Outcome 4 - Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
What is the difference between the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton?
A
axial - bones around the longitudinal axis of the body
appendicular - bones of pectoral and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs
2
Q
How many bones make up the axial skeleton? appendicular skeleton?
A
80; 126
total = 206
3
Q
What are the bones that make up the axial skeleton?
A
cranium - 8
face - 14
hyoid - 1
auditory ossicles - 3
vertebral column - 26
sternum - 1
ribs - 24
4
Q
What bones make up the appendicular skeleton?
A
pectoral shoulder girdles –> clavicle, scapula (2)
upper limbs –> humerus, ulna, radius (2), carpals - 16, metacarpals - 10, phalanges - 28
pelvic girdle –> hip, pelvic, coxal bone (2)
lower limbs –> femur, patella, fibula, tibia (2), tarsals - 14, metatarsals - 10, phalanges - 28
5
Q
What are the 5 categories of bones?
A
- long bone
- flat bone
- irregular bone
- sesamoid bone
- short bone
6
Q
What are some types of long bones?
A
femur, humerus, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges, and clavicles
7
Q
Describe short bones.
A
cube-shaped, spongy throughout except on the surface
- carpals and tarsals
8
Q
Describe long bones.
A
length > width
9
Q
Describe flat bones.
A
- flat shaped and generally thin
- two nearly parallel plates of compact bone that encases a layer of spongy bone
- for protection
- have extensive area for muscle attachment!
- sternum, ribs, scapula, and most cranial bones
10
Q
Describe sesamoid bones.
A
- shaped like sesame seed
- develop in certain tendons (deals with high tension, stress and friction; protects tendon from wear and tear)
- not very big, few mm in diameter (pisiform) except the patella
- vary and aren’t always ossified
11
Q
Describe irregular bones.
A
- complex shapes
- vary in the amount of spongy or compact bones
- vertebrae, pelvic bones, certain skull bones and the calcaneus
12
Q
What are DEPRESSIONS and OPENINGS?
A
- sites that allow for the passage of soft tissue or for formation of joints
13
Q
Describe sutural bones.
A
- small, flat bones
- within the sutures of skull between cranial bones
- vary in number and size within people
14
Q
What is a fissure?
A
- narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones
- where blood vessels and nerves pass
15
Q
What is a foramen?
A
opening where blood vessels, nerves, and ligament passes through
think nutrient foramen where the nutrient artery enters the diaphysis
16
Q
What is a fossa?
A
shallow depression
17
Q
What is a sulcus?
A
furrow along the bone surface that has blood vessels, nerves, or tendons
18
Q
What is a meatus?
A
tubelike opening
19
Q
What are processes?
A
projections or outgrowth on bones that either forms a joint or an attachment points for connective tissues
20
Q
What are some examples of processes that form joints?
A
- condyle
- facet
- head
21
Q
What are some examples of processes that form attachment points for connective tissues?
A
- crest
- epicondyle
- line
- spinous process
- trochanter
- tubercle
- tuberosity
22
Q
What are condyles?
A
large, round protuberance with a smooth articular surface at the end of the bone
23
Q
What are facets?
A
smooth, flat, slightly concave/convex articular surface
24
Q
What are head processes?
A
usually rounded articular projections that support the constricted portion (neck) of the bone
25
What are crests?
prominent ridges or elongated projections
26
What are epicondyles?
Roughened projections above the condyle
27
What are line processes?
Long, narrow ridge or border
Less prominent in comparison to crests
28
What are spinous processes?
Sharp, slender projections
29
What’re trochanters?
Very large projections
30
What are tubercles?
Varying sized rounded projections
31
What are tuberosities?
Varying sized projections that has rough and bumpy surfaces
32
What bones make up the thorax?
sternum + ribs
33
Describe the sternum.
It is a flat bone that is made up of 3 segments.
34
What are the three segments that make up the sternum?
1. manubrium
2. body
3. xiphoid process
35
The sternum articulates with the _______ by ________ and the ______ of the ____ by ________.
clavicles by sternoclavicular joints
costal cartilage of the ribs by sternocostal joints
36
What is the difference between true ribs and false ribs?
true - (1-7) means that the cartilage is directly connected to the sternum
false - (8-12) means that their cartilage is indirectly attached or not attached to the sternum at all
37
Which ribs are floating ribs? What's another name for floating ribs?
ribs 11 and 12
also called vertebral ribs
38
What ribs are the vertebrochondral ribs?
Ribs 8-10
39
What makes up the pectoral girdles?
Clavicles and scapula
40
Where does the sternal end of the clavicle articulate? (Which end is the sternal end?)
With the manubrium by the sternoclavicular joint
Sternal - medial
41
What does the acromial end of the clavicle articulate with? (Which end is the acromial end?)
The acromion of the scapula by the acromioclavicular joint
Acrimon - lateral end
42
What does the coracoid process on the scapula allow for?
the attachment of tendons and ligaments
43
What are the two carpal bones that articulates with the radius?
lunate and scaphoid
44
What is an olecranon?
a proximal prominence on the ulna -- elbow.
45
What bones make up the proximal row of the carpus?
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
46
What bones make up the distal row of the carpus?
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
47
Where do you find intercarpal joints?
between carpal bones
48
Which is the largest carpal?
capitate
49
Which view allows you to see the pisiform?
anterior view!
50
Where do you find the glenohumeral joint?
articulating the humerus and the scapula
51
Where do you find the proximal and distal radioulnar joints?
articulating the ulna and radius
52
Where do you find the radoiocarpal joint?
articulating the radius with the lunate and scaphoid
53
Where do you find the intercarpal joints?
articulations between carpal bones
54
Where do you find the carpometacarpal joints?
articulating the distal row with metacarpals
55
Where do you find the metacarpophalangeal joints?
heads (knuckles) articulating with the proximal phalanges
56
Where do you find the interphalangeal joints?
articulations between the proximal, middle and distal phalanges (hands and feet!)
57
what are the three bones that make up the hip bone?
1. ilium
2. ischium
3. pubis
58
when do the hip bones fuse?
by age 23
59
the socket formed by the three pelvic bones is called?
the acetabulum
60
the two hip bones articulate at the pubic bones by what fibrocartilage disc?
pubic symphysis
61
Where do you find the sacroiliac joints?
articulating the pelvic girdle with the sacrum
62
Where do you find the acetabulofemoral joint?
articulating the head of the femur with the acetabulum
63
Where do you find the tibiofemoral joint?
articulating between the distal femur and the proximal end of the tibia
64
What is the knee joint called?
patellofemoral joint
65
The fibula articulates with the femur as well. T/F
False.
It does NOT.
66
What is the joints that articulate the fibula to the tibia?
tibiofibular joints
67
What is the large projection on the distal end of the tibia called?
Medial Malleolus
68
What is the large projection on the distal end of the fibula called?
Lateral Malleolus
69
The lateral malleolus and the medial malleolus articulate with the _______ bone of the ankle by ______ joint.
talus, talocrural
70
What are the 7 bones that make up the tarsus?
talus, calcaneus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms, cuboid
71
What is the articulation between tarsal bones called?
intertarsal joints
72
Where do you find the tarsometatarsal joints?
articulating the 3 cuneiforms and the cuboid with the metatarsals
73
Which bone is the largest tarsal?
calcaneus (heel)
74
Which tarsal is the only bone to articulate with the lower leg bones?
talus by the talocrural joint
75
Where do you find the tasometatarsal joints?
articulating the distal tarsals with the bases of the metatarsals
76
Where do you find the metatasophalangeal joints?
the head of metatarsals articulating with the proximal phalanges
77
What is the big toe called?
hallux
78
What is the connective tissue between the bones of the vertebral column called?
intervertebral discs
79
The vertebral column makes up about ___ of your height.
2/5
80
What are the functions of the vertebral column?
1. protect the spinal cord
2. support the head
3. attachment point for the ribs
4. attachment point for the pelvic girdle
5. attachment point for the muscles of the back and upper limbs
81
How many vertebrae in children? Adults?
33 kids
26 in adults
82
What accounts for the change in number of vertebrae in adults and kids?
the vertebrae in the sacrum (5) and coccyx (4) fuse to form two bones
83
What are the regions of the vertebral column? which are movable? immovable?
1. cervical - movable
2. thoracic - movable
3. lumbar - movable
4. sacrum - immovable
5. coccyx - immovable
84
What is the normal curvature in an adult?
1. cervical - convex
2. thoracic - concave
3. lumber - convex
4. sacral - concave
85
What is the function of the vertebral curvature?
