Outcome 4 - Skeletal System Flashcards
What is the difference between the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton?
axial - bones around the longitudinal axis of the body
appendicular - bones of pectoral and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs
How many bones make up the axial skeleton? appendicular skeleton?
80; 126
total = 206
What are the bones that make up the axial skeleton?
cranium - 8
face - 14
hyoid - 1
auditory ossicles - 3
vertebral column - 26
sternum - 1
ribs - 24
What bones make up the appendicular skeleton?
pectoral shoulder girdles –> clavicle, scapula (2)
upper limbs –> humerus, ulna, radius (2), carpals - 16, metacarpals - 10, phalanges - 28
pelvic girdle –> hip, pelvic, coxal bone (2)
lower limbs –> femur, patella, fibula, tibia (2), tarsals - 14, metatarsals - 10, phalanges - 28
What are the 5 categories of bones?
- long bone
- flat bone
- irregular bone
- sesamoid bone
- short bone
What are some types of long bones?
femur, humerus, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges, and clavicles
Describe short bones.
cube-shaped, spongy throughout except on the surface
- carpals and tarsals
Describe long bones.
length > width
Describe flat bones.
- flat shaped and generally thin
- two nearly parallel plates of compact bone that encases a layer of spongy bone
- for protection
- have extensive area for muscle attachment!
- sternum, ribs, scapula, and most cranial bones
Describe sesamoid bones.
- shaped like sesame seed
- develop in certain tendons (deals with high tension, stress and friction; protects tendon from wear and tear)
- not very big, few mm in diameter (pisiform) except the patella
- vary and aren’t always ossified
Describe irregular bones.
- complex shapes
- vary in the amount of spongy or compact bones
- vertebrae, pelvic bones, certain skull bones and the calcaneus
What are DEPRESSIONS and OPENINGS?
- sites that allow for the passage of soft tissue or for formation of joints
Describe sutural bones.
- small, flat bones
- within the sutures of skull between cranial bones
- vary in number and size within people
What is a fissure?
- narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones
- where blood vessels and nerves pass
What is a foramen?
opening where blood vessels, nerves, and ligament passes through
think nutrient foramen where the nutrient artery enters the diaphysis
What is a fossa?
shallow depression
What is a sulcus?
furrow along the bone surface that has blood vessels, nerves, or tendons
What is a meatus?
tubelike opening
What are processes?
projections or outgrowth on bones that either forms a joint or an attachment points for connective tissues
What are some examples of processes that form joints?
- condyle
- facet
- head
What are some examples of processes that form attachment points for connective tissues?
- crest
- epicondyle
- line
- spinous process
- trochanter
- tubercle
- tuberosity
What are condyles?
large, round protuberance with a smooth articular surface at the end of the bone
What are facets?
smooth, flat, slightly concave/convex articular surface
What are head processes?
usually rounded articular projections that support the constricted portion (neck) of the bone
What are crests?
prominent ridges or elongated projections
What are epicondyles?
Roughened projections above the condyle
What are line processes?
Long, narrow ridge or border
Less prominent in comparison to crests
What are spinous processes?
Sharp, slender projections
What’re trochanters?
Very large projections
What are tubercles?
Varying sized rounded projections
What are tuberosities?
Varying sized projections that has rough and bumpy surfaces
What bones make up the thorax?
sternum + ribs
Describe the sternum.
It is a flat bone that is made up of 3 segments.
What are the three segments that make up the sternum?
- manubrium
- body
- xiphoid process
The sternum articulates with the _______ by ________ and the ______ of the ____ by ________.
clavicles by sternoclavicular joints
costal cartilage of the ribs by sternocostal joints
What is the difference between true ribs and false ribs?
true - (1-7) means that the cartilage is directly connected to the sternum
false - (8-12) means that their cartilage is indirectly attached or not attached to the sternum at all
Which ribs are floating ribs? What’s another name for floating ribs?
ribs 11 and 12
also called vertebral ribs
What ribs are the vertebrochondral ribs?
Ribs 8-10
What makes up the pectoral girdles?
Clavicles and scapula
Where does the sternal end of the clavicle articulate? (Which end is the sternal end?)
With the manubrium by the sternoclavicular joint
Sternal - medial
What does the acromial end of the clavicle articulate with? (Which end is the acromial end?)
The acromion of the scapula by the acromioclavicular joint
Acrimon - lateral end
What does the coracoid process on the scapula allow for?
the attachment of tendons and ligaments
What are the two carpal bones that articulates with the radius?
lunate and scaphoid
What is an olecranon?
a proximal prominence on the ulna – elbow.
What bones make up the proximal row of the carpus?
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
What bones make up the distal row of the carpus?
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
Where do you find intercarpal joints?
between carpal bones
Which is the largest carpal?
capitate
Which view allows you to see the pisiform?
anterior view!
Where do you find the glenohumeral joint?
articulating the humerus and the scapula
Where do you find the proximal and distal radioulnar joints?
articulating the ulna and radius
Where do you find the radoiocarpal joint?
articulating the radius with the lunate and scaphoid
Where do you find the intercarpal joints?
articulations between carpal bones
Where do you find the carpometacarpal joints?
articulating the distal row with metacarpals
Where do you find the metacarpophalangeal joints?
heads (knuckles) articulating with the proximal phalanges
Where do you find the interphalangeal joints?
articulations between the proximal, middle and distal phalanges (hands and feet!)
what are the three bones that make up the hip bone?
- ilium
- ischium
- pubis
when do the hip bones fuse?
by age 23
the socket formed by the three pelvic bones is called?
the acetabulum
the two hip bones articulate at the pubic bones by what fibrocartilage disc?
pubic symphysis
Where do you find the sacroiliac joints?
articulating the pelvic girdle with the sacrum
Where do you find the acetabulofemoral joint?
articulating the head of the femur with the acetabulum
Where do you find the tibiofemoral joint?
articulating between the distal femur and the proximal end of the tibia
What is the knee joint called?
patellofemoral joint
The fibula articulates with the femur as well. T/F
False.
It does NOT.
What is the joints that articulate the fibula to the tibia?
tibiofibular joints
What is the large projection on the distal end of the tibia called?
Medial Malleolus
What is the large projection on the distal end of the fibula called?
Lateral Malleolus
The lateral malleolus and the medial malleolus articulate with the _______ bone of the ankle by ______ joint.
talus, talocrural
What are the 7 bones that make up the tarsus?
talus, calcaneus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms, cuboid
What is the articulation between tarsal bones called?
intertarsal joints
Where do you find the tarsometatarsal joints?
articulating the 3 cuneiforms and the cuboid with the metatarsals
Which bone is the largest tarsal?
calcaneus (heel)
Which tarsal is the only bone to articulate with the lower leg bones?
talus by the talocrural joint
Where do you find the tasometatarsal joints?
articulating the distal tarsals with the bases of the metatarsals
Where do you find the metatasophalangeal joints?
the head of metatarsals articulating with the proximal phalanges
What is the big toe called?
hallux
What is the connective tissue between the bones of the vertebral column called?
intervertebral discs
The vertebral column makes up about ___ of your height.
2/5
What are the functions of the vertebral column?
- protect the spinal cord
- support the head
- attachment point for the ribs
- attachment point for the pelvic girdle
- attachment point for the muscles of the back and upper limbs
How many vertebrae in children? Adults?
33 kids
26 in adults
What accounts for the change in number of vertebrae in adults and kids?
the vertebrae in the sacrum (5) and coccyx (4) fuse to form two bones
What are the regions of the vertebral column? which are movable? immovable?
- cervical - movable
- thoracic - movable
- lumbar - movable
- sacrum - immovable
- coccyx - immovable
What is the normal curvature in an adult?
- cervical - convex
- thoracic - concave
- lumber - convex
- sacral - concave
What is the function of the vertebral curvature?
- increase the vertebral column’s strength
- maintain balance in the upright position
- absorb shock
- protect vertebrae from #
How many vertebrae make up each region of the vertebral column?
- cervical - 7
- thoracic - 12
- lumbar - 5
- sacrum - fused 5
- coccyx - fused 4
What is the vertebral curvature in infants?
concave to the front of the body
What are considered primary curves and why?
the thoracic and sacral, because they are there from birth
What are considered secondary curves and why?
cervical and lumbar curves because they develop after birth
When does the cervical curvature develop?
~3/12 months (when the baby starts to hold its head up)
When does the lumbar curvature develop?
~1 yrs
What are the two parts of the intervertebral discs?
- annulus fibrosus - outer; tough cartilage
- nucleus pulposus - inner; soft and highly elastic
What is the function of intervertebral discs?
- strong joint between vertebrae
- permits various amounts of movement
- vertical shock absorber as they can flatten under compression
How many bones does the skull contain?
How many are facial bones?
How many are cranial bones?
total = 22
facial = 14
cranial = 8
What are the 8 cranial bones?
- frontal bone
2/3. parietal bones
4/5. temporal bones - occipital bone
- sphenoid bone
- ethmoid bone
What are the 14 facial bones?
1/2. nasal bones
3/4. maxillae bones
5/6. zygomatic bones
7/8. lacrimal bones
9/10. palatine bones
11/12. inferior concha bones
13. mandible
14. vomer
Which cranial bone articulates with ALL cranial bones?
SPHENOID bone
Which facial bone is the only movable skull bone and the largest and strongest facial bone?
mandible
The mandible is also articulated to the maxillae which articulates with all the other facial bones as well. T/F
False.
What is a suture?
an immovable joint that is found only between skull bones
Where do you find the coronal suture?
joining the frontal and parietal bones
Where do you find the lambdoid suture?
joining the occipital and parietal bone
Where do you find the squamous suture?
joining the temporal and parietal bones
Where do you find the sagittal suture?
joining the two parietal bones
What makes up the vertebral arch?
2 pedicles, and 2 laminae
the vertebral body + vertebral arch = ?
vertebral foramen
What do you find in the vertebral foramen?
the spinal cord
vertebral foramen of all vertebrae form ____.
vertebral canal
What forms the intervertebral foramen?
superior and inferior notches of the pedicles on each vertebrae stacked
What is the intervertebral foramen for?
it allows for the passage of spinal nerves
What are the 7 processes that arise from the vertebral arch?
2 transverse, 1 spinous - attachment points for muscles
2 superior articular, 2 inferior articular - form joints with vertebrae above or below
What is the atlas vertebra? the axis?
atlas c1
axis c2
What is different about the atlas from the rest of the cervical vertebrae?
c1 lacks a body and spinous process
it also articulates with the occipital bone by 2 atlanto-occipital joints – allows for nodding
What is different about the axis from the rest of the cervical vertebrae?
has a peg-like projection = dens
dens articulates with the atlas by the Atlanto-axial joint – allows for rotation “no”
Spinous processes that are BIFID in the cervical vertebrae?
C2-C6
spinous processes that are bifid in the cervical vertebrae?
c2-c6
spinous processes that are non-bifid in the cervical vertebrae?
c7
Describe the thoracic vertebrae T1-T10.
long, laterally flattened and directed inferiorly
Describe the thoracic vertebrae T11-T12.
shorter, broader, and directed more posteriorly
Where do you find vertebrocostal joints?
articulating the costal facets with ribs
What is unique about lumbar vertebrae?
spinous processes are quadrilateral and project posteriorly (allows for attachment of large back muscles)
What is the sacral canal?
the continuation of vertebral canal (houses the spinal cord; formed by the arch + body)
What is the area called where the termination of the vertebral canal occurs in the sacral vertebrae?
sacral hiatus
Where do you find the sacroiliac joint?
articulating the auricular surface with the ilium
Where do you find the lumbosacral joint?
articulating the base of the sacrum with the body of the 5th lumbar vertebra
