Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Head and Neck > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the eyeball?

A

Fibrous coat
Vascular coat
Sensory coat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the components of the fibrous coat?

A

Sclera
Cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the components of the vascular coat?

A

Iris
Ciliary body
Choroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the components of the sensory coat?

A

Retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the lens?

A

A biconvex transparent crystalline lens
Suspended by suspensory ligaments from the ciliary body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is the anterior segment and what does it contain?

A

Infront of the lens
Aqueous humour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is the posterior segment and what does it contain?

A

Behind the lens
Vitreous humour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the anterior segment divided into?

A

Anterior chamber- in front of iris
Posterior chamber- behind iris but in front of lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is the angle of the anterior chamber?

A

End of sclera but start of cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the path of aqueous humour?

A

Reabsorbed via Schlemm’s canal into systemic circulation
Constantly produced and reabsorbed by ciliary body
Trabecular meshwork help aqueous humour drain into Schlemm’s canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the purpose of aqueous humour?

A

Maintain intraocular pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the orbital foramen?

A

Optic foramen
Superior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

Thin vascular membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and loops back over the sclera
Does not cover cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the different parts of the conjunctiva?

A

Superior fornix
Ocular conjunctiva
Palpebral conjunctiva
Fornical conjunctiva
Inferior fornix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the lacrimal apparatus?

A

Lacrimal gland ducts open into conjunctival sac.
Tears drain through punctae into lacrimal sac.
Sac drains through nasolacrimal duct into inferior meatus of nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the eye?

A

Parasympathetic (III): Ciliaris, Constrictor pupillae
Sympathetic: Dilator pupillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the causes of pupil abnormalities?

A

Disease of retina
Disease of optic nerve
Disease of III cranial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the eye and their innervation?

A

Medial rectus- III (oculomotor)
Lateral rectus- VI (Abducent)
Inferior rectus- III (oculomotor)
Superior rectus- III (oculomotor)
Superior oblique- IV (trochlear)
Inferior oblique- III (oculomotor)
Levator Palpabrae Superiorus (LPS)- III (oculomotor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the primary action of the extrinsic eye muscles?

A

Medial rectus- adduction
Lateral rectus- abduction
Inferior rectus- depression
Superior rectus- elevation
Superior oblique- intorsion
Inferior oblique- extorsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the origin and insertion of recti muscles?

A

Origin: tendinous ring
Insertion: sclera anteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the superior oblique muscle?

A

Origin: lesser wing of sphenoid
Insertion: sclera posteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the inferior oblique muscle?

A

Origin: medial part of orbit floor
Insertion: sclera posteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the LPS muscle?

A

Origin: roof of orbit
Insertion: upper eyelid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is strabismus?

A

Squint- misalignment of the eyes
- Esotropia: convergent
- Exotropia: divergent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What cranial nerves are in the orbit?

A

Optic (II)
Oculomotor (III)
Trochlear (IV)
Abducens (VI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the arterial supply of the orbit?

A

Ophthalmic artery (branch of ICA)
- Central retinal artery
- Short posterior ciliary arteries
- Long posterior ciliary arteries
- Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries
- Muscular arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the venous drainage of the orbit?

A

Superior and Inferior ophthalmic veins which drain into the cavernous sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the histological layers of the cornea?

A
  1. Epithelium- non keratinised stratified squamous
  2. Bowman’s membrane- basement membrane of corneal epithelium
  3. Stroma- regularly arranged collagen, no blood vessels
  4. Descemet’s layer
  5. Endothelium- single layer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why is the cornea transparent?

A

Regular arrangement of collagen in stroma
No blood vessels
Endothelium cell layer has a pump that actively keep aqueous humour out

30
Q

Why is the cornea an immune privileged site?

A

Avascularity means foreign antigens from a corneal graft won’t be recognised

31
Q

What does a gonioscope visualise?

A

The angle of the anterior chamber

32
Q

What is the blood supply of the outer retina?

A

Fenestrated blood vessels of the choroid

33
Q

What is the blood supply of the inner retina?

A

Branches of central retinal artery

34
Q

What is the fovea centralis?

A

Area of maximum visual acuity
Packed with cones, no rods

35
Q

What are the layers of a tear film?

A

Layer 1- mucinous layer
Layer 2- aqueous layer
Layer 3- oily layer

36
Q

What is refraction?

