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Neck Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the anterior triangle located?

A

The front of the neck

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2
Q

What is the superior border of the anterior triangle?

A

Inferior border of the mandible

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3
Q

What is the lateral border of the anterior triangle?

A

Anterior border of sternocleidomastoid

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4
Q

What is the medial border of the anterior triangle?

A

Sagittal line down the midline of the neck

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5
Q

What covers the roof of the anterior triangle?

A

Investing fascia

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6
Q

What covers the floor of the anterior triangle?

A

Visceral fascia

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7
Q

What are the contents of the anterior triangle?

A

Muscles
Nerves
Arteries
Veins
Lymph nodes

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8
Q

What are the suprahyoid muscles?

A

Stylohyoid
Digastric
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid

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9
Q

What are the infrahyoid muscles?

A

Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Sternothyroid

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10
Q

What vascular structures are in the anterior triangle?

A

Common carotid- bifurcates into external carotid and internal carotid
Internal jugular vein

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11
Q

What cranial nerves are in the anterior triangle?

A

Facial (VII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
Accessory (XI)
Hypoglossal (XII)

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12
Q

What are the subdividsons of the anterior triangle?

A

Carotid triangle
Submental triangle
Submandibular triangle
Muscular triangle

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13
Q

What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle?

A

Superior: posterior belly of digastric muscle
Lateral: medial border of sternocleidomastoid muscle
Inferior: superior belly of omohyoid muscle

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14
Q

What are the main contents of the carotid triangle?

A

Common carotid triangle (bifurcates)
Internal jugular vein
Hypoglossal nerve
Vagus nerve

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15
Q

What are the boundaries of the submental triangle?

A

Inferior: hyoid bone
Medial: midline of neck
Lateral: anterior belly of digastric

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16
Q

What are the main contents of the submental triangle?

A

Submental lymph nodes

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17
Q

What are the boundaries of the submandibular triangle?

A

Superior: body of mandible
Anterior: anterior belly of digastric muscle
Posterior: posterior belly id digastric muscle

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18
Q

What are the main contents of the submandibular triangle?

A

Submandibular gland
Submandibular lymph nodes
Facial artery
Facial vein

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19
Q

What are the boundaries of the muscular triangle?

A

Superior: hyoid bone
Medial: midline of neck
Superolateral: superior belly of omohyoid muscle
Inferolateral: inferior portion of sternocleidomastoid

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20
Q

Where is the posterior triangle located?

A

Lateral aspect of the neck

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21
Q

What is the anterior border of the posterior triangle?

A

Posterior border of sternocleidomastoid

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22
Q

What is the posterior border of the posterior triangle?

A

Anterior border of trapezius muscle

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23
Q

What is the inferior border of the posterior triangle?

A

Middle 1/3 of clavicle

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24
Q

What covers the posterior triangle?

A

Investing layer of fascia

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25
What forms the floor of the posterior triangle?
Prevertebral fascia
26
What muscles are in the posterior triangle?
Omohyoid muscle Splenius capitis Levator scapulae Anterior scalene Middle scalene Posterior scalene
27
What vascular structures are in the posterior triangle?
External jugular vein (crosses sternocleidomastoid) Subclavian vein and artery Transverse cervical vein and artery Suprascapular vein and artery
28
What nerves are in the posterior triangle?
Accessory nerve (XI) Cervical plexus -> phrenic nerve Brachial plexus
29
What are the subdivisions of the posterior triangle?
Occipital triangle Subclavian (Omo clavicular) triangle Separated by omohyoid muscle
30
What are the characteristic features of cervical vertebrae?
Triangular vertebral foramen Bifid spinous process Transverse foramina
31
What are the features of the atlas?
No vertebral body No spinous process Lateral masses - Superior articular facet - Inferior articular facet Anterior arch Transverse ligament
32
What are the features of the axis?
Dens (odontoid process) Superior articular facets
33
What is the joint between vertebral bodies?
IV disc Fibrocartilagenous- symphysis
34
What is the joint between vertebral arches?
Synovial type joint
35
What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital?
Condyloid type synovial
36
What type of joint is the atlanto-axial?
Lateral (x2): synovial plane Medial: synovial pivot
37
Where does the hyoid bone lie?
Base of the mandible (C3)
38
What are the components of the hyoid bone?
Body Greater horn Lesser horn
39
What are the muscular attachments to the hyoid bone?
Oral cavity and pharynx: Middle pharyngeal constrictor, Hypoglossus, Genioglossus Suprahyoid: Digastric, Stylohyoid, Geniohyoid, Mylohyoid Infrahyoid: Thyrohyoid, Omohyoid, Sternohyoid
40
What are the ligaments that attach to the hyoid bone?
Stylohyoid ligament Thyrohyoid membrane Hyoepiglottic ligament
41
What is the location of the thyroid gland?
Anterior neck C5-T1
42
What is the structure of the thyroid gland?
Left and right lobe Central isthmus
43
What are the anterior relations of the thyroid gland?
Infrahyoid muscles
44
What are the lateral relations of the thyroid gland?
Carotid sheath: common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve
45
What are the medial relations of the thyroid gland?
Larynx Pharynx Trachea Oeosphagus External laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal
46
What is the arterial supply of the thyroid gland?
Superior thyroid artery (first branch of external carotid artery) Inferior thyroid artery (branch of thyrocervical trunk)
47
What does the superior thyroid artery lie in close proximity to?
External branch of superior laryngeal nerve
48
What does the inferior thyroid artery lie in close proximity to?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
49
What do parathyroid glands produce?
Parathyroid hormone- increases level of serum calcium
50
Where is the parathyroid gland located?
Posterior aspect of thyroid gland 2 superior 2 inferior
51
What is the innervation of the parathyroid glands?
Thyroid branches of cervical ganglia
52
What is the action of the suprahyoid muscles?
Elevate the hyoid bone
53
What are the attachments of the Stylohyoid muscle?
Origin: Styloid process of temporal bone Insertion: Lateral aspect of hyoid bone
54
What is the innervation of the Stylohyoid muscle?
Stylohyoid branch of facial nerve (VII)
55
What are the attachments of the Digastric muscle?
Anterior belly: Digastric fossa of mandible Posterior belly: mastoid process of temporal bone The 2 bellies are connected by an intermediate tendon which is attached to the hyoid bone via a fibrous sling
56
What is the innervation of the Digastric muscle?
Anterior belly: inferior alveolar nerve, a branch of mandibular nerve (CNV3) Posterior belly: Digastric branch of facial nerve (VII)
57
What are the attachments of the Mylohyoid muscle?
Origin: Mylohyoid line of mandible Insertion: hyoid bone
58
What is the innervation of the Mylohyoid muscle?
Inferior alveolar nerve, a branch of mandibular nerve (CNV3)
59
What are the attachments of the Geniohyoid muscle?
Origin: inferior mental spine of the mandible Insertion: Hyoid bone
60
What is the innervation of the Geniohyoid muscle?
C1 nerve roots that run within the hypoglossal nerve (XII)
61
What are the 2 divisions of the infrahyoid muscles?
Superficial: omohyoid, sternohyoid Deep: sternothyroid and thyrohyoid
62
What are the attachments of the Omohyoid muscle?
Inferior belly: scapula Superior belly: hyoid bone The 2 bellies are attached by an intermediate tendon which is anchored to the clavicle by the deep cervical fascia
63
What is the innervation of the Omohyoid muscle?
Anterior rami of C1-C3
64
What are the attachments of the Sternohyoid muscle?
Origin: sternum Insertion: Hyoid bone
65
What is the innervation of the Sternohyoid muscle?
Anterior rami of C1-C3
66
What are the attachments of the Sternothyroid muscle?
Origin: manubrium of sternum Insertion: Thyroid cartilage
67
What is the innervation of the Sternothyroid muscle?
Anterior rami of C1-C3
68
What are the attachments of the Thyrohyoid muscle?
Origin: thyroid cartilage of larynx Insertion: hyoid bone
69
What is the innervation of the Thyrohyoid muscle?
Anterior ramus of C1, carried within hypoglossal nerve
70
Where is the cervical plexus located?
Posterior triangle of the neck Within the prevertebral layer of cervical fascia
71
What forms the cervical plexus?
Anterior rami of C1-C4
72
What are the main muscular branches of the cervical plexus?
Phrenic nerve (C3-C5) Nerves to geniohyoid and thyrohyoid (C1) Ansa Cervicalis (C1-C3)
73
What are the sensory branches of the cervical plexus?
Greater auricular nerve (C2-C3) Transverse cervical nerve (C2-C3) Lesser occipital nerve (C2) Supraclavicular nerve (C3-C4)
74
What arteries supply the head and neck?
Carotid arteries Vertebral arteries
75
At what level does the carotid artery bifurcate?
C4 Carotid triangle
76
What are the end branches of the external carotid artery?
Superficial temporal Maxillary
77
Where does the external carotid artery end?
Within the parotid gland
78
What are the 6 branches of the eternal carotid artery?
Superior thyroid Linguinal Facial Ascending pharyngeal Occipital Posterior auricular
79
Where does the internal carotid artery enter the cranial cavity?
Via the carotid canal in the temporal bone
80
What are the 3 main jugular veins?
External Internal Anterior
81
What 2 veins form the external jugular?
Posterior auricular Retromandibular
82
What muscle does the external jugular vein run anterior to?
Sternocleidomastoid
83
What vein does the external jugular drain into?
Subclavian vein
84
What are the anterior jugular veins?
Paired veins
85
Where is the internal jugular vein located in the neck?
Within the carotid sheath
86
What are the 2 fascias in the neck?
Superficial cervical fascia Deep cervical fascia
87
What does the superficial cervical fascia contain?
Neurovascular supply to skin Superficial veins Superficial lymph nodes Fat Platysma muscle
88
What are the layers of the deep cervical fascia? (superficial to deep)
Investing layer: surrounds all structures in neck Pretracheal layer: spans between hyoid bone and thorax Prevertebral layer: surrounds vertebral column and its associated muscles Carotid sheaths
89
What are the contents of the carotid sheaths?
Common carotid artery Internal jugular vein Vagus nerve Accompanying cervical lymph nodes
90
Where does the pharynx begin and end?
Begins at base of the skull Ends at inferior border of cricoid cartilage (C6)
91
What are the parts of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx
92
What lines the nasopharynx?
Respiratory epithelium: ciliated pseudostratified columnar
93
What does the oropharynx contain?
Posterior 1/3 of tongue Lingual tonsils Palatine tonsils Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
94
What is Waldeyer's ring?
Ring of lymphoid tissue formed by: - Palatine tonsils - Adenoid tonsils - Lingual tonsils
95
What does the laryngopharynx contain?
Middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles
96
What are the 2 main groups of pharyngeal muscles?
Longitudinal Circular
97
What is the innervation of the muscles of the pharynx?
Vagus nerve Except stylopharyngeus- glossopharyngeal nerve
98
What are the circular pharyngeal muscles?
Superior constrictor- oropharynx Middle constrictor- laryngopharynx Inferior constrictor- laryngopharynx
99
What are the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?
Stylopharyngeus Palatopharyngeus Salpingopharynegus
100
Where does the stylopharyngeus arise from?
Styloid process
101
Where does the palatopharyngeus arise from?
Hard palate
102
Where does the salpingopharyngeus arise from?
Eustachian tube
103
What is the innervation of the pharynx?
Pharyngeal plexus: - Pharyngeal branches of IX - Pharyngeal branches of X - Branches from external laryngela nerve - Sympathetic fibres from superior cervical ganglion
104
What is the arterial supply of the pharynx?
Ascending pharyngeal a. Branches of facial a. Branches of lingual and maxillary a.
105
What is the venous drainage of the pharynx?
Pharyngeal venous plexus -> IJV
106
What vertebrae does the larynx span?
C3 to C6
107
What are the 3 sections of the larynx?
Supraglottis Glottis Subglottis
108
Where is the supraglottis?
From inferior surface of epiglottis to vestibular folds
109
What are vestibular folds?
False vocal cords
110
What does the glottis contain?
Vocal cords
111
Where is the subglottis?
From inferior border of glottis to inferior border of cricoid cartilage
112
What lines the interior of the larynx?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
113
What lines the true vocal cords?
Stratified squamous epithelium
114
What is the vasculature of the larynx?
Super and inferior laryngeal arteries Superior and inferior laryngeal veins
115
What is the innervation of the larynx?
Branches of vagus nerve: - Recurrent laryngeal nerve - Superior laryngeal
116
What are the unpaired laryngeal cartilages?
Thyroid Cricoid Epiglottis (elastic)
117
What are the paired laryngeal cartilages?
Arytenoid Corniculate Cuneiform
118
Where are the cuneiform cartilages located?
Within the aryepiglottic folds
119
What are types of soft tissue laryngeal folds?
Vocal folds Vestibular folds
120
What ringed arrangement do the tonsils form?
Waldeyer's ring
121
How are the tonsils classified?
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) - Contain T cells, B cells and macrophages
122
What tonsils form the Waldeyer's ring?
Pharyngeal tonsil 2 tubual tonsils 2 palatine tonsils Lingual tonsil
123
What is the epithelial covering of the lingual tonsil?
Stratified non keratinised squamous epithelium
124
What is the epithelial covering of the pharyngeal tonsil?
Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
125
What is the epithelial covering of the tubal tonsils?
Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
126
What is the epithelial covering of the palatine tonsils?
Stratified non keratinised squamous epithelium

Head and Neck (8 decks)

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