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ANPH 215 - Anatomy and Physiology > Outcome 11 - Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Outcome 11 - Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two groups the digestive system is organized into?

A

1) alimentary canal organs
2) accessory digestive organs

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2
Q

what are considered alimentary canal organs?

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestines
  • large intestines
  • anus
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3
Q

what are accessory digestive organs?

A
  • teeth
  • tongue
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
  • salivary glands
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4
Q

what is the definition for “alimentary canals organs”?

A

continuous tube that extends from mouth to anus

*have direct contact with food and liquids

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5
Q

what is the definition of “accessory digestive organs”?

A

organs that aid in the physical breakdown or chemical breakdown of food

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6
Q

what are the 6 digestive system processes?

A

1) ingestion
2) secretion
3) mixing and propulsion
4) digestion
5) absorption
6) defecation

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7
Q

what do GI cells secrete?

A
  • ~7L of water
  • acid, buffers
  • enzymes
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8
Q

what is “mixing and propulsion”?

A

alternation between contractions and relaxations of the GI smooth muscles

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9
Q

what is “GI motility”?

A

mixing food with secretions and propelling them to the anus

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10
Q

what are examples of mechanical digestion?

A
  • use of teeth to breakdown food
  • stomach and small intestine churning and mixing it with digestive enzymes
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11
Q

what are examples of chemical digestion?

A
  • digestive enzymes from mouth, stomach, pancreas, small intestine to aid in catabolism
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12
Q

what types of molecules are split by hydrolysis?

A
  • cho, lipid, protein, and nucleic acid
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13
Q

what can be absorbed without chemical digestion?

A
  • vitamins, ions, cholesterol and water
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14
Q

what is absorption?

A
  • ingested and secreted fluids and ions enter the epithelial cells lining the lumen of the GI
  • from cells lining gi to passing into the blood or lymph for circulation to the body
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15
Q

what is defecation?

A

the excretion of indigestible things, waste, bacteria, sloughed cells and materials that aren’t absorbed by feces

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16
Q

what tissues make up the walls of alimentary canals?

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscular layer
  • serosa
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17
Q

what is the mucosa?

A

it is epithelial tissue that comes into contact with food
- layer will change depending on where we are in the tube (i.e. oropharynx, laryngopharynx)

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18
Q

what are the three components of the mucosa?

A
  • epithelium
  • lamina propria
  • muscular mucosae
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19
Q

describe the muscular mucosae?

A
  • layer that gives the ridges throughout the whole lining of the mucosa
  • layer that creates the contraction
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20
Q

what two types of muscles that make up the muscular layer of the alimentary canal?

A
  • circular muscles
  • longitudinal muscles
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21
Q

what is the difference between the circular muscles and longitudinal muscles?

A

circular = muscles/fibers are running around the circumference of the circle
long - runs parallel with the tube

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22
Q

what is the serosa made of?

A

areolar connective tissue and epithelium
* continuous of the layer of the peritoneum which lines the abdominal organs

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23
Q

what is the visceral peritoneum?

A

the serosa layer of the GI tract

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24
Q

what is the parietal peritoneum?

A

it lines the abdominopelvic cavity

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25
Q

where do you find the peritoneal cavity?

A

between the visceral and parietal peritoneum

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26
Q

what is found in the peritoneal cavity?

A
  • peritoneal fluid
    or
  • excess fluid called ascites
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27
Q

_____ is the largest serous membrane.

A

peritoneum

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28
Q

what are some characteristics of the peritoneum?

A
  • have large folds that weaves between organs
  • binds organs into abdominal cavity
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29
Q

what is the retroperitoneal?

A

having organs that lie on the posterior abdominal wall and have only their anterior surfaces covered by the peritoneum
- behind the peritoneal
- outside of the peritoneum protecting them

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30
Q

what are some retroperitoneal organs?

A
  • kidneys, ascending and descending colon, duodenum and pancreas
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31
Q

what are the 5 major folds of the peritoneum?

A

1) greater omentum
2) falciform ligament
3) lesser omentum
4) mesentery
5) mesocolon

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32
Q

where do you find the greater omentum?

A

draping over the transverse colon and the coils of the small intestines

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33
Q

which of the 5 folds are the largest?

A

the greater omentum

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34
Q

where do you find the falciform ligament?

A
  • attaching the LIVER to the ANTERIOR wall of the ABDOMEN and DIAPHRAGM
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35
Q

where do you find the lesser omentum?

A

it allows for the suspension of the stomach and duodenum from liver

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36
Q

where do you find the mesentery?

A

it binds the small intestines to the posterior wall of the abdomen
- extension from the posterior abdominal wall
- wraps around the small intestine and then returns to its origin to form a double layered structure

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37
Q

where do you find the mesocolon?