A

Bending of light when it passes from one optical medium to another

37
Q

How does a sharp image form on the retina?

A

Light waves from an object bend at the cornea and bends more at the lens
Therefore, forms an inverted image of the object sharply focused at the retina

38
Q

What rays reach the eyes for distant objects?

39
Q

What rays reach the eyes for close up objects?

A

Divergent
Need to be bent a lot more than parallel rays to bring them to focus on the retina

40
Q

What is accommodation?

A

Capacity of our eyes to change focus from distant objects to close objects
- Lens changes shape
- Pupils constrict
- Eyes converge

41
Q

What does a thicker lens allow?

A

More powerful so able to focus on close objects

42
Q

What is myopia?

A

Short sighted
Rays focused in front of retina
Bending power of cornea and lens is too much for that eyeball

43
Q

What is hyperopia?

A

Long sighted
Rays focused behind retina
Using accommodative power all the time for far off things, so no power left to see close objects

44
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

Close and distant objects appear hazy
Multiple focal points

45
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

With age the lens gets less mobile/elastic
Seeing near objects becomes difficult

46
Q

What is phototransduction?

A

Conversion of light energy to an electrochemical response by photoreceptors (rods and cones)

47
Q

Where is visual pigment?

A

In the outer segment of rods and cones
Outer segment contains stacks of lamella which are made up of cell membrane.
Integrated into cell membrane is visual pigment

48
Q

What is the visual pigment in rods?

49
Q

What is the visual pigment in cones?

A

Cone opsins S, M and L
- Blue, Green, Red

50
Q

What is visual pigment regeneration?

A

Activated pigment compounds need converted back to normal
Done by vitamin A

51
Q

What is your visual field?

A

Everything you see with one eye (including periphery)

52
Q

What is the visual pathway?

A

Optic nerve → crosses over at chiasma → optic tract → synapses at LGB → optic radiation reaches occipital lobe (Primary visual cortex)

53
Q

What are the 2 parts of the retina in the visual pathway?

A

Nasal retina
Temporal retina

54
Q

What is amblyopia?

55
Q

What is diplopia?

A

Double vission

56
Q

What is Horner’s syndrome

A

Anisocoria due to damage to sympathetic innervation to pupil

57
Q

What is anisocaria?

A

Different pupil sizes

58
Q

What is ptosis?

A

Drooping of eyelids on affected side

59
Q

What is anhidrosis?

A

Loss of sweating on affected side

60
Q

What are common orbit disorders?

A

Blow out fracture
Proptosis- eyeball protruding out
Infection spread through emissary veins

61
Q

What are common eye movement disorders?

A

CN VI palsy
CNIII palsy
CN IV palsy

62
Q

What are common lids and conjunctivae disorders?

A

External stye (hordeolum externum)
Internal stye (hordeolum internum)
Conjunctivitis
Corneal ulcers
Corneal dystrophies

63
Q

What are cataracts?

A

Lens opacification

64
Q

What causes cataracts to develop?

A
  • Embryological fibres never shed and get compacted in the middle.
  • No blood supply to lens
  • Absorb harmful UV rays
  • Damaged lens fibres
65
Q

What is the treatment for cataracts?

66
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

Intraocular pressure raised above 21mm of mercury
Eyes optic nerve damaged due to raised intraocular pressure

67
Q

What is the triad of signs for glaucoma?

A
  • Raised IOP
  • Visual field defects
  • Optic disc changes on ophthalmoscopy
68
Q

What is the treatment for glaucoma?

A

Eye drops to decrease IOP
Laser trabeculoplasty
Trabeculectomy

69
Q

What is angle closure glaucoma?

A

Acute, painful onset
IOP severly raised
Anterior chamber (AC) shallow and angle is closed

70
Q

What are methods for lowering IOP?

A
  • IV infusion with or without oral therapy- carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
  • Analgesics, antiemetics
  • Constrictor eye drops- pilocarpine
  • If no contraindication beta blocker drops
  • Steroid eye drops (dexamethasone)
71
Q

What is uveitis?

A

Inflammation of uvea (vascular layer of eye)

72
Q

What are the types of uveitis?

A

Anterior- iris
Intermediate- ciliary body
Posterior- choroid

Head and Neck (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions