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Head Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

How are the bones of the skull formed?

A

Intramembranous ossification

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2
Q

What joints join the bones of the skull?

A

Sutures (fibrous joints)

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3
Q

What are the two parts of the cranium?

A

Neurocranium
Viscerocranium

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4
Q

What is the subdivisions of the cranium?

A

Cranial roof
Cranial base

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5
Q

What comprises the cranial roof?

A

Frontal bone
Occipital bone
2 Parietal bones

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6
Q

What comprises the cranial base?

A

Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Occipital bone
Parietal bone
Temporal bone

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7
Q

What are the facial bones?

A

Zygomatic (2)
Lacrimal (2)
Nasal (2)
Inferior nasal conchae (2)
Palatine (2)
Maxilla (2)
Vomer
Mandible

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8
Q

What do sutures represent clinically?

A

Points of potential weakness in the skull

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9
Q

What are the main sutures in the adult skull?

A

Coronal suture- frontal and 2 parietal
Sagittal suture- both parietal
Lamboid suture- occipital and 2 parietal

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10
Q

What forms the temporomandibular joint?

A

Articulation of the mandible and the temporal bone of the cranium

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11
Q

What does the sphenoid bone consist of?

A

Body
Paired greater wings
Paired lesser wings
Two pterygoid processes

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12
Q

What two processes project out of the temporal bone?

A

Zygomatic process
Styloid process

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13
Q

What forms the zygomatic arch?

A

Zygomatic process of temporal bone
Temporal process of zygomatic bone

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14
Q

What is a foramen?

A

An opening that allows passage of structures from one region to another

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15
Q

What are the 8 cranial foramen?

A

Cribriform foramina
Optic canal and foramen
Superior orbital fissure
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Internal acoustic meatus
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal canal

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16
Q

In which bone is the cribriform foramina?

A

Ethmoid bone

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17
Q

What does the cribriform plate foramina conduct?

A

Olfactory I

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18
Q

In which bone is the optic canal?

A

Sphenoid bone

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19
Q

What does the optical canal conduct?

A

Optic II

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20
Q

In which bone is the superior orbital fissure?

A

Sphenoid bone

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21
Q

What does the superior orbital fissure conduct?

A

Oculomotor III
Trochlear IV
Opthalmic V1
Abducens VI

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22
Q

In which bone is the foramen rotundum?

A

Sphenoid bone

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23
Q

What does the foramen rotundum conduct?

A

Maxillary V2

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24
Q

In which bone is the foramen ovale?

A

Sphenoid bone

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25
What does the foramen ovale conduct?
Mandibular V3
26
In which bone is the internal acoustic meatus?
Temporal bone
27
What does the internal acoustic meatus conduct?
Facial VII Vestibulocochlear VIII
28
In which bone is the jugular foramen?
Anterior: temporal bone Posterior: occipital bone
29
What does the jugular foramen conduct?
Glossopharyngeal IX Vagus X Accessory XI
30
In which bone is the hypoglossal canal?
Occipital bone
31
What does the hypoglossal canal conduct?
Hypoglossal XII
32
Where are the muscles of facial expression located?
Subcutaneous tissue
33
What is the embryonic origin of the muscles of facial expression?
2nd pharyngeal branch
34
What nerve innervates all of the muscles of facial expression?
Facial nerve: - Temporal branches - Zygomatic branches - Buccal branches - marginal mandibular branches - Cervical branches
35
What are the three groups of the facial muscles?
Orbital Nasal Oral
36
What muscles are part of the orbital group?
Orbicularis oculi Corrugator supercilii
37
What are the three parts of the orbicularis oculi?
Palpebral Lacrimal Orbital
38
What is the action of the palpebral part of the orbicularis oculi?
Gently closes the eyelids
39
What is the action of the lacrimal part of the orbicularis oculi?
Drainage of tears
40
What is the action of the orbital part of the orbicularis oculi?
Tightly closes the eyelids
41
What muscles are part of the nasal group?
Nasalis Procerus Depressor septi Nasi
42
What muscles are part of the oral group?
Orbicularis oris Buccinator Other oral muscles
43
What is the action of the orbicularis oris?
Purses the lips
44
What is the action of the buccinator?
Pulls cheek inwards against the teeth, preventing accumulation of food in that area
45
What is the action of the muscles of mastication?
Movements of temporomandibular joint (jaw)
46
What are the muscles of mastication?
Masseter Temporalis Medial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid
47
What is the action of the masseter muscle?
Elevates mandible, closing the mouth
48
What is the action of the temporalis muscle?
Elevates mandible, closing the mouth Retracts mandible, pulling jaw posteriorly
49
What is the action of the medial pterygoid muscle?
Elevates the mandible, closing the mouth
50
What is the action of the lateral pterygoid muscle?
Bilateral: protract the mandible, pushing the jaw forward Unilateral: side to side movement of jaw
51
What is the embryological origin of the muscles of mastication?
First pharyngeal arch
52
What nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?
Mandibular nerve (CNV3)
53
What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Superior longitudinal Inferior longitudinal Transverse Vertical
54
What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Genioglossus Hyoglossus Styloglossus Palatoglossus
55
What is the innervation of the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Except palatoglossus which is innervated by vagus nerve (X)
56
What are the divisions of the floor of the cranial cavity?
Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa
57
What is the action of the genioglossus?
Inferior fibres: protrude tongue Middle fibres: depress tongue Superior fibres: draw tip back and down
58
What is the action of the hyoglossus?
Depresses and retracts tongue
59
What is the action of the styloglossus?
Retracts and elevates the tongue
60
What is the action of the palatoglossus?
Elevates posterior aspect of the tongue
61
What is the sensory innervation of the anterior tongue?
General sensory: Lingual nerve (Mandibular) Special sensory: Chorda tympani (Facial)
62
What is the sensory innervation of the posterior tongue?
Both general and special is glossopharyngeal nerve
63
What is the vasculature of the tongue?
Lingual artery Lingual vein
64
What 3 bones does the anterior cranial fossa consist of?
Frontal bone Ethmoid bone Sphenoid bone
65
What 3 bones does the middle cranial fossa consist of?
Sphenoid bone 2 Temporal bones
66
What 3 bones does the posterior cranial fossa consist of?
Occipital bone 2 Temporal bones
67
What are the 5 layers of the scalp?
Skin Connective tissue dense Aponeurosis of occipitofrontalis muscle Loose areolar connective tissue Periosteum
68
What is the arterial supply of the scalp?
External carotid artery Ophthalmic artery
69
What are the branches of the external carotid artery that supply the scalp?
Superficial temporal Posterior auricular Occipital
70
What are the branches of the Opthalmic artery that supply the scalp?
Supraorbital Supratrochlear
71
What is the innervation of the scalp?
Trigeminal nerve branches cervical nerve roots
72
What branches of the trigeminal nerve supply the scalp?
Supratrochlear (opthalmic nerve) Supraorbital (opthalmic nerve) Zygomaticotemporal nerve (maxillary nerve) Auriculotemporal nerve (mandibular nerve)
73
What cervical nerves supply the scalp?
Lesser occipital nerve (anterior ramus of C2) Greater occipital nerve (posterior ramus of C2) Great auricular nerve (anterior rami of C2 and C3) Third occipital nerve (posterior ramus of C3)
74
What is CNI?
Olfactory nerve
75
What is CN II?
Optic nerve
76
What is CNIII?
Oculomotor nerve
77
What is CNIV?
Trochlear nerve
78
What is CNV?
Trigeminal nerve
79
What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?
Opthalmic (V1) Maxillary (V2) Mandibular (V3)
80
What are the 3 main branches of the ophthalmic nerve?
Frontal nerve- Supraorbital, Supratrochlear Lacrimal nerve Nasociliary nerve
81
What are the branches of the maxillary nerve?
Superior alveolar Middle meningeal Infraorbital Zygomatic Inferior palpebral Superior labial Pharyngeal Greater and lesser palatine Nasopalatine
82
What are the branches of the mandibular nerve?
Auriculotemporal Buccal Inferior alveolar Lingual
83
What is CNVI?
Abducens nerve
84
What is CNVII?
Facial nerve
85
What is CNVIII?
Vestibulocochlear nerve
86
What is CNIX?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
87
What is CNX?
Vagus nerve
88
What is CNXI?
Accessory nerve
89
What is CNXII?
Hypoglossal nerve
90
What are the divisions of the ear?
External Middle Inner
91
What are the divisions of the external ear?
Auricle (pinna) External acoustic meatus
92
What structures form the auricle?
Helix Antihelix Superior crus Inferior crus Tragus Antitragus Concha Lobule
93
What part of the auricle is not cartilagenous?
Lobule
94
What is the concha?
Hollow depression in middle of auricle Continues into the skull as the external acoustic meatus
95
Where does the external acoustic meatus extend from and to?
Extends from deep part of concha to the tympanic membrane
96
What are the walls of the external 1/3 of the extenral acoustic meatus?
Cartilage
97
What are the walls of the internal 2/3 of the external acoustic meatus?
Temporal bone
98
What are the coverings of the tympanic membrane?
Skin on the outside Mucous membrane on the inside- connected to temporal bone by fibrocartilaginous ring
99
What attaches to the tympanic membrane?
The handle of the malleus at a point called the umbo of the tympanic membrane
100
What is the arterial supply of the external ear?
Branches of ECA: - Posterior auricular - Superficial temporal - Occipital - Maxillary
101
What is the innervation of the external ear?
Greater auricular nerve Lesser occipital nerve Auriculotemporal nerve Branches of facial ad vagus nerves
102
What bone does the middle ear lie within?
Temporal
103
Where does the middle ear extend from and to?
Tympanic membrane to the lateral wall of the inner ear
104
What is the main function of the middle ear?
Transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear via the auditory ossicles
105
What are the divisions of the middle ear?
Tympanic cavity- contains auditory ossicles Epitympanic recess- space superior to tympanic cavity next to mastoid air cells
106
What are the auditory ossicles?
Malleus Incus Stapes
107
What is the function of the mastoid air cells?
Releases air into tympanic cavity when pressure is too low
108
What is the eustachian tube?
Cartilaginous and bony tube that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx. Also acts to equalise the pressure of the middle ear to that of the external auditory meatus
109
What does the inner ear contain?
The vestibulocochlear organs
110
What are the functions of the inner ear?
Convert mechanical signals from middle ear into electrical signals Maintain balance
111
What are the 2 main components of the inner ear?
Bony labyrinth Membranous labyrinth
112
What does the bony labyrinth consist of?
Cochlea Vestibule 3 Semi-circular canals
113
What does the membranous labyrinth consist of?
Cochlear duct Saccule and Utricle Semi-circular ducts
114
What is the innervation of the inner ear?
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Divides into vestibular nerve and cochlear nerve
115
What are the surface features of the nose?
Root Bridge Dorsum nasi Ala Apex
116
What is the skeleton of the nose made up of?
Bony component Cartilagenous component
117
What is the internal nasal septum composed of?
Paired bones: nasal, maxillary, palatine Unpaired bones: ethmoid, vomer
118
What is the arterial supply of the external nose?
Branches of facial artery: - Maxillary arteries - Opthelamic arteries
119
What is the innervation of the external nose?
Trigeminal nerve (V)
120
What are the paranasal sinuses?
Air filled extensions of the nasal cavity
121
What are the 4 paired paranasal sinuses?
Maxillary Frontal Sphenoid Ethmoid
122
Where do the paranasal sinuses drain?
Into the nasal cavity
123
What is the drainage of the frontal sinuses?
Middle meatus
124
What is the drainage of the sphenoid sinuses?
Open into spheno-ethmoidal recess
125
What is the drainage of the ethmoidal sinuses?
Anterior- middle meatus Middle- ethmoidal bulla Posterior- superior meatus
126
What is the drainage of the maxillary sinuses?
Middle meatus
127
What are the 4 functions of the nasal cavity?
Warm and humidify air Remove and trap pathogens Sense of smell Drains and clears paranasal sinuses and lacrimal ducts
128
What are the divisions of the nasal cavity?
Vestibule Respiratory region Olfactory region
129
What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?
Hard palate: - Palatine bone posteriorly - Palatine process of maxilla anteriorly
130
What forms the roof of the nasal cavity?
Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
131
What are conchae/turbinates?
Curved shelves of bone projecting out lateral walls of the nasal cavity Create 4 pathways for air to flow
132
What is the function of the conchae?
Increase surface area of nasal cavity Disrupt fast, laminar flow of air making it slow and turbulent- air spends longer in nasal cavity so it can be hunidified
133
What are meatuses?
Pathways for air to flow Created by conchae
134
What are the 4 meatuses?
Inferior- between inferior concha and floor of nasal cavity Middle- between inferior and middle concha Superior- between middle and superior concha Spheno-ethmoidal recess- superior and posterior to superior conchae
135
In addition to the paranasal structures what other structures open into the nasal cavity?
Nasolacrimal duct- inferior meatus Eustachian tube- inferior meatus
136
What is the arterial supply of the nose?
ICA ECA
137
What is the anatomical division of the parotid duct?
Deep lobe Superficial lobe Separated by facial nerve
138
What is the other name for the parotid duct?
Stensen duct
139
Where does the parotid duct pierce?
Buccinator muscle and opens into the oral cavity near the second upper molar
140
What neurovascular structures pass through the parotid gland?
Facial nerve (VII) ECA Retromandibular vein
141
What is the arterial supply of the parotid gland?
Posterior auricular artery Superficial temporal artery Both are branches of ECA
142
What is the venous drainage of the parotid gland?
Retromandibular vein
143
What is the sensory innervation of the parotid gland?
Sensory: auriculotemporal nerve and greater auricular nerve
144
What is the autonomic innervation of the parotid gland?
Parasympathetic: Glossopharyngeal nerve synapses with otic ganglion. Auriculotemporal nerve then carries the parasympathetic fibres from the otic ganglion to the parotid gland Sympathetic: originates from superior cervical ganglion, part of paravertebral chain
145
What are the borders of the sublingual glands?
Lateral: mandible Medial: genioglossus muscle
146
What passes along the medial aspect of the sublingual glands?
Submandibular duct Lingual nerve
147
Where do the sublingual glands drain?
Minor sublingual ducts opening out onto the sublingual folds
148
What is the vasculature of the sublingual glands?
Sublingual a./v. (lingual) Submental a./v. (internal jugular)
149
What is the parasympathetic innervation of the sublingual glands?
Originates from the superior salivatory nucleus via chorda tympani branch of facial nerve. Chorda tympani unifies with the lingual branch of mandibular nerve. Synapses at submandibular ganglion Post ganglionic secretomotor fibres
150
What is the sympathetic innervation of the sublingual glands?
Superior cervical ganglion
151
Where are the submandibular glands located?
Submandibular triangle
152
What is the anatomical structure of the submandibular glands?
Superficial arm Deep arm
153
What muscle does the submandibular glands hook around?
Mylohyoid muscle
154
What is the other name for the submandibular duct?
Wharton's duct
155
Where does the submandibular duct open?
Small sublingual papillae at base of lingual frenulum bilaterally
156
What nerves are associated with the submandibular duct?
Lingual nerve Hypoglossal nerve Facial nerve (marginal mandibular branch)
157
What is the arterial supply of the submandibular glands?
Submental artery (facial) Sublingual (lingual)
158
What is the venous drainage of the submandibular glands?
Facial vein -> IJV Sublingual vein -> lingual -> IJV
159
What is the innervation of the submandibular glands?
Autonomic Same as sublingual glands
160
Wat does the oral cavity span between?
Oral fissure Oropharyngeal isthmus
161
What are the divisions of the oral cavity?
Vestibule Mouth proper
162
What is the roof of the mouth composed of?
Hard palate- bony plate Soft palate- muscular structure
163
What are the cheeks of the mouth composed of?
Buccinator muscle
164
What is the floor of the mouth composed of?
Muscular diaphragm- mylohyoid muscles Geniohyoid muscles Tongue Salivary glands and ducts
165
What is the innervation of the oral cavity?
All supplied by branches of trigeminal nerve (CNV) Hard palate: Greater palatine and Nasopalatine nerve (Maxillary division) Soft palate: Lesser palatine nerve (Maxillary division) Floor: Lingual nerve (Mandibular division) Cheeks: Buccal nerve (Mandibular divsion)
166
What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?
Hard palate - Palatine bone posteriorly - Palatine process of maxilla anteriorly
167
What is the lining of the superior palate?
Respiratory epithelium
168
What is the lining of the inferior palate?
Oral mucosa
169
What is the central process that hangs from the soft palate?
Uvula
170
What is the fauces?
Arched opening at the back of the mouth leading to the pharynx
171
What arches bind the soft palate to the tongue and pharynx?
Palatoglossal arches anteriorly Palatopharyngeal arches posteriorly
172
What lies between the two arches?
Palatine tonsils