A
  • binding the large intestines to the posterior wall
  • carries the blood and lymph vessels to and from the intestine
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38
Q

_______ + _______ hold the intestine loosely in place so muscle contractions to occur.

A

mesentery and mesocolon

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39
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

coordinated contraction and relaxation of the circular and longitudinal muscular layers that pushes the bolus onward

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40
Q

what are the different salivary glands?

A
  • parotid gland
  • submandibular gland
  • sublingual gland
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41
Q

what are the two enzymes we talked about in class that is part of the saliva?

A

salivary amylase
lingual lipase

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42
Q

what does the salivary amylase do? lingual lipase?

A

salivary amylase - starts the breakdown of carbohydrates
lingual lipase - breakdown fats

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43
Q

what is important of the lingual lipase?

A

it isn’t activated till it hits acidic juices of the stomach

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44
Q

what are the salivary glands found in the oral mucosa?

A
  • 2x parotid glands
  • 2x submandibular glands
  • 2x sublingual glands
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45
Q

what is the composition of saliva?

A

99.5% water + 0.5% solutes (Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-, PO4-, gases, organic substances, urea, uric acid, and lysozymes)

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46
Q

there is no mechanical breakdown or absorption occurring in the esophagus. t/f

A

true

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47
Q

what is the structure of the esophagus?

A

it is a collapsible muscular tube

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48
Q

where does the esophagus enter the diaphragm?

A
  • esophageal hiatus
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49
Q

what are the 4 layers of the esophagus?

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscular layer
  4. adventitia
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50
Q

what is the adventitia?

A

the superficial layer of the esophagus that attaches it to its surrounding structures
- replaces the peritoneum as there is no serosa

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51
Q

the first 2/3 of the esophagus is _____ muscle.
last 1/3 of the esophagus is _____ muscle.

A

2/3 = skeletal muscle (voluntary)
1/3 = smooth muscle (involuntary)

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52
Q

the muscular layer folds into two sphincters called?

A
  1. upper esophageal sphincter
  2. lower esophageal sphincter
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53
Q

what is another word for the upper esophageal sphincter?

A

pharyngoesophageal sphincter

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54
Q

what is another word for the lower esophageal sphincter?

A

gastroesophageal sphincter

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55
Q

what part of the digestive system takes place in deglutition?

A

mouth, esophagus, pharynx

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56
Q

which is the most distensible portion of the GI?

A

the stomach

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57
Q

what is occurring in the stomach?

A
  • starch digestion continues
  • triglyceride and protein digestion starts
  • semisolid bolus is converted to liquid
  • some substances are absorbed
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58
Q

what is the stomach?

A
  • enlargement of the GI tract that connects the esophagus to duodenum
  • is the mixing chamber and storage reservoir
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59
Q

what are the 4 major regions of the stomach?

A
  1. cardia
  2. fundus
  3. body
  4. pyloric part
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60
Q

what are the 3 parts that make up the pyloric part of the stomach?

A
  1. pyloric antrum
  2. pyloric canal
  3. pylorus
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61
Q

what is the cardia?

A

it is the region that surrounds the superior opening of the stomach

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62
Q

what is the fundus?

A

rounded portion superior to cardia

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63
Q

what is the pyloric antrum?

A

part of the pyloric part that connects to the body

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64
Q

what is the pylorus?

A

the part that connects the stomach to the duodenum

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65
Q

what are rugae?

A

large folds in the mucosa; gastric folds

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66
Q

where do you find the pyloric sphincter?

A

between the stomach and duodenum

67
Q

what is the lesser curvature?

A

it is the concave medial border of the stomach

68
Q

what is the greater curvature?

A

the convex lateral border of the stomach

69
Q

in the stomach, what are the modifications to the mucosa?

A

it is the layer of simple columnar epithelial cells (surface mucous cells)

70
Q

in the stomach, epithelial cells extend down the lamina proprietor to form what?

A

gastric glands (exo glands)

71
Q

what do gastric glands open into?

A

gastric pits which empty into the lumen

72
Q

in the stomach, how many layers make up the muscular layer?

A

3 layers of muscle (most visceral is oblique)

73
Q

what are secreted by the parietal cells?

A
  • HCl acid and intrinsic factors
74
Q

what does the HCl acid do?

A
  • converts pepsinogen to pepsin
  • kills microbes and denatures proteins
  • deactivates amylase and activates lingual lipase (breakdown triglycerides to fa and diglycerides)
75
Q

what do intrinsic factors do?

A

it is important for b12 absorption

76
Q

what do chief cells secrete?

A

pepsinogen and gastric lipase

77
Q

what does pepsinogen do?

A

denatures proteins

78
Q

what does gastric lipase do?

