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Neuroscience > Other #4 Cognition II, Consciousness > Flashcards

Other #4 Cognition II, Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of memory

A
  • Nervous system acquires new information
  • Retain this new information over time
  • Use this information to guide behaviors and plan future actions
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2
Q

Definition of Learning

A
  • New information is acquired and is observable through changes in behavior
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3
Q

Temporal memory is based on?

A

Time course

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4
Q

Immediate

A
  • Hold ongoing experiences in the mind for a fraction of a second
  • Large Capacity
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5
Q

Each sensory modality is thought to have own?

A

semi-independent “memory register”

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6
Q

Working (short-term)

A
  • Hold and manipulate information for seconds to minutes while it is used to achieve a particular goal
  • Limited capacity & duration
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7
Q

Long Term

A
  • Retain information in a more permanent form of storage for days, weeks, or even a lifetime
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8
Q

Qualitative memory is based on?

A

Nature of information

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9
Q

Declarative (Explicit)

A

Refers to conscious memory
- Episodic: Memory of events (vacation)
- Semantic: Memory of facts (words)

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10
Q

Non-Declarative (Implicit)

A

Memory expressed through performance independently of consciousness

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11
Q

Priming

A

A change in the processing of a stimulus due to a previous encounter with the same stimulus

exp: completing a word fragment with a previously read word

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12
Q

Skill Learning

A
  • A gradual improvement in performance due to repeated practicing

exp: riding a bicycle

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13
Q

Conditioning

A
  • Simple responses to associations between stimuli

exp: Ori associating me putting on shoes as leaving

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14
Q

Engram

A
  • Memory trace: the physical embodiment of any memory in neuronal machinery
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15
Q

Encoding

A
  • Experience can alter the nervous system, alternations known as memory traces
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16
Q

Acquisition

A
  • Physical modification of the brain caused by incoming sensory information
  • Modification of synaptic transmission
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17
Q

Consolidation

A
  • Immediate and working memories become long-term memories
  • Temporary synaptic modifications are made more permanent
  • Gene expression and protein synthesis
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18
Q

Storage

A
  • Retention of the memory traces over time
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19
Q

Retrieval

A
  • Accessing the stored memory traces
  • Most effective with a retrieval cue
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20
Q

All the forms of memory, including non-declarative memory depends on?

A
  • Changes in Neuronal connectivity
  • Strength of Synaptic transmission
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21
Q

Forgetting

A
  • the ability to forget unimportant information may be critical for normal life
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22
Q

Anatomical Structures for working memory

A
  • Prefrontal cortex
  • Posterior Parietal cortex
  • Animals with lesions have difficulty with delayed response tasks
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23
Q

Anatomical Structure for Encoding

A

Hippocampus
- Animals with lesions are unable to remember a task

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24
Q

Anatomical Structure for Storage

A

Cerebral Cortex
- Animals with large cortical lesions have decreased memory

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25
Q

Anatomical Structure for Rerieving

A

Association Cortices - primarily frontal (Anterior multimodal association cortex)

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26
Q

Anatomical Structure for Non-Declarative Memory (5)

A

Basal Ganglia, Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, Sensory association cortices, cerebellum

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27
Q

Lesions involving connections between basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex

A
  • Impaired ability to learn new motor skills
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28
Q

Function of Memory

A
  • Learn from the past
  • Understand the present
  • plan for the future
29
Q

All cognitive abilities depend on?

A

memory

30
Q

Amnesia

A
  • loss of memory following a neurological insult
  • Anterograde: Inability to establish new memories following insult
  • Retrograde: Inability to retrieve memories prior to insult
31
Q

Language comes into our brains through?

A

Visual and auditory systems

32
Q

Definition of Language

A

Ability to associate symbols with specific meanings to express thoughts and emotions

33
Q

Definition of Speech

A

Audible form of communication built on the sounds that human produce

34
Q

Phonems

A

Fundamental speech sounds

35
Q

Words

A

Combination of Phonemes

36
Q

Sentences

A

Sequences of words that express a thought

37
Q

Grammar

A

words are properly formed and combined in any given language

38
Q

Syntax

A

combinations of grammatically correct words and phrases

39
Q

Prosody

A

Emotional and tonal components of language

40
Q

Pathway of Speech Production

A
  1. Exhalation of air
  2. Air flow through the glottis between vocal folds
  3. Sounds Produced by Vibrations in Tightened Vocal Folds
  4. Sound is modified at stages of the Vocal Tract (Pharynx, Mouth, Nose)
  5. Change in the position of the soft palate, tongue, and lips Modulate Sound for Speech
41
Q

Dysarthria

A
  • Motor speech disorder, resulting from impaired movement of the muscles used for speech
42
Q

Theory of Universal Grammar

A
  • All languages share some basic rules, existing in the neural circuitry
  • There is a language gene
43
Q

Theory of Connectionist

A
  • Framework for the organization of words based on associations
44
Q

Anatomical Structures for production of language

A
  • Broca’s Area
45
Q

Anatomical Structures for Comprehension of Language

A
  • Wernicke’s Area
46
Q

Lateralization

A
  • L Hemisphere = phonetic, word, sentences
  • R hemisphere = expression & comprehension of the affective aspects of speech
47
Q

Function of language

A

Communication

48
Q

Aphasia

A

Inability to produce and comprehend language

49
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A
  • Inability to produce language efficiently
  • Cannot express themselves fluently
  • Impaired ability to express
50
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A
  • Inability to comprehend language
  • difficulty to put together objects or ideas
51
Q

Alexia

A
  • Inability to read, lesion from visual cortex to the left angular gyrus
52
Q

Agraphia

A
  • Inability to write, lesion of the frontal and/or parietal cortex
53
Q

Definition of Executive Function

A
  • Complex cognitive processing requiring several subprocesses to achieve a goal
54
Q

Anatomical structure for executive function

A

Prefrontal cortex

55
Q

Prefrontal cortex receives input from?(7)

A
  • Secondary sensory cortices
  • Parietal cortex
  • Primary sensory cortices
  • Thalamus
  • Amygdala
  • Ventral tegmental area of the midbrain
  • Hippocampus
56
Q

Prefrontal cortex projects to?

A
  • Basal ganglia
  • Premotor cortex
  • Primary motor cortex
57
Q

Function of executive functions

A
  • Support the flexible control of goal-directed behavior
  • Maintaining an individual’s personality
58
Q

A lesion of the lateral prefrontal cortex

A
  • dysexecutive syndrome
  • poor initiation to plan, limited attention, difficulty interacting with others
59
Q

A lesion of the ventral and medial prefrontal cortex

A
  • disinhibition syndrome
  • constant movement, manic sense of humor, inappropriate social situations
60
Q

What are the two components of Consciousness

A
  • Content
  • Level
61
Q

Content of consciousness

A

substrate upon which consciousness acts

62
Q

Level of consciousness

A
  1. Alertness
  2. Attention
  3. Awareness of self and environment
63
Q

A patient’s level of consciousness is defined in terms of?

A

responses to stimuli

64
Q

Coma

A

Unconsciousness and unresponsiveness

65
Q

Stupor

A

unresponsiveness with arousal occuring from repeated stimuli

66
Q

Obtundity

A

State of sleep, reduced alertness, delayed responses to stimuli

67
Q

Delirium

A

Disorientation, confusion

68
Q

Clouding of Consciousness

A

Quiet behavior, confusion, poor attention, delayed response

69
Q

Conscious

A

Alert, aware, memory

Neuroscience (10 decks)

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