- increase the vertebral column's strength
- maintain balance in the upright position
- absorb shock
- protect vertebrae from #
86
How many vertebrae make up each region of the vertebral column?
1. cervical - 7
2. thoracic - 12
3. lumbar - 5
4. sacrum - fused 5
5. coccyx - fused 4
87
What is the vertebral curvature in infants?
concave to the front of the body
88
What are considered primary curves and why?
the thoracic and sacral, because they are there from birth
89
What are considered secondary curves and why?
cervical and lumbar curves because they develop after birth
90
When does the cervical curvature develop?
~3/12 months (when the baby starts to hold its head up)
91
When does the lumbar curvature develop?
~1 yrs
92
What are the two parts of the intervertebral discs?
1. annulus fibrosus - outer; tough cartilage
2. nucleus pulposus - inner; soft and highly elastic
93
What is the function of intervertebral discs?
- strong joint between vertebrae
- permits various amounts of movement
- vertical shock absorber as they can flatten under compression
94
How many bones does the skull contain?
How many are facial bones?
How many are cranial bones?
total = 22
facial = 14
cranial = 8
95
What are the 8 cranial bones?
1. frontal bone
2/3. parietal bones
4/5. temporal bones
6. occipital bone
7. sphenoid bone
8. ethmoid bone
96
What are the 14 facial bones?
1/2. nasal bones
3/4. maxillae bones
5/6. zygomatic bones
7/8. lacrimal bones
9/10. palatine bones
11/12. inferior concha bones
13. mandible
14. vomer
97
Which cranial bone articulates with ALL cranial bones?
SPHENOID bone
98
Which facial bone is the only movable skull bone and the largest and strongest facial bone?
mandible
99
The mandible is also articulated to the maxillae which articulates with all the other facial bones as well. T/F
False.
100
What is a suture?
an immovable joint that is found only between skull bones
101
Where do you find the coronal suture?
joining the frontal and parietal bones
102
Where do you find the lambdoid suture?
joining the occipital and parietal bone
103
Where do you find the squamous suture?
joining the temporal and parietal bones
104
Where do you find the sagittal suture?
joining the two parietal bones
105
What makes up the vertebral arch?
2 pedicles, and 2 laminae
106
the vertebral body + vertebral arch = ?
vertebral foramen
107
What do you find in the vertebral foramen?
the spinal cord
108
vertebral foramen of all vertebrae form ____.
vertebral canal
109
What forms the intervertebral foramen?
superior and inferior notches of the pedicles on each vertebrae stacked
110
What is the intervertebral foramen for?
it allows for the passage of spinal nerves
111
What are the 7 processes that arise from the vertebral arch?
2 transverse, 1 spinous - attachment points for muscles
2 superior articular, 2 inferior articular - form joints with vertebrae above or below
112
What is the atlas vertebra? the axis?
atlas c1
axis c2
113
What is different about the atlas from the rest of the cervical vertebrae?
c1 lacks a body and spinous process
it also articulates with the occipital bone by 2 atlanto-occipital joints -- allows for nodding
114
What is different about the axis from the rest of the cervical vertebrae?
has a peg-like projection = dens
dens articulates with the atlas by the Atlanto-axial joint -- allows for rotation "no"
115
Spinous processes that are BIFID in the cervical vertebrae?
C2-C6
116
spinous processes that are bifid in the cervical vertebrae?
c2-c6
117
spinous processes that are non-bifid in the cervical vertebrae?
c7
118
Describe the thoracic vertebrae T1-T10.
long, laterally flattened and directed inferiorly
119
Describe the thoracic vertebrae T11-T12.
shorter, broader, and directed more posteriorly
120
Where do you find vertebrocostal joints?
articulating the costal facets with ribs
121
What is unique about lumbar vertebrae?
spinous processes are quadrilateral and project posteriorly (allows for attachment of large back muscles)
122
What is the sacral canal?
the continuation of vertebral canal (houses the spinal cord; formed by the arch + body)
123
What is the area called where the termination of the vertebral canal occurs in the sacral vertebrae?
sacral hiatus
124
Where do you find the sacroiliac joint?
articulating the auricular surface with the ilium
125
Where do you find the lumbosacral joint?
articulating the base of the sacrum with the body of the 5th lumbar vertebra
