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Neuroscience > Movement Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Movement Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Non-contractile elements that influence force generation

A

Cytoskeletal protein
Extracellular connective tissue

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2
Q

Simple description of feedforward & feedback

A

Feedforward - motor commands
Feedback - Sensory input that determines whether or not the desired state was matched

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3
Q

Forward model anticipate

A

change in motor system’s state as a result of motor command

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4
Q

Lower motor neurons that innervate axial muscles are? Distal muscles are?

A

Axial muscles - Medial
Distal Muscles - Lateral

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5
Q

Indices of motor neuron size include?

A

Cell bodies, axon diameter, amount of force

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6
Q

Two mechanism for regulation of muscle force

A

Rate coding
Recruitment of motor units

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7
Q

What are the 6 components of motor systems

A

skeletal muscle
spinal cord
Brainstem
Cerebral cortex
Basal Ganglia
Cerebellum

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8
Q

Motor equivalence

A

Motor action performed in different ways with the same result

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9
Q

T-Tubules

A

Sarcolemma that encircle the myofibrils

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10
Q

Errors in Sensorimotor Transformation can also be due to?

A

Increased difficulty with multi-joint movemenet

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11
Q

What does innervation number indicate?

A

The fineness of muscle control

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12
Q

What are the 3 principles of motor control

A

Motor commands arise through sensorimotor transformation
Motor commands are subjective to feedforward and feedback control
Motor commands must adapt to development and experience

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13
Q

Each skeletal muscle fiber is surrounded by?

A

Endomysium

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14
Q

Properties of Fast Fatigable Motor Nerve

A

Large diameter
Fastest conduction velocity
Low Excitability - High threshold

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15
Q

Motor Learning involves? and relies on?

A

involves adapting internal models
relies on different sensory modalities

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16
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers of a single motor unit are usually distributed?

A

Throughout the muscle

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17
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A
  • Autoimmune disease characterized by antibodies that bind and degrade ACh receptors
  • intermittent weakness increases with activity, decreases, with rest
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18
Q

Processing of information involves what type of connections?

A

Parallel and Hierarchial

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19
Q

LMNs that support the flexors are? extensors are?

A

Flexors - dorsal
Extensors - Ventral

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20
Q

Muscles fibers are aligned in parallel bundles that form?

A

Fascicles

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21
Q

Slow muscle fibers

A

Slow contraction speed
Low force
Fatigue resistant
exp: maintaining postures

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22
Q

Where is Motor neuron pool located?

A

ventral horn of spinal cord

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23
Q

Which motor units contract frequently? which motor units contract infrequently?

A

Slow motor units contract frequently
Fast motor units contract infrequently

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24
Q

Movement inaccuracies arise from?

A

Variability and Error in Sensorimotor Transformation

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25
Q

Alpha motor neurons (and gamma) are considered as?

A

Lower Motor neurons, the Final Common Pathway

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26
Q

What are sarcomeres?

A

Contractile unit of muscle fibers

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27
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Cell membrane

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28
Q

What is motor neuron pool

A

a cluster of alpha motor neuron cell bodies that innervate a single muscle

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29
Q

Physical Training can increase?

A

the rate of motor unit firing action potentials

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30
Q

Spinal Muscular Atrophy

A

Degeneration of alpha motor neurons due to SMN genetic disease

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31
Q

What happens at increasing length

A

The decrease in force production by contractile units is offset by passive tension of non-contractile units

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32
Q

Target directed movement tend to follow

A

a straight pathway with smooth increase or decrease in speed

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33
Q

Reflexive movemenet

A

Involuntary stereotyped motor response

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34
Q

A single action potential in the alpha motor neuron results in? and what does it elicit?

A
  • results in a single action potential in the skeletal muscle fiber
  • elicit twitch contraction
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35
Q

Head region of the Thick filament forms the/

A

Cross-bridge between myosin and actin

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36
Q

Force varies with

A

Direction and Rate of Change

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37
Q

CNS forms?

A

Internal model - the relationship between body and the world

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38
Q

What is changing between contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle fibers?

A

Degree of overlap between thick and thin filaments

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39
Q

Extrafusal skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by?

A

one alpha motor neuron and one neuromuscular junction

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40
Q

Neural noise impacts?

A

the accuracy of sensory input and motor output

41
Q

Postsynaptic Membrane is a specialized portion of?

A

Muscle fiber sarcolemma ( Cell membrane)

42
Q

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)

A

Deconstruction of muscle fibers due to lack of the structural protein dystrophin

43
Q

Extrafusal Skeletal muscle fibers are orientated?

A

parallel to the long axis of muscle fiber

44
Q

Voluntary movement is depended on?

A

context associated sensory inputs

45
Q

Head region of the thick element has?

A

ATP, ATPase, and acting binding sites

46
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

A

Demyelination of nerves
Usually happens after infection

47
Q

Reflexive movement is generated by?

A

Simple neural circuity in spinal cord or brainstem

48
Q

Definition of Rhythmic movement

A

Involuntary (voluntary) coordinated repetitive contracting and relaxation of muscles

49
Q

Which regulation of muscle force is associated with size principle?

A

Recruitment of motor units

50
Q

A single action potential is insufficient to?

A

Release enough calcium
Permit formation of all cross bridges

51
Q

Reflexive movement is adaptable to?

A

Change in behavioral goals

52
Q

Which model is responsible for control?
Which model is responsible for prediction?

A

Control - Inverse model
Prediction - Forward model

53
Q

Descending input comes from?

A

Upper Motor neurons

54
Q

Inverse Kinematics Transformation

A

Determine the join trajectories needed to achieve the path to the target

55
Q

Steps of Excitation-Contraction Coupling

A
  1. Action potential in alpha motor neurons
  2. Ach releases at NMJ
  3. ACh binds to ACh receptors
  4. depolarizes sarcolemma
  5. Action Potential conducted via T-tubules
  6. Signal SR to release Calcium
  7. Calcium binds to troponin
  8. Exposes Actin Binding site
  9. Sliding filament theory
  10. Calcium reuptake
56
Q

Where are the Lower motor neurons that innervate upper limb muscles? Lower limb muscles?

A

Upper - Cervical enlargement
Lower - Lumbosacral enlargement

57
Q

Example of rhythmic movement

A

Locomotion

58
Q

What are the two types of Internal Models?

A
  • Inverse model
  • Forward model
59
Q

Pathway of alpha motor neurons

A
  1. Ventral horn
  2. Ventral roots
  3. Spinal Nerves
  4. Primary Dorsal and Ventral Rami
  5. Peripheral Nerves
  6. Terminate at skeletal muscle fibers
60
Q

Inverse model determines the?

A

motor command needed to achieve the desired state

61
Q

What is Rate Coding?

A

Altering the firing rate of alpha motor neurons

62
Q

Signs of Neurological conditions

A

Negative - loss of something
Positive - Appearance of something abnormal

63
Q

What does Forward model do?

A

Estimate sensory input based on motor outputs
Use a copy of previous motor command

64
Q

Signs of Lower Motor Neuron Damage

A
  • Flaccid Paralysis - can lead to muscle atrophy
  • Fibrillation - involuntary contractions of motor units
  • Hypotonia
  • Hyporeflexia
65
Q

Inverse model and forward model work together to?

A

Detect and adjust the difference between desired behavior and actual behavior

66
Q

Fast Fatigue Resistant

A

Intermediate Contraction Speed, Force, and fatigability

67
Q

Recruitment of Motor units enables activation in the order of?

A

Increasing force and fatigability

68
Q

Inverse Dynamic Transformation

A

Determine the Joint Torque needed to achieve the Joint Trajectories

69
Q

Lengthening Contractions (Eccentric)

A

Force increases and the rate of lengthening increases

70
Q

What type of movement can be improved with experience?

A

Voluntary

71
Q

Myofibrils are composed of?

A

Series of Sarcomeres

72
Q

What is the size principle?

A

Smallest motor units recruited first and Largest motor units recruited last

73
Q

Neuromuscular junction is a specialized chemical synapse between?

A

Alpha motor neurons and skeletal muscle fiber

74
Q

What are the two movement strategies?

A
  • Movement involve activation of many muscles
  • Muscle work depends on the pattern of activation
75
Q

A rapid Series of increased action potentials is able to release?

A

enough calcium to bind to the troponin sites, maximizing cross bridge formation

76
Q

Feedforward

A
  • Motor command for initial part of movement
  • Based of desired state
  • Rapid
77
Q

Cross Bridge can only be formed when

A

Thick and Thin Filaments overlap

78
Q

What are the 3 components of Motor unit

A
  • Alpha Motor Neuron
  • Neuromuscular junction
  • Extrafusal skeletal muscle fibers
79
Q

Spinal interneurons receive input from?

A

Primary sensory neurons, upper motor neurons, collateral from alpha motor neurons

80
Q

Movement involves muscles that have which 3 functions?

A
  • Produce desired displacement
  • Reduce unintended actions
  • Establish Rigid Connections
81
Q

Steps used to generate a particular movement

A
  1. Spatial Orientation
  2. Movement Planning
  3. Inverse Kinematics Transformation
    4, Inverse Dynamic Transformation
82
Q

Voluntary movement

A

Intentional, under conscious control of the brain

83
Q

Skeletal muscles are surrounded by?

A

Epimysium

84
Q

Where are thick filaments located? what are they composed of?

A
  • Located in the middle of the sarcomere
  • Composed Primarily of myosin molecules
85
Q

Sarcomeres are consisted of? Extend between?

A
  • Consisted of thick and thin filaments
  • Extend between the Z disk
86
Q

Where are thin filaments located? What are they composed of?

A
  • Located at the end of the sarcomere
  • Composed of actin, myosin, and troponin
87
Q

What does Inverse model do?

A

Calculates motor output based on sensory input

88
Q

Fascicles are aligned in parallel forming?

A

a skeletal muscle

89
Q

Which 3 factors have an effect on force, velocity, and range of motion?

A
  • Arrangement of the sarcomeres
  • Organization of the muscle fibers
  • Location of the muscles on the skeleton
90
Q

Sarcroplasmic Reticulum (SR)

A

specialized endoplasmic reticulum that surrounds individual myofibrils

91
Q

Presynaptic Terminal of Alpha Motor Neurons contain?

A

synaptic vesicles that are filled with ACh

92
Q

Properties of Slow Motor Nerve

A
  • Small Diameter
  • Fast conduction velocity
  • High Excitability - Lower threshold
93
Q

The number and force of each cross bridge is influenced by?

A
  • Calcium concentration in the SR
  • Degree of overlap between thick and thin filaments
  • Velocity of sliding between thick and thin filaments
94
Q

Sliding Filament Theory

A
  1. Energy released from ATP
  2. Rowing motion of the myosin cross bridge
  3. Thin filament sliding relative to the thick filaments
  4. Shortening of the Sarcomeres
95
Q

The smaller the innervation number

A

The finer the motor control
larger number of motor units with smaller number of skeletal muscle fiber

96
Q

Feedback

A
  • Based on comparison between desired and sense state during the movement
  • Error used to adjust output
  • slow
97
Q

Extrafusal skeletal muscle fibers are classified as?

A

Type I (slow)
Type II (fast)

98
Q

Postsynaptic membrane has

A
  • Subjectional folds that increase surface area
  • ACh receptors

Neuroscience (10 decks)

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