Anatomy Workbooks Flashcards by Kayla Halliwell

Describe the extent of the scalp

Anterior: Supraorbital margins
Posterior: external occipital protuberance and superior nuchal lines
On each side: zygomatic arch

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Describe the layers of the scalp

Skin
Connective tissue (dense)
Aponeurosis of occiptofrontalis muscle
Loose areolar connective tissue
Periosteum

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List the cutaneous nerves of the scalp

Anterior: trigeminal nerve (CNV)
Posterior: C2 and C3

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Describe the distribution of dermatomes of the head

V1
V2
V3
C2
C3

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Describe the arterial supply of the scalp

Supratrochlear (ICA)
Supraorbital (ICA)
Superficial temporal (ECA)
Posterior auricular (ECA)
Occipital (ECA)

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Describe the venous drainage of the scalp

Supratrochlear
Supraorbital
Superficial temporal
Facial
Superior thyroid
External jugular
Internal jugular
Subclavian

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Describe the cutaneous innervation of the face and branches of the trigeminal nerve innervating it

Ophthalmic (V1)
Maxillary (V2)
Mandibular (V3)

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Describe the course of arteries which supplies the face and veins which drain it

External carotid:
- Superior thyroid
- Lingual
- facial
- Occipital
- Maxillary
- Posterior auricular
- Superficial temporal

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List the main muscles of facial expression and their function

Orbicularis oculi palpebral- close eyelids gently
Orbicularis oculi orbital- close eyelids tightly
Occiptofrontalis occipital belly- retracts scalp
Occipitofrontalis frontal bellly- protacts scalp
Orbicularis oris- protrudes lips
Buccinator- presses cheek against molar teeth
Platysma- depresses mandible

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Understand about innervation of the muscles of facial expression

Facial nerve (CNVII)
Temporal branch
Zygomatic branch
Buccal branch
Marginal mandibular branch
Cervical branch

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Be able to list the deficient movements when the facial nerve is injured/ damaged.

Facial nerve palsy

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Describe the structure, function and topographic anatomy of the parotid gland and its duct including innervation

Exocrine gland
Parotid duct pierces buccinator muscle
Parasympathetic innervation from glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

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Describe the relation of the external carotid artery and facial nerve and its branches to the parotid gland

ECA passes through and supplies parotid gland
Facial nerve passes through parotid gland but does not innervate it

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Describe the general organisation of the neck with respect to fascia, layers and triangles

Vertebral compartment
Vascular compartments
Visceral compartment
All compartments enclosed by an outer musculofascial collar

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Define the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck in terms of their borders and list their contents

Anterior: inferior border of mandible, Anterior border of SCM, midline of neck
Posterior: posterior margin of SCM, anterior margin of trapezius, middle 1/3 of clavicle

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Name the subdivisions of the anterior triangles

Submental
Submandibular
Carotid
Muscular

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Name the subdivisions of the posterior triangles

Occipital triangle
Supraclavicular triangle

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Define the dermatomes of the neck.

C2
C3

Describe the anatomy of the thyroid gland and the structures to which it is attached and with which it normally moves

Right lobe, isthmus, left lobe
Lies at level of 2nd and 3rd tracheal cartilages

Name and identify the strap muscles of the neck (infrahyoid muscles) and their location in relation to the thyroid gland

Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid

Identify the arterial supply of the thyroid gland, and their relations with branches of the vagus nerve and be aware of the significance of these relations in surgery

Superior thyroid artery (ECA). Lies next to superior laryngeal nerve

Inferior thyroid artery (common carotid). Lies next to recurrent laryngeal nerve

Identify the bones of the vault and identify the sutures uniting them

Frontal
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital

Identify the bony prominences of the skull

Nasion
Glabella
Supraorbital notch
Infraorbital foramen
Zygoma
Maxilla
Mandible
TM joint
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Stylomastoid foramen
Occiput
External occipital protuberance

Identify the various parts of a typical cervical vertebrae, including its joints and ligaments

Body
Foramen transversarium
Transverse process
Inferior articular facet
Vertebra foramen
Spinous process

IV disc joint- symphysis
2 facet joints- synovial plane

List the contents of the cranial fossa

Cribriform plate- olfactory n. Optic canal- optic n. Superior orbital fissure- trochlear n., opthalmic n., abducens n. Foramen rotundum- maxillary n. Foramen ovale- mandibular n. Internal acoustic meatus- facia ln., vestibulocochlear n. Jugular foramen- glossopharyngeal n., vagus n., accessory n. Hypoglossal canal- hypoglossal n.

Describe the course and distribution of the sensory and motor branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve.

Mandibular emerges from cranial cavity through the Foramen ovale. Branches: - Buccal - Inferior alveolar - Auriculotemporal - Lingual

List the functions of the nose.

1. Traps dirt 2. Warm and humidify air 3. Drains and clears paranasal sinuses and lacrimal ducts 4. Olfaction (smell)

List the bones and cartilages which form the nose including the nasal septum and lateral walls of the nasal cavity

Lateral wall: nasal, lacrimal, ethmoid, sphenoid, palatine, maxilla Roof: nasal, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid Floor: palatine processes of maxilla, palatine bone Nasal septum: perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone, vomer bone, septal nasal cartilage

Describe the organisation of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity (conchae and meatuses)

Superior nasal conchae Superior meatus Middle nasal conchae Middle meatus Inferior nasal conchae Inferior meatus

Describe the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses, their innervation, relations and drainage.

Sphenoid sinus- sphenoethmoid recess Maxillary sinus- middle meatus Frontal sinus- middle meatus Anterior ethmoid- middle meatus Middle ethmoid - middle meatus Posterior ethmoid- superior meatus Nasolacrimal duct- inferior meatus Frontal sinus- Opthalmic Sphenoid sinus- Opthalmic Ethmoidal sinus- Opthalmic Maxillary sinus- Maxillary

Demonstrate the continuity of the nasal passages with the pharynx and middle ear

Nasopharynx has orifice of Eustachian tube level with floor of the nose

Define the boundaries, extent and contents of the oral cavity.

Anterior: teeth and gums Posterior: oropharyngeal isthmus Superior: palate Inferior: floor of mouth

Describe basic structure and innervation of teeth and function of the various types of teeth.

Crow and root Incisors, Canines, Premolars Molars

Describe the location of the major salivary glands and their ducts.

Parotid- glossopharyngeal IX Submandibular- facial nerve (chorda tympani) Sublingual- facial nerve (chorda tympani)

Describe the organisation of the structures forming the floor of the mouth

Left and right sublingual folds Frenulum Deep lingual vein

Describe the histology of the tongue.

Fungiform papillae Filiform papillae Valate papillae Foliate papillae

Describe the basic histology of the salivary glands

Describe the structure of the neonatal skull and the skull of a child and compare it with an adult skull.

Neonatal skull has a frontal and occipital fontanelle (soft spots)

Describe the structure of the mandible, and identify its bony prominences, markings and foramina.

Body Ramus Angle of ramus Alveolar ridge Condyle Coronoid process Mental foramen Mandibular foramen

Name the changes occurring to the mandible with time in edentulous individuals

Absence of a well-defined alveolar process resulting from resorption due to disuse atrophy

Identify the articular surfaces, capsular attachments and ligaments of the temporomandibular joint

Condyle Coronoid process Angle of ramus Alveolar ridge

Identify the pterion and state its clinical significance.

The region where the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones join Weakest part of skull The anterior division of the middle meningeal artery runs underneath the pterion so vulnerable to epidural haematoma

Identify and name the parts of the hyoid bone and the structures attached to it

Body Lesser horn Greater horn Suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles