Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANPH 215 - Anatomy and Physiology > Outcome 5 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Outcome 5 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 primary functions of the nervous system?

A

1) sensory
2) integrative
3) motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the integrative function?

A

It is the procession, analyzing and decision part of the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sensory neurons can also be called _______.

A

afferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Motor neurone can also be called ________.

A

efferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 2 main divisions that make up the nervous system?

A

1) CNS
2) PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The PNS division will divide into 2 different additional divisions. What are they?

A

1) Autonomic
2) Somatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What branch is called the “brain of your gut”?

A

Enteric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which PNS division is involuntary? Voluntary?

A

Involuntary - Autonomic
Voluntary - Somatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the three branches of the autonomic division of the nervous system?

A

1) Sympathetic
2) Parasympathetic
3) Enteric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is activated during stress?

A

Sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is activated to “stop and digest”?

A

Parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which type of muscles do motor neurons of the somatic system conduct impulses to?

A

Skeletal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 2 principle cells of the nervous system?

A

Neurons and neuroglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What characteristic does a neuron share with a muscle cell?

A

excitability/able to respond to stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the four types of neuroglia found in the CNS?

A

1) astrocytes
2) oligodendrocytes
3) microglia
4) ependymal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 2 types of neuroglia found in the PNS?

A

1) Schwann cells
2) satellite cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the astrocyte responsible for?

A
  • most abundant
  • wrap processes around capillaries, neurons and Pia matter; structural support
  • responsible for maintaining chemical balance in environment (mainly brain blood barrier)
  • regulate environment for APs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the ependymal cells responsible for?

A
  • type of epithelial cell
  • lines the central canal is where the spinal cord is situated and ventricles of the brain
  • responsible for the CSF blood barrier; produces CSF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the name of the structural feature where the cell body and axon meet?

A

Axon hillock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which portion of the neuron is the receiver or “input”?

A

Dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What type of neuron is found mostly in the brain and spinal cord?

A

Multipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

A bundle of axons located in the CNS is called a _____.

A

tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A bundle of axons located in the PNS is called a _______.

A

nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why is white matter white?

A

Myelinated axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

White matter contains cell bodies. T/F

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What component of the myelin sheath allows for some regeneration of axons in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the cell responsible for myelination of the CNS axons?

A

Oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What type of electrical signal is used for short distance communication in the dendrite and cell body?

A

Graded potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What type of electrical signal is used for long distance communication in the axon?

A

action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is a resting membrane potential?

A

It is more negative inside the cell and more positive along the outside of the cell. (difference in voltage across the membrane when the neurone is at rest)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the four types of ion channels found in a neuron?

A

1) leakage channels
2) voltage gated
3) mechanically gated
4) ligand gated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are leakage channels responsible for?

A

the resting membrane potential (Na+ and K+ leak channels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the voltage gated channels responsible for?

A

depolarization and repolarization (APs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the important characteristic of the mechanically gated channels?

A

They’re responsive to sensory receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are ligand gated channels for?

A

chemical synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What cation is found in high concentration on the inside of the cell?

A

potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What active transport pump is said to be electrogenic?

A

Sodium-Potassium ATPase pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the two phases of an action potential?

A

depolarization and repolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

Period of time after an AP begun where a second AP can’t be created regardless of the strength (Na+ channels have to be back to resting state for another AP to occur)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What does saltatory conduction entail?

A

Myelinated axons + nodes of Ranvier – AP at a node to stimulate the myeline sheath to have a conduction current to carry the AP to the next node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What type of synapse is fastest?

A

Electrical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The influx of which cation causes exocytosis of the synaptic vesicles?

A

Calcium (Ca2+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What anatomical structures are included in the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are neurons made up of?

A

axon, dendrites, and cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

it is a collection of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the nucleus in terms of the nervous system?

A

a collection of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The nervous system makes up ____ of your total body weight.

A

3%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the function of the sensory receptors?

A

To detect stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Sensory neurons carry the nerve impulses away from the brain. T/F

A

False.
carries impulses TO the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Integration/processing is performed by _______.

A

Interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are some characteristics of the interneurons?

A
  • they have short axons that contact nearby neurons in the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Motor neurons carry info ____ (to/from) the brain

A

from the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What makes up the PNS division?

A

cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses, sensory receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

How is the spinal cord connected to the brain?

A

Foramen magnum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What do sensory neurons provide information about?

A

the somatic senses, and special senses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What are somatic senses?

A

tactile, thermal, pain and proprioceptive sensations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What are special senses?

A

smell, taste, vision, hearing and equilibrium

58
Q

Where do motor neurons convey output to?

A

somatic and autonomic nervous system

59
Q

What is the enteric plexus?

A

networks of neurons located in the walls of the GI to help regulate digestion

60
Q

What causes the propagation of AP?

A

when AP is initiated, it travels along the membrane of a neuron due to the movement of ions through interstitial spaces or ion channels

61
Q

What is an example of a long, long neuron?

A

sensory neurons

62
Q

Where are the shorter neurons found?

A

within the CNS

63
Q

What are characteristics of neuroglia?