A

it breaks down fats
*not as affective in very acidic pH

79
Q

what do g cells secrete?

A

the hormone gastrin

80
Q

what does gastrin do?

A

it stimulates parietal and chief cells
constricts lower esophageal sphincters and relaxation (ish) of pyloric and ileocecal sphincter

81
Q

what is chyme?

A

a soupy, liquid mixture that is created by mechanical and chemical digestion in the stomach

82
Q

peristaltic waves increase in strength as they reach ______.

A

antrum (part of the pyloric part of the stomach)

83
Q

what is gastric emptying?

A

when the peristaltic wave causes ~3 ml of food into the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter

84
Q

what does pepsin do?

A

severs peptide bonds between amino acids

85
Q

within _____ hours after eating, the stomach should have emptied contents into duodenum.

A

2-4 hours

86
Q

what empties the slowest in the stomach? the fastest?

A

slowest - proteins and fats
fastest - carbs

87
Q

where is the pancreas found?

A

posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach

88
Q

pancreas has a head, neck and body and tail. t/f

A

true

89
Q

where do you find the head of the pancreas?

A

near the curve of the duodenum

90
Q

what are the two ducts that connects the pancreas to the duodenum?

A
  1. pancreatic duct
  2. accessory duct
91
Q

what is another name for the pancreatic duct?

A

duct of wirsung

92
Q

what is another name for the accessory duct?

A

duct of Santorini

93
Q

what is the pancreatic duct called?

A

duct of Wirsung

94
Q

what ducts join to form the ampulla of vater?

A

common bile duct + pancreatic duct

95
Q

what is the sphincter of oddi?

A

sphincter at the end of the hepatopancreatic ampulla
- leads into the small intestine

96
Q

what are some examples of enzymes in pancreatic juices?

A

pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, nuclease and protein digestion

97
Q

what does pancreatic amylase digest?

A

starches

98
Q

what does pancreatic lipase digest?

A

triglycerides (fats)

99
Q

what separates the lobes of the liver?

A

falciform ligament

100
Q

what are hepatocytes?

A

major functional cells in the liver

101
Q

what do the hepatocytes form?

A

hepatic laminae

102
Q

what are bile canaliculi?

A

small ducts that collect bile that’s secreted by hepatocytes

103
Q

what forms the portal triad?

A

bile duct + branch of hepatic artery + branch of hepatic PORTAL vein

104
Q

what area hepatic sinusoids?

A

porous blood capillaries

105
Q

the liver receives oxygenated blood from?

A

hepatic arteries

106
Q

the liver receives deoxygenated blood from??

A

hepatic portal veins

107
Q

what are Kupffer cells?

A

RES cells
- destroys worn out WBCs and RBCs, bacteria and foreign matter

108
Q

what is the flow of blood in the liver?

A

sinusoids –> central vein –> hepatic vein

109
Q

25% of blood to liver is through the _______
75% of blood to liver is through the _______

A

25% - hepatic artery
75% - hepatic portal vein

110
Q

what is the blood supply to the liver?

A

1) nutrient-rich deoxygenated blood from hepatic portal vein + oxygenate blood from hepatic artery
2) liver sinusoids
3) central vein
4) hepatic vein
5) inferior vena cava
6) right atrium of heart

111
Q

what are the functions of the liver?

A
  • secrete bile (~1L/day)
  • CHO metabolism (blood glucose level)
  • lipid metabolism
  • protein metabolism
  • processing of drugs and hormones
  • excretion of bilirubin
  • synthesis of bile salts
  • storage
  • phagocytosis
  • activation of vit d
112
Q

what ducts converge to form the common hepatic duct?

A

right and left hepatic duct

113
Q

what ducts converge to form the common bile duct?

A

common hepatic duct + cystic duct

114
Q

what ducts converge to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla?

A

common bile duct + pancreatic duct

115
Q

what is the flow of bile?

A

hepatocytes –> bile canaliculi –> bile ductules –> branch of bile duct (portal triad) –> all bile ducts from portal triads –> r and l hepatic ducts –> common hepatic duct + cystic duct –> common bile duct + pancreatic duct –> hepatopancreatic ampulla –> sphincter of oddi –> small intestine

116
Q

what is the gallbladder fossa?

A

depression on the posterior surface of the liver where gallbladders sit

117
Q

what are the three parts of gallbladders?

A
  1. fundus - broad base of the ‘pear’
  2. body
  3. neck
118
Q

what is the function of the gallbladder?

A

to store and concentrate bile

119
Q

when is bile expelled?

A

when the smooth muscles of the walls contract

120
Q

flow of bile is _____ (same/oppo) direction to flow of blood.

A

opposite

121
Q

what is the bile composed of?

A
  • H2O
  • bile salts
  • cholesterol
  • bile pigments
  • ions
  • phospholipid lecithin
122
Q

what are bile salts for?

A

emulsification and absorption of fats
(increases the surface area of fats)

123
Q

what is lecithin for?

A

needed and important for the breakdown of cholesterol

124
Q

how do you get gall stones?

A

when not enough bile salts and lecithins are produced.

125
Q

what is the primary bile pigment?

A

bilirubin

126
Q

what are the three treatments for gallstones?

A
  1. drugs
  2. lithotripsy
  3. surgery - cholecystectomy
127
Q

What does cholecystokinin do?

A
  • stimulates the contraction = release of bile from gallbladder
  • relaxes the sphincter of oddi
  • increases bowel motility
128
Q

What is the contraction of muscularis that results in waves of movement of food through the small intestine known as?

A

MMC (migrating motility complex)

129
Q

What is the final coordinated muscle contraction in the transverse colon called?

A

mass peristalsis

130
Q

what is the tubing order?

A

Cecum –> ascending colon* –> hepatic flexure –> transverse colon –> splenic flexure –> descending colon* –> sigmoid colon –> rectum –> anal canal –> anus

131
Q

what stimulates the release of cck?

A

presence of fatty acids in chyme

132
Q

what are the three parts of the small intestine?

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
133
Q

ileum joins the large intestine through ______.

A

ileocecal sphincter

134
Q

which is the shortest portion of the small intestine?

A

duodenum

135
Q

what are the 4 types of cells that make up the small intestines?

A
  1. absorptive cell
  2. goblet cell
  3. enteroendocrine
  4. paneth cell
136
Q

what is the function of goblet cells?

A

secretion of mucus

137
Q

what is the function of enteroendocrine cells?

A

secretion of hormones

138
Q

what do intestinal glands do?

A

secrete intestinal juice

139
Q

what layer isn’t found in the duodenum but are in the rest of the small intestines?

A

serosa

140
Q

the submucosa in the duodenum has duodenal glands that secrete what?

A

alkaline mucus that neutralize acidic chyme

141
Q

what are the 3 characteristics that allow for an increase in surface area in the small intestine.

A
  1. circular folds of mucosa and submucosa
  2. villi
  3. microvilli (with brush border enzymes)
142
Q

what are the two types of mechanical digestion that occurs in the small intestine?

A
  1. segmentations
  2. migrating motility complex (MMC)
143
Q

what is segmentation?

A

NOT peristalsis - coordinated constriction that causes bulging to increase contact with intestinal wall for absorption

144
Q

what is mmc?

A

what peristalsis is called in the small intestine
occurs after segmentation stops

144
Q

what is mmc?

A

what peristalsis is called in the small intestine
occurs after segmentation stops

145
Q

what hormone causes the relaxation of the ileocecal sphincter?

A

gastrin

146
Q

what are haustras?

A

pouches that occur due to bunches of longitudinal muscle

147
Q

what amount of water is reabsorbed in the large intestine?

A

10%

148
Q

what part of the large intestine attaches to the abdominal posterior wall?

A

mesocolon

149
Q

where do you find the appendix?

A

hanging from the cecum

150
Q

where do you find the cecum?

A

inferior to ileocecal sphincter + merging with the colon

151
Q

what are the four parts the colon is divided into?

A
  1. ascending
  2. transverse
  3. descending
  4. sigmoid
152
Q

what two parts of the colon is retroperitoneal?

A

ascending and descending colon

153
Q

what are 2 flexures found in the large intestine?

A
  1. right colic (hepatic) flexure
  2. left colic (splenic) flexure
154
Q

what are the two sphincters that keep the anus closed?

A
  1. internal anal sphincter
  2. external anal sphincter
155
Q

what occurs in the large intestine after a meal?

A

it stimulates the gastroileal reflex which speeds up peristalsis to empty contents of the small intestine

156
Q

what is the one movement of the large intestine called?

A

haustral churning

157
Q

what is the gastrocolic reflex?

A

when the stomach is full, it results in the contraction of the transverse colon for the movement of feces to rectum

158
Q

what does chemical digestion in the large intestine?

A

bacteria

159
Q

what is bilirubin converted into in the large intestine?

A

stercobilin

160
Q

mass peristalsis occurs how many times a day?

A

~3-4x/day

161
Q

after ____ hours, chyme solidified due to water absorption and becomes ______.

A

3-10 hours, feces

162
Q

what initiates the defecation reflex?

A

the distention of the rectal wall

163
Q

what type of muscles are the internal sphincter? external?

A

internal - smooth (involuntary)
external - skeletal (voluntary)

ANPH 215 - Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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