumentary
  2. Digestive
  3. Muscular
  4. Cardiovascular
  5. Skeletal
  6. Nervous
  7. Endocrine
  8. Lymphatic
  9. Urinary
  10. Reproductive
  11. Respiratory
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13
Q

What makes up the integumentary system?

A

Skin, nails, hair, and sweat and oil glands.

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14
Q

What is the function of the integumentary system?

A

Protects the body
Regulates temperature
Eliminates some wastes
Helps make vitamin D
Detects sensations
Stores fat and provides insulation

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15
Q

What is part of the skeletal system?

A

Bones, joints and cartilages

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16
Q

What’s the function of the skeletal system?

A

Supports and protects the body
Provides surface area for muscle attachment
Aids body movement
Produces blood cells
Stores minerals and lipids

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17
Q

What is part of the nervous system?

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory organs (eyes and ear)

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18
Q

What’s the function of the nervous system?

A

Generates action potentials in response to internal and external changes

Allows for the communication between different body structures

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19
Q

What makes up the endocrine system?

A

Hormone producing glands
(Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, suprarenal glands, pancreas, ovaries and testes)

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20
Q

What’s the function of the endocrine system?

A

Regulate body activities by releasing hormones

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21
Q

What’s the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

To provide oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove carbon dioxide and waste from cells
It also regulates the acid-base balance, temperature and water content of body fluids
Blood components act as a defence against disease and repairs damaged blood vessels

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22
Q

What makes up the cardiovascular system?

A
  • heart
  • artery
  • blood vessels
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23
Q

What makes up the lymphatic system?

A
  • bone marrow, thymus, lymph node, lymphatic vessel, spleen
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24
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

it returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes

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25
Q

what’s the function of the respiratory system?

A

transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood, and co2 from blood out; regulates acid-base balance of body fluids; air from lungs to vocal cords to make sound

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26
Q

What make up the respiratory system?

A

nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, lungs

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27
Q

What makes up the digestive system?

A

gastrointestinal tract, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, anus (and salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas)

28
Q

What is the function of a digestive system?

A

achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid waste

29
Q

What is the function of the urinary system?

A

produce, store, and eliminate urine; eliminates waste and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; maintain acid-base balance of body fluids; regulate production of rbc

30
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

It is the condition of equilibrium internally

31
Q

Homeostasis is a dynamic condition. T/F

A

True! It responds to changing conditions

32
Q

What are basic components of a feedback system?

A
  • receptor: monitors changes
  • control center: brain stem to signal effectors
  • effector: cells that send output to fix the “change”
33
Q

What is a feedback system?

A

cycle of events that monitors, evaluates, and responds to change

34
Q

What is the difference between positive and negative feedback systems?

A

negative feedback loops reverse a change in the controlled condition whereas, positive feedback loops “encourage” the change

35
Q

What are some examples of negative feedback systems in our body?

A

blood pressure, body temperature, blood glucose levels

36
Q

What are some examples of positive feedback systems?

A

childbirth, ovulation, and blood clotting

37
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

it is the standardized method to observe or image the body to allow for consistency
- erect with eyes facing forward, arms by your side with palms facing forward

38
Q

Directional terms are used to locate one part of the body relative to another. T/F

A

True.

39
Q

Superior = ?

A

toward the head

40
Q

inferior = ?

A

away from the head

41
Q

anterior = ?

A

towards the front of the body

42
Q

posterior = ?

A

towards the back of the body

43
Q

medial = ?

A

nearer to the midline

44
Q

lateral = ?

A

further from the midline

45
Q

Intermediate = ?

A

between two structures

46
Q

ipsilateral = ?

A

on the same side of the body as another structure

47
Q

contralateral = ?

A

on the opposite side of the body from another structure

48
Q

proximal = ?

A

nearer to the attachment of the limb TO THE TRUNK

49
Q

Distal = ?

A

farther from the attachment of the limb to the trunk

50
Q

superficial = ?

A

toward or on the surface of the body

51
Q

deep (internal) = ?

A

away from the surface of the body

52
Q

What are the 3 common planes used in NM?

A

1) coronal
2) transverse
3) sagittal

53
Q

Describe the coronal plane.

A

separating from anterior/posterior (“front and back”)
aka ‘frontal’

54
Q

Describe the transverse plane.

A

separating from superior/inferior (“top and bottom half”)
- aka axial or transaxial

55
Q

Describe the sagittal plane.

A

separating from left and right.

think right down the ‘sagittal’ line of the skull

56
Q

What are the 9 abdominal regions commonly used by anatomists?

A
  1. right hypochondriac region
  2. right lateral region
  3. right inguinal region
  4. epigastric region
  5. umbilical region
  6. hypogastric region
  7. left hypochondriac region
  8. left lateral region
  9. left inguinal
57
Q

What are the 9 abdominal regions separated by?

A

2 transverse planes - subcostal plane, transtubercular plane
2 sagittal planes - right and left midclavicular planes

58
Q

What are the 4 abdominal regions commonly used by clinicians?

A
  1. right upper quadrant
  2. right lower quadrant
  3. left upper quadrant
  4. left lower quadrant
59
Q

What are the 4 abdominal regions separated by?

A

median plane + transumbilical plane

60
Q

What are body cavities?

A

they are spaces within the body that protect, separate, and support internal organs

61
Q

What are the 4 body cavities?

A
  1. cranial cavity
  2. vertebral canal
  3. thoracic cavity
  4. abdominopelvic cavity
62
Q

What are the 2 sub-body cavities in abdominopelvic cavity?

A

abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity

63
Q

What are the 3 sub-body cavities of the thoracic cavity?

A
  1. pleural cavity
  2. pericardial cavity
  3. mediastinum
64
Q

What are serous membranes?

A

serous membranes are double-layered membranes that cover the viscera and lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen

65
Q

Which body cavities contain serous membrane?

A

thoracic - pleura around the lung + pericardium around the heart

abdominal - peritoneum

66
Q

What is the difference between viscera and membrane?

A

viscera = organs inside the cavities
membrane = thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines or connects structures

ANPH 215 - Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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