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Movement Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Output of Posterior Parietal Cortex

A

Premotor cortex

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2
Q

Cingulate Cortex is involved with?

A

Expression of an emotional state

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3
Q

Collateral branches of axons cross the midline via

A

ventral white commissure to reach the opposite ventral horn

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4
Q

Where does Lateral Corticospinal Tract Terminate?

A

Terminate contralaterally in the dorsal lateral region of the ventral horn

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5
Q

Course of Corticospinal

A
  1. Descend through internal capsule
  2. Cerebral pedencles of the midbrain
  3. Basilar pons
  4. Medullary Pyramids
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6
Q

Input to Posterior Parietal Cortex?

A

Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Visual Association Cortex

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7
Q

Function of Posterior Parietal Cortex

A

Sensory contribution of planning and executing of movement

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8
Q

What influence the generation of movement?

A

Local circuits in the spinal cord and brainstem

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9
Q

In Corticospinal, 90% of axons decussate to enter?

A

Lateral funiculus on the opposite side, and form lateral corticospinal tract

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10
Q

Function of Ventral corticospinal tract

A
  • Voluntary control of the proximal and axial muscles
  • involved in balance, posture, and locomotion
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11
Q

Where are Premotor cortex located? and distributed?

A
  • Premotor Cortex are located anterior to the pre central gyrus and anterior paracentral gyrus
  • Distributed along the lateral and medial convexity of the caudal frontal lobe
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12
Q

Premotor Area are active in which 2 tasks

A
  • Preparation to move
  • control of proximal limb muscle during postural adjustment
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13
Q

Function of Primary somatomotor cortex

A

Execution of voluntary movement

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14
Q

Output of Premotor Area & Supplementary Motor Area

A
  • Primary Motor Cortex
  • Brainstem (via corticobulbar tract)
  • Spinal Cord (via corticospinal tract)
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15
Q

What control movements or behaviors?

A

Select regions, not individual muscles

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16
Q

Origin of Corticospinal

A
  • Primary Somatomotor cortex
  • Premotor and Supplementary motor area
  • Other cortical regions
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17
Q

Premotor Cortex include which 5 areas?

A

Premotor Area
Supplementary motor area
Cingulate Cortex

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18
Q

Function of lateral corticospinal tract

A
  • Voluntary control of the distal muscles
  • Essential for discrete finger movement
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19
Q

Force of movement is encoded by?

A

the firing rate

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20
Q

What is the orientation of Cingulate Cortex

A
  • Inferior to the medial convexity
  • Dorsal to Corpus Callosum
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21
Q

Anterior Paracentral Gyrus

A

Lower Extremity

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22
Q

Precentral Gyrus

A

Dorsal Lateral: Upper Extremity
Lateral: Face

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23
Q

Mirror Neurons are active during?

A
  • Performance of a motor act
  • Observation of a motor act
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24
Q

In premotor cortex, neurons are active during?

A

Mental rehearsal of movement

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25
Q

Middle Cerebral artery supports?

A

Lateral Complexity

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26
Q

Representation or size of body parts reflects?

A

Number of neurons innervating the muscles of the body part

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27
Q

Changes of representation of body parts depend on?

A

Horizontal connections and Local inhibitory circuits

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28
Q

Function of Frontal Eye Fields

A

Direct voluntary and memory guided movements

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29
Q

When are neurons active in primary somatomotor cortex?

A

In advance and during movement

30
Q

What are the inputs to Primary Somatomotor Cortex?

A
  • Premotor cortex - plan for movement
  • Primary Somatosensory Cortex & Posterior Parietal Cortex
  • Basal Ganglia & Cerebellum - Modulatory input
31
Q

What is the output of Primary Somatomotor Cortex?

A

Descending System

32
Q

Representation of body parts can change based on?

A

Motor Experience

33
Q

What is the main function of Premotor Cortex?

A

Plan Movement

34
Q

Which Gyrus in Primary Somatomotor Cortex is medial?

A

Anterior Paracentral Gyrus

35
Q

Apraxia

A
  • Disconnection between Posterior Parietal Cortex and Premotor Cortex
  • Inability to perform sequences of muscle contraction
36
Q

Where does Ventral Corticospinal Tract Terminate?

A

Bilaterally on the medial region of the ventral horn

37
Q

What is the muscle field of the upper motor neuron?

A

A single upper motor neuron synapse with several lower motor neuron pools that innervate multiple muscles

38
Q

Anterior Cerebral Artery supports?

A
  • Medial Surface of the hemisphere
  • the legs
39
Q

Lesions of the primary somatomotor cortex / CVA

A
  • Loss of fractionation of movement
  • inability to perform discrete finger movements
  • contralateral weakness
40
Q

Premotor Area

41
Q

Supplementary motor area

42
Q

Direction of Movement is encoded by?

A
  • Population code
  • discharge rate of a group of neurons that are functionally related
43
Q

Supplementary Motor Area are active during what type of movements?

A

Sequential and bimanual movements

44
Q

Lesions of Supplementary Motor Area reduce the?

A

number of self-initated or spontaneous movements

45
Q

Intention input from?

A

Prefrontal Cortex

46
Q

Voluntary motor control involves what type of processing?

A

Serial and parallel

47
Q

Majority of Lateral Corticalspinal Tract are on

A

Interneurons in local spinal circuits

48
Q

Premotor Area are active during? Supplementary Motor Area are active during?

A
  • Premotor Area are active during externally generated behavior (visual stimuli)
  • Supplementary Motor Area are active during Internally generated behavior (memory)
49
Q

Where does Lateral Corticospinal Tract terminate?

A

Contralaterally on the dorsolateral region of the ventral horn

50
Q

Hemispatial (contralaral) neglect syndrome

A

lesion of the right parietal lobe
inability to attent to objects

51
Q

Subset, including Betz cells terminate on?

A

Primarily flexors on the forearm and hand

52
Q

In Area 7, neurons are active when

A

Reaching for an object when the eyes are fixated on it

53
Q

Lesions of Premotor area impair ability to?

A

perform visually cued tasks

54
Q

Input to Premotor Area & Supplementary Motor Area

A

Prefrontal cortex -intention
Primary Somatomotor Cortex & posterior parietal cortex - sensory information

55
Q

In Premotor Cortex, neurons are active?

A

Before and during movements

56
Q

What makes up Broca’s Area

A

Inferior Frontal Gyrus - Pars Opercularis & Pars Triangularis

57
Q

What makes up Frontal Eye Fields?

A

Middle Frontal Gyrus - Caudal Portion

58
Q

In Area 5, neurons are active when

A

reaching for an object when the hand is exploring it

59
Q

Origin of corticobulbar

A

Lateral aspect of Primary Somatomotor cortex

60
Q

How does Corticobulbar terminate?

A

Bilaterally on interneurons in the reticular formation adjacent to CN

61
Q

Which nucleus are bias in favor on contralateral input from corticobulbar

A
  • Trigeminal
  • Lower Facial
  • Hypoglossal
62
Q

Corticobulbar does not supply which three craniel nerves?

A

CN 3, 4, 6

63
Q

What is the main function of corticobulbar?

A

Voluntary movement of the region of the head

64
Q

Lower Facial Drool

A

Lesion of the head region of the primary motor Cortex or the corticobulbar system

65
Q

Lesions within any level of the brainstem may produce? depending on?

A

Corticospinal and Corticobulbar signs, depending on the level of brainstem involved and what CN is damaged

66
Q

Corticospinal signs accompanied by craniel nerve signs are a hallmark of?

A

Brainstem lesions

67
Q

What is the best localizing sign and why?

A

Cranial Nerve deficit, because it provides precise location and level of the lesions

68
Q

Corticorubral Tract

A
  • Origin: Primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, posterior parietal cortex
  • Termination: Red nucleus in the mid brain
69
Q

Corticoreticular

A
  • Origin: premotor cortex
  • Termination: Pontines & Medullary reticular Nuclei
  • Function: Postural control
70
Q

Corticopontine Tract

A
  • Origin: All regions of Cerebral Cortex
  • Termination: Basilar Pontine Nuclei

Neuroscience (10 decks)

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