Outcome 1 Flashcards
Health
‘A complete state of physical, social and mental wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.’ (WHO, 1946)
Health status
‘An individual’s or a population’s overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors.’ (AIHW, 2008)
Health adjusted life expectancy (HALE)
A measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth, but including an adjustment for time spent in poor health. It is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live, based on current rates of ill health and mortality.
Disability adjusted life expectancy (DALY)
A measure of burden of disease, one DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury.
Life expectancy
‘An indication of how long a person can expect live, it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change.’
Under 5 mortality rate
The rate of deaths occurring in children under 5 years of age per 1000 live births.
Mortality
Deaths in a population
Morbidity
Refers to ill-health in an individual and the levels of ill-health in a population or group.
Prevalence
‘The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease
or condition present in a population at a given time.’
(AIHW, 2008
Social dimension of health
Being able to interact with others and participate in the community in both an independent and cooperative way.
Mental dimension of health
‘State of well-being in which the individual realises his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.’ (WHO, 2009)
Physical dimension of health
Relates to the efficient functioning of the body and its systems, and includes the physical capacity to perform tasks and physical fitness.
Determinants of health
‘Factors that raise or lower a level of health in a population or individual. Determinants of health help to explain or predict trends in health and why some groups have better or worse health than others.’ Determinants can be classified in many ways such as biological, behavioural and social. (AIHW, 2006).
Biological determinants
Factors relating to the body that impact on health, such
as genetics, hormones, body weight, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, birth weight.
Behavioural determinants
Actions or patterns of living of an individual or a group that impact on health, such as smoking, sexual activity, participation in physical activity, eating practices.
Social determinants
Aspects of society and the social environment that impact on health, such as poverty, early life experiences, social networks and support.
Biomedical model of health
Focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. It is a medical model of care practised by doctors and/or health professional and is associated with the diagnosis, cure and treatment of disease.
Social model of health
A conceptual framework within which improvements in health and wellbeing are achieved by directing effort towards addressing the social, economic and environmental determinants of health. The model is based on the understanding that in order for health gains to occur, social, economic and environmental determinants must be addressed.
Burden of disease
A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. Burden of disease is measured in a unit called the DALY.
What is the health status of males and females? Why?
Males have lower life expectancy, higher blood pressure &abloom cholesterol, higher levels of overweight and skin cancer, more likely to die from accidents, violence and suicide.
Why?
Risk taking behaviour, more aggressive (testosterone, less able to talk issues through, dangerous work place, ignore warning signs, less likely to attend doctors.
What is the health status of higher and lower economic groups? Why?
Lower SES groups have: lower life expectancy by about 3 years, higher u5mr, higher rates or mortality, morbidity, disability, CVD, lung cancer, type 2 diabetes and injury.
Why?
Food, water, housing, education, employment and medical care available in australia
What is the health status of rural and remote locations? Why?
Lower life expectancy, higher mortality rates, higher rates of preventable cancers, higher death rates from CVD, higher rates of avoidable deaths, higher rates of diabetes and higher rates of dental disease.
Why?
Two thirds of the Australian population lives in major cities, therefore have many goods and services available to them. Those who live in rural and remote areas have greater the risk to health, purely due to the distance to access resources.
These include: poorer access to foods, petrol and other goods, less medical facilities, greater distance to travel and poor quality roads, harsher climate, fewer employment options, lower levels of physical activity.
What is the health status for the indigenous population? Why?
Life expectancy is 11 year less than non-indigenous, increased rate of chronic diseases such as diabetes, kidney disorder and heart disease, higher levels of infant mortality & low birth weight babies, increased rate of morbidity, death from injury is 3 times higher.
Why?
Indigenous adults drink less the non-indigenous adults but those that do, drink to more dangerous levels, higher levels of tobacco use, higher obesity rates, poor dietary intake, lower vaccination rates, higher unemployment rates, social exclusion.
What are some examples of biological determinants of health?
Body weight Blood pressure levels Blood cholesterol levels Glucose regulation Genetics, including sex Birth weight
What are some examples of behavioural determinants of health?
Tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, drug use, physical activity levels, dietary behaviours, sexual behaviours, vaccination behaviour, risk-taking behaviour
What are some examples of physical environment determinants of health?
Housing Work environment Urban design and infrastructure Air quality Climate and climate change
What are some examples of social determinants of health?
Socioeconomic status (SES) Work and unemployment Social exclusion and social isolation Stress Food security Early life experiences Access to health care and heal services
Syndrome X
(Also called metabolic syndrome) when a person exhibits a range of factors that increase their risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Eg. Abdominal obesity, high cholesterol and insulin resistance.
Hypertension
High blood pressure
Physical environment
The physical surroundings in which we live, work and play. The physical environment includes water and air, workplaces, housing, roads, nature, schools, recreation settings and exposure to hazards.
Socioeconomic status
The social standing of an individual in comparison to others in that society. It is based on education, income and occupation.
What are some ways of measuring health status?
Life expectancy Mortality Morbidity Burden of disease U5MR Infant mortality
