Anatomy Workbooks Flashcards
Describe the extent of the scalp
Anterior: Supraorbital margins
Posterior: external occipital protuberance and superior nuchal lines
On each side: zygomatic arch
Describe the layers of the scalp
Skin
Connective tissue (dense)
Aponeurosis of occiptofrontalis muscle
Loose areolar connective tissue
Periosteum
List the cutaneous nerves of the scalp
Anterior: trigeminal nerve (CNV)
Posterior: C2 and C3
Describe the distribution of dermatomes of the head
V1
V2
V3
C2
C3
Describe the arterial supply of the scalp
Supratrochlear (ICA)
Supraorbital (ICA)
Superficial temporal (ECA)
Posterior auricular (ECA)
Occipital (ECA)
Describe the venous drainage of the scalp
Supratrochlear
Supraorbital
Superficial temporal
Facial
Superior thyroid
External jugular
Internal jugular
Subclavian
Describe the cutaneous innervation of the face and branches of the trigeminal nerve innervating it
Ophthalmic (V1)
Maxillary (V2)
Mandibular (V3)
Describe the course of arteries which supplies the face and veins which drain it
External carotid:
- Superior thyroid
- Lingual
- facial
- Occipital
- Maxillary
- Posterior auricular
- Superficial temporal
List the main muscles of facial expression and their function
Orbicularis oculi palpebral- close eyelids gently
Orbicularis oculi orbital- close eyelids tightly
Occiptofrontalis occipital belly- retracts scalp
Occipitofrontalis frontal bellly- protacts scalp
Orbicularis oris- protrudes lips
Buccinator- presses cheek against molar teeth
Platysma- depresses mandible
Understand about innervation of the muscles of facial expression
Facial nerve (CNVII)
Temporal branch
Zygomatic branch
Buccal branch
Marginal mandibular branch
Cervical branch
Be able to list the deficient movements when the facial nerve is injured/ damaged.
Facial nerve palsy
Describe the structure, function and topographic anatomy of the parotid gland and its duct including innervation
Exocrine gland
Parotid duct pierces buccinator muscle
Parasympathetic innervation from glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Describe the relation of the external carotid artery and facial nerve and its branches to the parotid gland
ECA passes through and supplies parotid gland
Facial nerve passes through parotid gland but does not innervate it
Describe the general organisation of the neck with respect to fascia, layers and triangles
Vertebral compartment
Vascular compartments
Visceral compartment
All compartments enclosed by an outer musculofascial collar
Define the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck in terms of their borders and list their contents
Anterior: inferior border of mandible, Anterior border of SCM, midline of neck
Posterior: posterior margin of SCM, anterior margin of trapezius, middle 1/3 of clavicle
Name the subdivisions of the anterior triangles
Submental
Submandibular
Carotid
Muscular
Name the subdivisions of the posterior triangles
Occipital triangle
Supraclavicular triangle
Define the dermatomes of the neck.
C2
C3
Describe the anatomy of the thyroid gland and the structures to which it is attached and with which it normally moves
Right lobe, isthmus, left lobe
Lies at level of 2nd and 3rd tracheal cartilages
Name and identify the strap muscles of the neck (infrahyoid muscles) and their location in relation to the thyroid gland
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid
Identify the arterial supply of the thyroid gland, and their relations with branches of the vagus nerve and be aware of the significance of these relations in surgery
Superior thyroid artery (ECA). Lies next to superior laryngeal nerve
Inferior thyroid artery (common carotid). Lies next to recurrent laryngeal nerve
Identify the bones of the vault and identify the sutures uniting them
Frontal
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital
Identify the bony prominences of the skull
Nasion
Glabella
Supraorbital notch
Infraorbital foramen
Zygoma
Maxilla
Mandible
TM joint
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Stylomastoid foramen
Occiput
External occipital protuberance
Identify the various parts of a typical cervical vertebrae, including its joints and ligaments
Body
Foramen transversarium
Transverse process
Inferior articular facet
Vertebra foramen
Spinous process
IV disc joint- symphysis
2 facet joints- synovial plane
List the contents of the cranial fossa
Cribriform plate- olfactory n.
Optic canal- optic n.
Superior orbital fissure- trochlear n., opthalmic n., abducens n.
Foramen rotundum- maxillary n.
Foramen ovale- mandibular n.
Internal acoustic meatus- facia ln., vestibulocochlear n.
Jugular foramen- glossopharyngeal n., vagus n., accessory n.
Hypoglossal canal- hypoglossal n.
Describe the course and distribution of the sensory and motor branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve.
Mandibular emerges from cranial cavity through the Foramen ovale.
Branches:
- Buccal
- Inferior alveolar
- Auriculotemporal
- Lingual
List the functions of the nose.
- Traps dirt
- Warm and humidify air
- Drains and clears paranasal sinuses and lacrimal ducts
- Olfaction (smell)
List the bones and cartilages which form the nose including the nasal septum and lateral walls of the nasal cavity
Lateral wall: nasal, lacrimal, ethmoid, sphenoid, palatine, maxilla
Roof: nasal, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid
Floor: palatine processes of maxilla, palatine bone
Nasal septum: perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone, vomer bone, septal nasal cartilage
Describe the organisation of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity (conchae and meatuses)
Superior nasal conchae
Superior meatus
Middle nasal conchae
Middle meatus
Inferior nasal conchae
Inferior meatus
Describe the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses, their innervation, relations and drainage.
Sphenoid sinus- sphenoethmoid recess
Maxillary sinus- middle meatus
Frontal sinus- middle meatus
Anterior ethmoid- middle meatus
Middle ethmoid - middle meatus
Posterior ethmoid- superior meatus
Nasolacrimal duct- inferior meatus
Frontal sinus- Opthalmic
Sphenoid sinus- Opthalmic
Ethmoidal sinus- Opthalmic
Maxillary sinus- Maxillary
Demonstrate the continuity of the nasal passages with the pharynx and middle ear
Nasopharynx has orifice of Eustachian tube level with floor of the nose
Define the boundaries, extent and contents of the oral cavity.
Anterior: teeth and gums
Posterior: oropharyngeal isthmus
Superior: palate
Inferior: floor of mouth
Describe basic structure and innervation of teeth and function of the various types of teeth.
Crow and root
Incisors, Canines, Premolars
Molars
Describe the location of the major salivary glands and their ducts.
Parotid- glossopharyngeal IX
Submandibular- facial nerve (chorda tympani)
Sublingual- facial nerve (chorda tympani)
Describe the organisation of the structures forming the floor of the mouth
Left and right sublingual folds
Frenulum
Deep lingual vein
Describe the histology of the tongue.
Fungiform papillae
Filiform papillae
Valate papillae
Foliate papillae
Describe the basic histology of the salivary glands
Describe the structure of the neonatal skull and the skull of a child and compare it with an adult skull.
Neonatal skull has a frontal and occipital fontanelle (soft spots)
Describe the structure of the mandible, and identify its bony prominences, markings and foramina.
Body
Ramus
Angle of ramus
Alveolar ridge
Condyle
Coronoid process
Mental foramen
Mandibular foramen
Name the changes occurring to the mandible with time in edentulous individuals
Absence of a well-defined alveolar process resulting from resorption due to disuse atrophy
Identify the articular surfaces, capsular attachments and ligaments of the temporomandibular joint
Condyle
Coronoid process
Angle of ramus
Alveolar ridge
Identify the pterion and state its clinical significance.
The region where the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones join
Weakest part of skull
The anterior division of the middle meningeal artery runs underneath the pterion so vulnerable to epidural haematoma
Identify and name the parts of the hyoid bone and the structures attached to it
Body
Lesser horn
Greater horn
Suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles
