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Head and Neck > Neck Anatomy > Flashcards

Neck Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the anterior triangle located?

A

The front of the neck

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2
Q

What is the superior border of the anterior triangle?

A

Inferior border of the mandible

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3
Q

What is the lateral border of the anterior triangle?

A

Anterior border of sternocleidomastoid

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4
Q

What is the medial border of the anterior triangle?

A

Sagittal line down the midline of the neck

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5
Q

What covers the roof of the anterior triangle?

A

Investing fascia

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6
Q

What covers the floor of the anterior triangle?

A

Visceral fascia

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7
Q

What are the contents of the anterior triangle?

A

Muscles
Nerves
Arteries
Veins
Lymph nodes

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8
Q

What are the suprahyoid muscles?

A

Stylohyoid
Digastric
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid

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9
Q

What are the infrahyoid muscles?

A

Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Sternothyroid

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10
Q

What vascular structures are in the anterior triangle?

A

Common carotid- bifurcates into external carotid and internal carotid
Internal jugular vein

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11
Q

What cranial nerves are in the anterior triangle?

A

Facial (VII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
Accessory (XI)
Hypoglossal (XII)

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12
Q

What are the subdividsons of the anterior triangle?

A

Carotid triangle
Submental triangle
Submandibular triangle
Muscular triangle

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13
Q

What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle?

A

Superior: posterior belly of digastric muscle
Lateral: medial border of sternocleidomastoid muscle
Inferior: superior belly of omohyoid muscle

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14
Q

What are the main contents of the carotid triangle?

A

Common carotid triangle (bifurcates)
Internal jugular vein
Hypoglossal nerve
Vagus nerve

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15
Q

What are the boundaries of the submental triangle?

A

Inferior: hyoid bone
Medial: midline of neck
Lateral: anterior belly of digastric

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16
Q

What are the main contents of the submental triangle?

A

Submental lymph nodes

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17
Q

What are the boundaries of the submandibular triangle?

A

Superior: body of mandible
Anterior: anterior belly of digastric muscle
Posterior: posterior belly id digastric muscle

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18
Q

What are the main contents of the submandibular triangle?

A

Submandibular gland
Submandibular lymph nodes
Facial artery
Facial vein

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19
Q

What are the boundaries of the muscular triangle?

A

Superior: hyoid bone
Medial: midline of neck
Superolateral: superior belly of omohyoid muscle
Inferolateral: inferior portion of sternocleidomastoid

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20
Q

Where is the posterior triangle located?

A

Lateral aspect of the neck

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21
Q

What is the anterior border of the posterior triangle?

A

Posterior border of sternocleidomastoid

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22
Q

What is the posterior border of the posterior triangle?

A

Anterior border of trapezius muscle

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23
Q

What is the inferior border of the posterior triangle?

A

Middle 1/3 of clavicle

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24
Q

What covers the posterior triangle?

A

Investing layer of fascia

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25
Q

What forms the floor of the posterior triangle?

A

Prevertebral fascia

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26
Q

What muscles are in the posterior triangle?

A

Omohyoid muscle
Splenius capitis
Levator scapulae
Anterior scalene
Middle scalene
Posterior scalene

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27
Q

What vascular structures are in the posterior triangle?

A

External jugular vein (crosses sternocleidomastoid)
Subclavian vein and artery
Transverse cervical vein and artery
Suprascapular vein and artery

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28
Q

What nerves are in the posterior triangle?

A

Accessory nerve (XI)
Cervical plexus -> phrenic nerve
Brachial plexus

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29
Q

What are the subdivisions of the posterior triangle?

A

Occipital triangle
Subclavian (Omo clavicular) triangle

Separated by omohyoid muscle

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30
Q

What are the characteristic features of cervical vertebrae?

A

Triangular vertebral foramen
Bifid spinous process
Transverse foramina

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31
Q

What are the features of the atlas?

A

No vertebral body
No spinous process
Lateral masses
- Superior articular facet
- Inferior articular facet
Anterior arch
Transverse ligament

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32
Q

What are the features of the axis?

A

Dens (odontoid process)
Superior articular facets

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33
Q

What is the joint between vertebral bodies?

A

IV disc
Fibrocartilagenous- symphysis

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34
Q

What is the joint between vertebral arches?

A

Synovial type joint

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35
Q

What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital?

A

Condyloid type synovial

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36
Q

What type of joint is the atlanto-axial?

A

Lateral (x2): synovial plane
Medial: synovial pivot

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37
Q

Where does the hyoid bone lie?

A

Base of the mandible (C3)

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38
Q

What are the components of the hyoid bone?

A

Body
Greater horn
Lesser horn

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39
Q

What are the muscular attachments to the hyoid bone?

A

Oral cavity and pharynx: Middle pharyngeal constrictor, Hypoglossus, Genioglossus

Suprahyoid: Digastric, Stylohyoid, Geniohyoid, Mylohyoid

Infrahyoid: Thyrohyoid, Omohyoid, Sternohyoid

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40
Q

What are the ligaments that attach to the hyoid bone?

A

Stylohyoid ligament
Thyrohyoid membrane
Hyoepiglottic ligament

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41
Q

What is the location of the thyroid gland?

A

Anterior neck
C5-T1

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42
Q

What is the structure of the thyroid gland?

A

Left and right lobe
Central isthmus

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43
Q

What are the anterior relations of the thyroid gland?

A

Infrahyoid muscles

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44
Q

What are the lateral relations of the thyroid gland?

A

Carotid sheath: common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve

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45
Q

What are the medial relations of the thyroid gland?

A

Larynx
Pharynx
Trachea
Oeosphagus
External laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal

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46
Q

What is the arterial supply of the thyroid gland?

A

Superior thyroid artery (first branch of external carotid artery)
Inferior thyroid artery (branch of thyrocervical trunk)

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47
Q

What does the superior thyroid artery lie in close proximity to?

A

External branch of superior laryngeal nerve

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48
Q

What does the inferior thyroid artery lie in close proximity to?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

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49
Q

What do parathyroid glands produce?

A

Parathyroid hormone- increases level of serum calcium

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50
Q

Where is the parathyroid gland located?

A

Posterior aspect of thyroid gland
2 superior
2 inferior

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51
Q

What is the innervation of the parathyroid glands?

A

Thyroid branches of cervical ganglia

52
Q

What is the action of the suprahyoid muscles?

A

Elevate the hyoid bone

53
Q

What are the attachments of the Stylohyoid muscle?

A

Origin: Styloid process of temporal bone
Insertion: Lateral aspect of hyoid bone

54
Q

What is the innervation of the Stylohyoid muscle?

A

Stylohyoid branch of facial nerve (VII)

55
Q

What are the attachments of the Digastric muscle?

A

Anterior belly: Digastric fossa of mandible
Posterior belly: mastoid process of temporal bone

The 2 bellies are connected by an intermediate tendon which is attached to the hyoid bone via a fibrous sling

56
Q

What is the innervation of the Digastric muscle?

A

Anterior belly: inferior alveolar nerve, a branch of mandibular nerve (CNV3)
Posterior belly: Digastric branch of facial nerve (VII)

57
Q

What are the attachments of the Mylohyoid muscle?

A

Origin: Mylohyoid line of mandible
Insertion: hyoid bone

58
Q

What is the innervation of the Mylohyoid muscle?

A

Inferior alveolar nerve, a branch of mandibular nerve (CNV3)

59
Q

What are the attachments of the Geniohyoid muscle?

A

Origin: inferior mental spine of the mandible
Insertion: Hyoid bone

60
Q

What is the innervation of the Geniohyoid muscle?

A

C1 nerve roots that run within the hypoglossal nerve (XII)

61
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the infrahyoid muscles?

A

Superficial: omohyoid, sternohyoid
Deep: sternothyroid and thyrohyoid

62
Q

What are the attachments of the Omohyoid muscle?

A

Inferior belly: scapula
Superior belly: hyoid bone

The 2 bellies are attached by an intermediate tendon which is anchored to the clavicle by the deep cervical fascia

63
Q

What is the innervation of the Omohyoid muscle?

A

Anterior rami of C1-C3

64
Q

What are the attachments of the Sternohyoid muscle?

A

Origin: sternum
Insertion: Hyoid bone

65
Q

What is the innervation of the Sternohyoid muscle?

A

Anterior rami of C1-C3

66
Q

What are the attachments of the Sternothyroid muscle?

A

Origin: manubrium of sternum
Insertion: Thyroid cartilage

67
Q

What is the innervation of the Sternothyroid muscle?

A

Anterior rami of C1-C3

68
Q

What are the attachments of the Thyrohyoid muscle?

A

Origin: thyroid cartilage of larynx
Insertion: hyoid bone

69
Q

What is the innervation of the Thyrohyoid muscle?

A

Anterior ramus of C1, carried within hypoglossal nerve

70
Q

Where is the cervical plexus located?

A

Posterior triangle of the neck
Within the prevertebral layer of cervical fascia

71
Q

What forms the cervical plexus?

A

Anterior rami of C1-C4

72
Q

What are the main muscular branches of the cervical plexus?

A

Phrenic nerve (C3-C5)
Nerves to geniohyoid and thyrohyoid (C1)
Ansa Cervicalis (C1-C3)

73
Q

What are the sensory branches of the cervical plexus?

A

Greater auricular nerve (C2-C3)
Transverse cervical nerve (C2-C3)
Lesser occipital nerve (C2)
Supraclavicular nerve (C3-C4)

74
Q

What arteries supply the head and neck?

A

Carotid arteries
Vertebral arteries

75
Q

At what level does the carotid artery bifurcate?

A

C4
Carotid triangle

76
Q

What are the end branches of the external carotid artery?

A

Superficial temporal
Maxillary

77
Q

Where does the external carotid artery end?

A

Within the parotid gland

78
Q

What are the 6 branches of the eternal carotid artery?

A

Superior thyroid
Linguinal
Facial
Ascending pharyngeal
Occipital
Posterior auricular

79
Q

Where does the internal carotid artery enter the cranial cavity?

A

Via the carotid canal in the temporal bone

80
Q

What are the 3 main jugular veins?

A

External
Internal
Anterior

81
Q

What 2 veins form the external jugular?

A

Posterior auricular
Retromandibular

82
Q

What muscle does the external jugular vein run anterior to?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

83
Q

What vein does the external jugular drain into?

A

Subclavian vein

84
Q

What are the anterior jugular veins?

A

Paired veins

85
Q

Where is the internal jugular vein located in the neck?

A

Within the carotid sheath

86
Q

What are the 2 fascias in the neck?

A

Superficial cervical fascia
Deep cervical fascia

87
Q

What does the superficial cervical fascia contain?

A

Neurovascular supply to skin
Superficial veins
Superficial lymph nodes
Fat
Platysma muscle

88
Q

What are the layers of the deep cervical fascia? (superficial to deep)

A

Investing layer: surrounds all structures in neck
Pretracheal layer: spans between hyoid bone and thorax
Prevertebral layer: surrounds vertebral column and its associated muscles
Carotid sheaths

89
Q

What are the contents of the carotid sheaths?

A

Common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve
Accompanying cervical lymph nodes

90
Q

Where does the pharynx begin and end?

A

Begins at base of the skull
Ends at inferior border of cricoid cartilage (C6)

91
Q

What are the parts of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

92
Q

What lines the nasopharynx?

A

Respiratory epithelium: ciliated pseudostratified columnar

93
Q

What does the oropharynx contain?

A

Posterior 1/3 of tongue
Lingual tonsils
Palatine tonsils
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle

94
Q

What is Waldeyer’s ring?

A

Ring of lymphoid tissue formed by:
- Palatine tonsils
- Adenoid tonsils
- Lingual tonsils

95
Q

What does the laryngopharynx contain?

A

Middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles

96
Q

What are the 2 main groups of pharyngeal muscles?

A

Longitudinal
Circular

97
Q

What is the innervation of the muscles of the pharynx?

A

Vagus nerve
Except stylopharyngeus- glossopharyngeal nerve

98
Q

What are the circular pharyngeal muscles?

A

Superior constrictor- oropharynx
Middle constrictor- laryngopharynx
Inferior constrictor- laryngopharynx

99
Q

What are the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?

A

Stylopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus
Salpingopharynegus

100
Q

Where does the stylopharyngeus arise from?

A

Styloid process

101
Q

Where does the palatopharyngeus arise from?

A

Hard palate

102
Q

Where does the salpingopharyngeus arise from?

A

Eustachian tube

103
Q

What is the innervation of the pharynx?

A

Pharyngeal plexus:
- Pharyngeal branches of IX
- Pharyngeal branches of X
- Branches from external laryngela nerve
- Sympathetic fibres from superior cervical ganglion

104
Q

What is the arterial supply of the pharynx?

A

Ascending pharyngeal a.
Branches of facial a.
Branches of lingual and maxillary a.

105
Q

What is the venous drainage of the pharynx?

A

Pharyngeal venous plexus -> IJV

106
Q

What vertebrae does the larynx span?

107
Q

What are the 3 sections of the larynx?

A

Supraglottis
Glottis
Subglottis

108
Q

Where is the supraglottis?

A

From inferior surface of epiglottis to vestibular folds

109
Q

What are vestibular folds?

A

False vocal cords

110
Q

What does the glottis contain?

A

Vocal cords

111
Q

Where is the subglottis?

A

From inferior border of glottis to inferior border of cricoid cartilage

112
Q

What lines the interior of the larynx?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

113
Q

What lines the true vocal cords?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

114
Q

What is the vasculature of the larynx?

A

Super and inferior laryngeal arteries
Superior and inferior laryngeal veins

115
Q

What is the innervation of the larynx?

A

Branches of vagus nerve:
- Recurrent laryngeal nerve
- Superior laryngeal

116
Q

What are the unpaired laryngeal cartilages?

A

Thyroid
Cricoid
Epiglottis (elastic)

117
Q

What are the paired laryngeal cartilages?

A

Arytenoid
Corniculate
Cuneiform

118
Q

Where are the cuneiform cartilages located?

A

Within the aryepiglottic folds

119
Q

What are types of soft tissue laryngeal folds?

A

Vocal folds
Vestibular folds

120
Q

What ringed arrangement do the tonsils form?

A

Waldeyer’s ring

121
Q

How are the tonsils classified?

A

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
- Contain T cells, B cells and macrophages

122
Q

What tonsils form the Waldeyer’s ring?

A

Pharyngeal tonsil
2 tubual tonsils
2 palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsil

123
Q

What is the epithelial covering of the lingual tonsil?

A

Stratified non keratinised squamous epithelium

124
Q

What is the epithelial covering of the pharyngeal tonsil?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

125
Q

What is the epithelial covering of the tubal tonsils?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

126
Q

What is the epithelial covering of the palatine tonsils?

A

Stratified non keratinised squamous epithelium

Head and Neck (8 decks)

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