173
What are the muscles of the soft palate?
Tensor Veli Palatini Levator Veli Palatini Palatoglossus Palatopharyngeus Musculus Uvulae
174
What is the innervation of the muscles of the soft palate?
Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve Except Tensor Veli Palatini which is innervated by media ptterygoid nerve (Branch of CNV3)
175
What is the arterial supply of the palate?
Greater palatine arteries
176
What is the venous drainage of the palate?
Pterygoid venous plexus
177
What is the innervation of the palate?
Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve
178
What is the primary dentition composed of?
20 teeth, 10 in each arch
179
What is the permanent dentition composed of?
32 teeth, 16 in each arch
180
What are the 2 main parts of a tooth?
Crown Root
181
What covers the crown?
Enamel
182
What covers the root?
Cementum
183
What layer lies beneath the enamel and cementum?
Dentine
184
What are the 4 types of teeth?
Incisors Canines Premolars Molars
185
Which bones form the boundaries of the orbit?
Frontal Sphenoid Lacrimal Ethmoid Maxilla Zygomatic Palatine
186
What forms the roof of the orbit?
Frontal bone Lesser wing of sphenoid bone
187
What forms the floor of the orbit?
Maxilla Palatine Zygomatic
188
What forms the medial wall of the orbit?
Ethmoid Maxilla Lacrimal Sphenoid
189
What forms the lateral wall of the orbit?
Zygomatic Greater wing of sphenoid
190
What are the contents of the eyeballs?
Eyeballs Extraocular muscles Eyelids Nerves Blood vessels
191
What are the pathways into the orbit?
Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Inferior orbital fissure
192
What does the optic canal transmit?
Optic nerve Opthalmic artery
193
What does the superior orbital fissure transmit?
Lacrimal nerve Frontal nerve Trochlear nerve (IV) Oculomotor nerve (III) Naso ciliary nerve Abducens nerve (VI)
194
What does the inferior orbital fissure transmit?
Zygomatic branch of maxillary nerve Inferior ophthalmic vein Sympathetic nerves
195
Where do the recti muscles originate from?
Common tendinous ring
196
What is the attachment of the SR?
Superior and anterior aspect of slcera
197
What is the action of SR?
Elevation Adduction Medial rotation
198
What is the innervation of SR?
CNIII
199
What is the attachment of IR?
Inferior and anterior aspect of sclera
200
What is the actions of IR?
Depression Adduction Lateral rotation
201
What is the innervation of IR?
CNIII
202
What is the attachment of MR?
Anteromedial aspect of sclera
203
What is the action of MR?
Adducts eyeball
204
What is the innervation of MR?
CNIII
205
What is the attachment of LR?
Anterolateral aspect of sclera
206
What is the action of LR?
Abducts eyeball
207
What is the innervation of LR?
Abducens nerve (CNVI)
208
What is the origin and attachment of SO?
Origin: body of sphenoid bone Insertion: posterior sclera
209
What is the action of SO?
Depression Abduction Medial rotation
210
What is the innervation of SO?
Trochlear nerve (CNIV)
211
What is the origin and attachment of IO?
Origin: orbital floor Insertion: posterior sclera
212
What is the action of IO?
Elevation Abduction Lateral rotation
213
What is the innervation of IO?
Oculomotor (CNIII)
214
What does the fibrous layer of the eyeball consist of?
Sclera Cornea
215
What does the vascular layer of the eyeball consist of?
Choroid Ciliary body Iris
216
What are the 2 fluid filled chambers in the body?
Anterior chamber Posterior chamber Both filled with aqueous humour
217
What is the vasculature of the eyeball?
Ophthalmic artery Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins
218
What are the 5 main layers of the eyelid?
Skin and subcutaneous tissue Orbicularis oculi Tarsal plates Levator apparatus Conjunctiva
219
What are the 2 tarsal plates?
Superior tarsus- upper eyelid Inferior tarsus- lower eyelid
220
What gland lies in the tarsal plates?
Meibomian glands (tarsal glands)
221
What is the arterial supply of the eyelid?
Rich arterial supply: - Ophthalmic artery - Facial artery - Superficial temporal artery
222
What is the venous drainage of the eyelid?
Superficial temporal vein
223
What is the innervation of the upper eyelid?
Ophthalmic nerve (V1): - Supraorbital - Supratrochlear - Infratrochlear - Lacrimal
224
What is the innervation of the lower eyelid?
Maxillary nerve (V2): - Infraorbital - Zygomaticofacial
225
Where is the lacrimal gland located?
Anteriorly in superolateral aspect of orbit within the lacrimal fossa
226
What are the 2 main parts of the lacrimal gland?
Orbital Palpebral
227
What is the lacrimal apparatus?
The system responsible for the drainage of lacrimal fluid from the orbit.
228
What is the lacrimal sac?
The dilated end of the nasolacrimal duct,
229
Where does the nasolacrimal duct empty?
Inferior meatus of nasal cavity
230
What is the arterial supply of the lacrimal gland?
Lacrimal artery (ophthalmic)
231
What is the venous drainage of the lacrimal gland?
Superior ophthalmic vein -> cavernous sinus
232
What is the sensory innervation of the lacrimal gland?
Lacrimal nerve (branch of V3)

Head and Neck (8 decks)

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