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Neuroscience > Other #2 Hypothalamus, Emotional States > Flashcards

Other #2 Hypothalamus, Emotional States Flashcards

1
Q

Location of Hypothalamus

A
  • Inferior to the hypothalamic sulcus
  • Superior to the pituitary gland
  • Caudal to lamina terminalis
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2
Q

What structure does Hypothalamus continuous with?

A

Pituitary Gland

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3
Q

Composition of Hypothalamus

A
  1. Preoptic Area - Rostral
  2. Zones - Caudal to preoptic area. Run Medial - Lateral (Periventricular, Medial, Lateral)
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4
Q

Fibers of the Hypothalamus

A
  • Medial Forebrain Bundle
  • Dorsal Longitudinal Fasciculus
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5
Q

Hypothalamus receives input from? (7 structures) (*Harry’s Hippo Saw Amy’s Brain Power Taking Risks)

A
  • Hippocampus (memory)
  • Septal nuclei (Pleasure / Addiction)
  • Amygdaloid (Emotion)
  • Brainstem (Physiologic systems)
  • Prefrontal cortex (executive function)
  • Thalamus (sensory)
  • Retina (Sensory)
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6
Q

Hypothalamus projects to?

A
  • Amygdaloid
  • Brainstem
  • Thalamus
  • Spinal Cord
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7
Q

Hypothalamus has intrinsic connections with?

A

Pituitary gland

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8
Q

Pituitary gland is divided into?

A

anterior - adenohypophysis
posterior - neurohypophysis

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9
Q

Function of Hypothalamus

A

Integrate autonomic response and endocrine function with behavior (homeostasis & behavior)

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10
Q

Most of the connections in Hypothalamus are?

A

Reciprocal

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11
Q

Which 6 basic physiologic processes does the hypothalamus regulate?

A
  1. Blood pressure and electrolyte composition
  2. Body Temperature
  3. Energy Metabolism
  4. Reproduction
  5. Emergency Response to stress
  6. Sleep-wake cycle
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12
Q

What are the 3 physiological mechanisms Underlying function?

A
  1. Receives sensory and context information
  2. Compares sensory information to biological set points
  3. Activates responses to restore homeostasis
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13
Q

Hypothalamus can be divided in which two areas?

A
  • Caudolateral
  • Rostromedial
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14
Q

Caudolateral Area

A
  • Consists of the posterior (Mamillary) region and lateral zone
  • Anxiety
  • Increased activity of sympathetic division
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15
Q

Rostromedial Area

A
  • Consists of the remaining anterior (supraoptic) and tuberal regions
  • Contentment
  • Increase activity of Parasympathetic
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16
Q

Temperature regulation

A
  • External temperature: thermoreceptors in the skin
  • Internal temperature: Thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus
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17
Q

When blood temperature is below normal

A

Thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus activates heat conservation and heat production
- Heat conservation mediated by autonomic pathways
- Heat production mediated by reticulospinal pathways

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18
Q

For water balance, information about the osmolarity of the blood is monitored by?

A

Osmolarity sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus

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19
Q

Example: When blood osmolarity is high

A
  • Osmolarity sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus stimulate ADH
  • ADH increases water resorption
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20
Q

A lesion of the hypothalamus could result in?

A

specific autonomic, endocrine & memory deficits

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21
Q

A lesion of the pituitary gland could result in?

A

Specific endocrine deficits

22
Q

Emotion state has which two componenets?

A
  1. Emotion
  2. Feeling
23
Q

Emotion refers to?

A

physiological state - increased heart rate and respiration, dry mouth…

24
Q

Emotion occurs?

A

Unconsciously, when the brain detects certain situations that have emotional competence

25
Q

Emotion involves

A

cognitive, endocrine, autonomic, and MSK responses

26
Q

Feeling

A

Cognitive state - happiness, surprise, anger
Conscious experience of cognitive and somatic responses

27
Q

Theories

A
  • Cognitive/ feelings second to Physiological / Emotion
  • Emotional States at Amygdaloid, mediated by hypothalamus (emotions) and Cerebral cortex (feelings)
28
Q

Two examples of physiological state (peripheral expression of emotion)

A
  • Visceral Motor: increase HR & BP / Pupil dilation/hairs become erect
  • Somatic Motor: Arching of back / extend claws/ snarling
29
Q

Hypothalamus receives input from?

A

sense and ventro-medial forebrain

30
Q

Hypothalamus projects to?

A

Brainstem (reticular formation)

31
Q

What type of pathway is in Hypothalamus

A

Parallel pathways

32
Q

Study of the hypothalamus

A
  • Receptors in skin/face = input from senses
  • Normal sensory input lead to normal motor output
  • Emotion comes from our thought, it is sensory not motor
33
Q

Function of the physiological state

A
  • prepares the body for action
  • Communicates our emotional state to other people
34
Q

Cortical Representation of Feeling is associated with?

A

Cortex

35
Q

What does the current theory say about feeling?

A

Unconsciously appraises something as being good/ bad, then conscious reflection

36
Q

Both unconscious and conscious of emotional states involves?

A

Cerebral cortex

37
Q

Example: Patients with prefrontal cortex or cingulate gyrus removed

A
  • Pain is not felt as a powerful unpleasant experience
  • Still perceive pain as a sensation but feelings to pain are diminished
38
Q

What structure is associated with emotion (physiological state)?

A

Hypothalamus

39
Q

What structure is associated with feelings (cognitive state)? play a role in emotional states

A

Limbic (prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus, insular cortex, amygdaloid)

40
Q

Structures from the limbic system receive input from? project to?

A
  • receives input from senses and amygdaloid
  • projects to amygdaloid, hypothalamus, and brainstem
41
Q

Function of the cortical regions in emotional states

A
  • Memory & imagination can evoke feelings (stimulus of fear might not evoke the same feelings level in two people)
  • Use emotional info in cognitive processing
  • Conscious thought can suppress reflex emotional responses
42
Q

Location of Amygdaloid

A

Internal to the uncus of the temporal cortex, Rostral to the hippocampus

43
Q

Composition and connections of Amygdaloid

A
  • Medial group: Olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex
  • Central group: Hypothalamus
  • Basal Lateral group: Cortices (cognitive expression/feelings)
44
Q

Function of Amygdaloid

A
  1. Coordinate physiological and cognitive states of emotional states
  2. Mediates learned and unlearned emotional responses
  3. Invest sensory experience with emotional significance (give things emotional confidence)
  4. Influence selection and initiation of motivation
45
Q

a large lesion of the limbic system could result in?

A

flattening of emotional states

46
Q

Experience of an emotional state is responsible for?

A
  • making rational decisions and judgements that guide social behavior
47
Q

Frontal lobe lesions

A

inappropriate risky decisions when playing cards

48
Q

Bilateral damage to the amygdaloid nuclei

A
  • difficulty judging the trustworthiness of human faces
  • inappropriately friendly behavior towards stranges
49
Q

Emotionality is

A

Lateralized in the cerebral hemispheres

50
Q

Right hemisphere is important for?

A
  • expression and comprehension of affective aspects of speech
  • negative emotion
51
Q

Left hemisphere injury

A

incidence of depression is higher

52
Q

Left hemisphere is involved in?

A

Positive emotion

Neuroscience (10 decks)

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