A
  • comprise 1/2 the volume of CNS
  • smaller than neurons
  • 5-25x more abundant than neurons
  • they don’t generate or propagate APs
  • they can multiply and divide in mature nervous tissue
64
Q

What are neuroglia?

A

specialized connective tissue that helps with nourishment, protection, and maintaining chemical environment

65
Q

What are oligodendrocytes responsible for?

A

form and maintain myelin sheath around CNS axons

66
Q

what are microglia responsible for?

A

phagocytosis in development and repair

67
Q

What are Schwann cells responsible for?

A

it forms myelin sheath around PNS axons

68
Q

what are satellite cells responsible for?

A

surrounds ganglia and provides support and regulate exchange of material

69
Q

What are the axolemma?

A
  • the plasma membrane of the axon
70
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A
  • point in which the cell body connects to the axon
71
Q

Where is the trigger zone where APs can start?

A

between the initial segment and the axon hillock

72
Q

What are the 5 types of neurons?

A

1) multipolar
2) bipolar
3) unipolar
4) purkinje
5) pyramidal

73
Q

What type of neurons make up the majority of interneurons?

A
  • multipolar
74
Q

Describe multipolar neurons.

A
  • have more than two branches/nerve fibres coming off of the cell body
75
Q

Describe bipolar neurons.

A
  • two nerve fibers/dendrites/axons coming off the body
76
Q

Describe unipolar neurons.

A
  • one nerve fibre coming directly off the cell body
  • aka pseudounipolar
77
Q

What type of neurons make up the sensory receptors?

A

mostly unipolar neurons and are quite long!

78
Q

What are myelin sheath?

A

multilayered lipid and protein covering that surrounds an axon

79
Q

What is the purpose of the myelin sheath?

A

electrically insulate neurons, and increase the conduction speed of APs

80
Q

Schwann cells cover _____ of an axon, and wrap itself around the axon about _____ times.

A

1mm, 100x

81
Q

What is the neurolemma?

A

the outer layer that contains the cell organelles and the nucleus

82
Q

What does the neurolemma do?

A

it aids in the repair of damaged axons and guides regeneration of axons

83
Q

What is one difference between myelinated CNS and PNS axons?

A

CNS - few nodes of ranvier present
PNS - has neurolemma

84
Q

Amount of myelination decreases from birth to maturity. T/F

A

False.
It increases

85
Q

Increasing presence of myelin = _____ in nerve impulse conduction

A

INCREASE in nerve impulses

86
Q

What gives grey matter its color?

A

Nissl bodies

87
Q

How is the white and grey matter situated in the spinal cord?

A

white matter surrounds an inner core of grey matter

88
Q

How is the white and grey matter situated in the brain?

A

thin shell of grey matter covers cerebrum and cerebellum

89
Q

Which matter has more blood flow? And by how much?

A

Grey matter by 4x.

90
Q

What are the two types of electrical signals?

A

1) graded potentials
2) action potentials

91
Q

What is the difference between graded and action potentials?

A

graded - short distances
action - communication over long distances

92
Q

____ potentials trigger axons to form nerve ______ potentials.

A

graded, action

93
Q

How do graded potentials trigger APs?

A

in dendrite and cell bodies trigger graded potentials
then the graded potentials will trigger the axon to form the action potential

94
Q

What is the purpose of graded potentials?

A

graded potentials drive the axon hillock to threshold membrane potential to generate AP

95
Q

Graded potentials can be _______ (inhibitory) or ________ (excitatory).

A

hyper polarizing, depolarizing

96
Q

At resting state, which side of the cell is more negative? positive?

A

negative - inside (cytoplasm)
positive - outside (interstitial space)

97
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of neurons?

A

between -40 mV and -90 mV
typically ~-70 mV

98
Q

What does the (-) indicate when describing the resting membrane potential?

A

it indicates that the INSIDE of the cell membrane is negative relative to the OUTSIDE

99
Q

What plays a role in insulating and keeping out specific ions?

A

the lipid bilayer

100
Q

What causes the _____ to open and close.
- leakage channels
- voltage gated channels
- ligand-gated channels
- mechanically-gated channels

A
  • leakage = randomly open
  • voltage-gated = change in membrane potential (voltage)
  • ligand-gated = chemical stimulus
  • mechanically-gated = mechanical stimulus
101
Q

What factors generate resting action potential?

A

1) unequal distribution of ions in the ECF and cytosol
2) inability of most anions to leave the cell
3) electrogenic nature of the Na+/K+ ATPases

102
Q

What is concentration gradient?

A

moving from an area of high concentration to low concentration

103
Q

Extracellular: high ____ and _____

A

[Na+] and [Cl-]

104
Q

Intracellular: high ____, _____, and _____.

A

ATP, protein and [K+]

105
Q

The plasma membrane has more ____ leak channels. Which causes _____ diffusion of K+ to ______ of cell.

A

K+
MORE, INSIDE

106
Q

What is the ratio of Na+ to K+ that gets move in Na+/K+ ATPase channels?

A

3 Na+ out to 2 K+ in

107
Q

Where do graded potentials occur?

A

dendrites and cell bodies

108
Q

What is a summative effect?

A

when several graded potentials “add up” to lead to an action potential in the trigger zone of the axon

109
Q

Where do you find the two types of voltage-gated channels?

A

1) in axon plasma membrane (axolemma)
2) in the axon terminals (telodendria)

110
Q

What happens when during depolarization?

A

voltage-gated NA+ channels OPEN causing Na+ ions rush IN to make the inside more positive inside

111
Q

What happens during repolarization?

A

voltage-gated K+ channels open causing K+ ions to rush OUT to make the cell more negative

112
Q

Describe the action potential events.

A

1) at resting membrane potential: voltage-gated Na+ channels are in resting state and voltage-gated K+ channels are closed
2) stimulus causes depolarization to threshold
3) voltage-gated Na+ channel activation gates are opens
4) voltage-gated K+ are open and Na+ inactivation gate opens
5) voltage-gated K+ channels are still open: Na+ channels are in the resting state

113
Q

What is hyperpolarization?

A

when the membrane is temporarily more -ve than resting level

114
Q

What causes hyperpolarization?

A

due to K+ voltage gated channels remaining open after repolarization

115
Q

What are key points to remember about AP?

A
  • all or nothing.
  • same results every time
  • AP can travel short or long distances
  • each neuron will have its own threshold level; threshold is usually constant in cell
116
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

period of time after an AP has begun that 2nd AP can’t be created; allows for the movement of AP in one direction

117
Q

What is the relative refractory period?

A

the period of time after an AP has begun that a 2nd AP CAN be created but only if the stimulus is greater than normal
- occurs when Na+ channels are back to their resting state and K+ channels aren’t.

118
Q

What is the mode of conduction for action potentials?

A

propagation

119
Q

How long does a single AP take?

A

0.5-2 msec

120
Q

AP travels faster in ______ diameter axons.

A

larger; because it has less resistance for ions to flow

121
Q

What are saltatory conductions?

A

special mode of nerve impulses that occurs along myelinated axons; occurs because of uneven distribution of voltage-gated channels

122
Q

What are the two kinds of synapses?

A

1) electrical synapse
2) chemical synapse

123
Q

What are the presynaptic neurons?

A

nerve cells that carries a nerve impulse toward a synapse; cell that sends the signals

124
Q

What are the postsynaptic cell/postsynaptic neuron?

A

cell that receives a signal; carries nerve impulses away from a synapse or an effector cell that responds to the impulse at the synapse

125
Q

What are the three types of synapses?

A

1) Axondendritic
2) axosomatic
3) axoaxonic

126
Q

Describe axodendritic synapses.

A

they are between axons and dendrites and most common

127
Q

Describe axosomatic synapses.

A

they are between axons to cell body; takes a weaker stimulus to create a graded potential

128
Q

Describe axoaxonic synapses.

A

they are between axon to axon

129
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

AP conductions that are directly between plasma membranes of adjacent neurons

130
Q

What are connexons?

A

tunnels to connect 2 cells’ cytosol, it aids in the flow of ions to allow for AP to spread

131
Q

What are characteristics of electrical synapses?

A

1) it allows for faster communication; AP directly from presynaptic to postsynaptic cell
2) synchronization to coordinate activity of a group of neurons or muscle fibres

132
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?

A

it is the area that separates the pre and post synaptic neurons
- about 20-50 nm and filled with interstitial fluid

133
Q

There IS conduction across the synaptic cleft. T/F

A

False.
No conduction.

134
Q

How do chemical synapses work?

A

Presynaptic neurons releases neurotransmitters (NT) to bind to receptors on post synaptic neurons

135
Q

How do chemical synapses work?

A

NTs bind to ligand gated channels to open and allow for ions to flow into the cell to cause postsynaptic potential (graded potentials)

136
Q

Are electrical synapses faster than chemical synapses?

A

Yes because there is direct conduction.

137
Q

What is the difference between electrical synapses and chemical synapses?

A

electrical synapses - APs conduct directly between plasma membranes of adjacent neurons through gap junctions/connexons (touch ish.)
chemical synapses - plasma membranes don’t touch and the use of NTs

138
Q

What are some examples of small molecule NTs?

A

Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, dopamine

139
Q

What are some examples of neuropeptides?

A

endorphins, amphetamines, angiotensin II, CCK, hypothalamic-releasing & inhibiting hormones

140
Q

Describe the sequence of events that occur at a chemical synapse during the transmission of a nerve impulse.

A
  • Starts with pres. Nerve impulse travels down to the synaptic bulbs
  • AP reaches synaptic bulbs
  • That causes Ca2+ gated channels to open at the synaptic bulbs causing an influx of Ca2+
  • Which causes exocytosis (release) of the synaptic vesicles full of neurotransmitters
  • Neurotransmitters to bind to the ligand gated channels to open and let in a flow of ions in
  • Causes postsynaptic potential (graded potential) if enough, it’ll cause a nerve impulse
    *one-way information transfer

ANPH 215 - Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions