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Head and Neck > Otology > Flashcards

Otology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of tuning fork tests?

A

Weber test
Rinne test

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2
Q

What is the Weber test?

A

Detect unilateral conductive hearing loss (middle ear hearing loss) and unilateral sensorineural hearing loss (inner ear hearing loss).

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3
Q

In Weber test what does the sound being heard in the affected ear suggest?

A

Conductive hearing loss

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4
Q

In Weber test what does the sound being heard in the unaffected ear suggest?

A

Sensorineural hearing loss

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5
Q

What is the Rinne test?

A

Test that compares loudness of perceived air conduction to bone conduction in one ear at a time

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6
Q

What is a positive Rinne test?

A

Louder by air conduction
Sensorineural hearing loss or normal hearingt

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7
Q

What is a negative Rinne test?

A

Louder by bone conduction
Conductive hearing loss

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8
Q

What are the causes of conductive hearing loss?

A

Impacted earwax (cerumen)
Foreign body
Tympanic membrane perforation
Infection
Cholesteatoma
Middle ear effusion
Otosclerosis

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9
Q

What are the causes of sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Age related
Noise exposure
Meniere’s disease
Labyrinthitis
Neurological disorders
Trauma to head or ear
Malignancy
Systemic infections
Autoimmune (MS)
Hereditary

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10
Q

What are the types of audiometry?

A
  • Pure tone audiometry
  • Visual reinforcement audiometry
  • Play audiometry
  • Tympanometry
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11
Q

What is tympanometry?

A

Objective test that pushes air pressure into ear canal making ear drum move back and forth.
The test measures the pressure within the middle ear and the mobility of the eardrum

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12
Q

What is the organ of corti?

A

The receptor organ for hearing and is located in the cochlea

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13
Q

What is the hearing mechanism in the cochlea?

A
  1. Stapes footplate move sin and out of oval window
  2. This movement creates a wave in the scala vestibuli and scala tympani
  3. Wave causes movement of basilar membrane and inner and outer hair cells in Organ of Corti
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14
Q

What is tonotopic arrangement?

A

For every frequency there is a specific place on the basilar membrane where the hair cells are maximally sensitive to that frequency

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15
Q

What are the 2 otolith organs?

A

Utricle
Saccule

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16
Q

What is the macula?

A

Sensory epithelium on the Otolith organs

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17
Q

What is the orientation of the macula on each otolith organ?

A

Horizontal in Utricle
Vertical in Saccule

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18
Q

What are otoliths?

A

Calcium carbonate crystals embedded on the surface of the otolith organs

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19
Q

What is the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

A

Stabilises gaze by moving eyes in order to compensate for head and body movements

This fixes imagine on retina for clear sight

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20
Q

What conditions affect the external ear?

A

Auricular haematoma
Foreign body
Otitis externa
Malignant otitis externa

21
Q

What conditions affect the middle ear?

A

Otitis media with effusion
Acute suppurative otitis media
Chronic suppurative otitis media- perforation of cholesteatoma
Tympanosclerosis
Otosclerosis

22
Q

What conditions affect the inner ear?

A

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)
Vestibular neuritis
Meniere’s disease

23
Q

What is otorrhoea?

A

Discharge from the ear

24
Q

Where does mucus discharge come from?

A

Middle ear

25
Q

Where does watery discharge come from?

A

Outer ear

26
Q

What is otalgia?

A

Ear pain

27
Q

What is otitis externa?

A

Inflammation of external auditory meatus

28
Q

What is the treatment of otitis externa?

A

Antibiotics/steroid ear drops
Suction under microscope

29
Q

What is Malignant otitis externa?

A

Osteomyelitis of temporal bone. Can spread through skull bone
Granulation tissue is the hallmark
Cranial nerve deficits

30
Q

What is the treatment of Malignant otitis externa?

A

Long term antibiotics- ciprofloxacin (pseuodmonas)
Surgical debridement

31
Q

What is otitis media with effusion?

A

Eustachian tube dysfunction causing glue ear
Mucus secretion from middle ear

32
Q

What is the treatment of otitis media with effusion?

A

Otovent balloon
Grommet insertion
Hearing aids

33
Q

What is Acute suppurative otitis media?

A

Pus in the middle ear

34
Q

What is the treatment of acute suppurative otitis media?

A

Antibiotics
Observation

35
Q

What are the types of chronic suppurative otitis media?

A

Perforated tympanic membrane
Cholesteatoma- lump of dead skin in the middle ear beneath the tympanic membrane (more serious)

36
Q

What is the treatment of Perforated tympanic membrane?

A

Water precautions
Myringoplasty

37
Q

What is the treatment of Cholesteatoma?

A

Mastoidectomy

38
Q

What is tympanosclerosis?

A

Calcification/scarring in tympanic membrane

39
Q

What is otosclerosis?

A

Formation of a new bone around the base of the stapes

40
Q

What is the treatment of otosclerosis?

A

Hearing aid
Stapedectomy

41
Q

What is Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)?

A

Dizziness lasting a few seconds
Due to loose otolith crystals moving out of the utricle into semi-circular canals

42
Q

What is the diagnosis of BPPV?

A

Dix- Hallpike maouvre?

43
Q

What is the treatment of BPPV?

A

Home Epley manouvre

44
Q

What is Meniere’s disease?

A

Dizziness lasting a few hours
Excessive build- up of endolymph fluid

45
Q

What is the classic triad of Menier’s disease?

A

Vertigo
Unilateral hearing loss
Tinnitus

46
Q

What is the treatment of Menier’s disease?

A

Diazepam
Betahistine

47
Q

What is Vestibular neuronitis?

A

Dizziness lasting a few days
Viral damage of vestibular nerve

48
Q

What is the treatment for vestibular neuritis?

A

Steroids
Antivirals
Antibiotics

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