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Neuroscience > Other #3 Motivation & Cognition I > Flashcards

Other #3 Motivation & Cognition I Flashcards

1
Q

Motivation

A

Activate behaviors to satisfy needs or achieve goals

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2
Q

Hedonic

A

Pleasant experience

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3
Q

Rewards

A

things or stimuli that have positive value

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4
Q

Motivation arise through which two inputs?

A

Internal - Physiological error signals and circadian clock

External - Incentive stimuli

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5
Q

Regulatory Behavior (feeding, drinking)

A
  • in response to physiological errors
  • aim to maintain homeostasis
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6
Q

Non-regulatory Behavior

A
  • Compensatory responses to deprivation, hedonic, or a drive reduction
  • do not aim to maintain homeostasis
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7
Q

Example of Regulatory Behaviors - Feeding

A

Long term:
- Maintenance of Energy balance
- Regulation of body’s fat reserve

Short term:
- Appetite, eating, digestion, satiety
- Regulation of meal size and frequency

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8
Q

Anatomical Structure of Regulatory Behaviors

A

Hypothalamus

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8
Q

Example of Non-Regulatory Behaviors : Electrical Self-Stimulation by a Rat

A
  • Electrical stimulation can provide a reward that reinforces the work
  • Electrical stimulation and incentive stimuli activate dopaminergic neurons
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9
Q

Anatomical Structures of Non-Regulatory Behaviors

A

Ventral Tegmental Area of the Midbrain

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10
Q

What neurons signal error in reward prediction?

A

Dopamine neurons

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11
Q

Events that are better than expected

A

dopamine neurons to increase firing rate

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12
Q

Events that are worse than expected

A

Dopamine neurons to decrease firing rate

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13
Q

Events that are as expected

A

no change in firing

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14
Q

What type of behaviors are repeated?

A

Behaviors that cause better than expected or expected outcomes

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15
Q

Ventral Tegmental Area of the Midbrain receives input from?

A

brainstem, nucleus accumbens, and medial prefrontal cortex

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16
Q

Ventral Tegmental Area of the Midbrain projects to?

A

Nucleus Accumbens, medial prefrontal cortex

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17
Q

What does Motivation influence?

A
  • attentiveness
  • goal selection
  • investment of effort
  • responsiveness to stimuli
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18
Q

Diminished motivation

A
  • Apathy: lack of feeling/emotion
  • Abulia: loss of will power, drive, initiative
  • Akinetic Mutism: wakeful state with no spontaneous movement or verbalization
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19
Q

Purves definition of Cognitive

A
  • Ability to attend to external stimuli or internal motivation
  • Ability to identify the significance of such stimuli
  • Ability to make appropriate responses
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20
Q

Structure of Association Cortices of Cognition

A
  • Prefrontal Cortex: Anterior Multimodal Association Cortex
  • PTO Association cortex: Posterior Multimodal Association Cortex (Sensory input)
21
Q

Connection of the Multimodal Association Cortices

A

Reciprocal

22
Q

Association Cortices receive input from?

A

-hippocampus
-amygdala
-thalamus
-Brainstem modulatory systems

23
Q

Association Cortices project to?

A
  • Hippocampus
  • Amygdala
  • Thalamus
  • Basal Ganglia
  • Brainstem
  • Spinal Cord
24
Q

Function of the multimodal association cortices

A
  • Parietal: Space and attention
  • Temporal: Recognition and identification of stimuli
  • Frontal: Planning and Decision Making
25
Q

A lesion of either temporal lobe can result in?

A

Agnosias - difficulty recognizing / identifying/ naming objects

26
Q

Definition of Attention

A
  • Selective awareness of a part of the environment
  • Selective response to one class of stimuli
  • Limited in Capacity. Related to but distinct from consciousness
27
Q

Clinical models of attention from least to most difficult

A
  • Focus
  • Sustained
  • Selective
  • Alternating
  • Divided
28
Q

Focused

A
  • Ability to respond discretely to specific visual, auditory, or tactile stimuli

Example: Listening to hear if the washing machine has stopped

29
Q

Sustained

A
  • Ability to maintain a consistent behavioral response during continuous and repetitive activity

example: Watching an EKG monitor

30
Q

Selective

A
  • Focus on one selected stimulus in the environment and block out others
31
Q

Selective can be divided in which two categories

A
  • Overt: Directing our eyes or ears towards a stimulus ( Identifying a face in a crowd)
  • Covert: Attending to a stimulus source without directing our eyes or ears towards the stimulus source (Looking at one person but listening to another)
32
Q

Alternating

A
  • Shift attention between tasks that require different cognition

example: Reading and making a recipe

33
Q

Divided

A

Respond simultaneously to multiple tasks

example: Driving a car while talking to other people

34
Q

How is attention directed?

A
  • Exogenous (Bottom-UP): Directed by a stimulus
  • Endogenous (Top- Down) : Directed by behavioral goals and other intrinsic factors
35
Q

Theories - Early selection

A
  • Low Level Gating mechanism
  • Filter out irrelevant information before the completion of analysis
36
Q

Theories - Late selection

A
  • All stimuli are processed
  • Completion of analysis before there is a high level gating mechanism that can filter out irrelevant info
37
Q

There is possibility of top-down selection at?

A

early, middle, or later stages of stimulus processing

38
Q

Current research of attention is focused on?

A
  • effects of attention on stimulus processing
  • control of attention
39
Q

Parietal Cortex (Attention)

A
  • inferior and posterior parietal
  • Neurons are activated when an animal attends to a stimulus
  • Neurons activated when animal responds to a behaviorally meaningful stimulus
  • strength of the response = amount of attention
40
Q

Frontal Cortex (Attention)

A
  • Frontal Eye Fields & prefrontal
  • Stimulation of neurons responsible for motor field where stimulus is located, results in enhanced visual performance
41
Q

Other (Attention)

A
  • Thalamus
  • Superior Colliculus
42
Q

Fan& Posner

A

Theory of Attentional Networks

43
Q

Alerting

A
  • lowest level
  • change in internal state in preparation for perceiving a stimulus
  • Thalamus, Parietal Cortex, Frontal Cortex, Brainstem
44
Q

Orienting

A
  • Rapid/slow shifting of attention among objects either in one or many sensory modalities
  • Superior Colliculus, Parietal Cortex, Thalamus, Frontal Eye Fields
45
Q

Executive Control

A
  • Highest Level
  • Prefrontal cortex
  • Error detection, Decision Making, Planning
46
Q

Right Parietal Cortex mediates attention to?

A

Left and Right halves of the body & Extrapersonal Space

47
Q

Left Parietal Cortex Mediates attention to?

A

Right half of the body and extrapersonal space

48
Q

Hemispheric bias is thought to arise from?

A
  • Specialization of the left hemisphere for language
49
Q

Hemispatial Neglect Syndrome

A
  • inability to attend to objects / self in a portion of space
  • Most commonly due to right parietal lobe lesions

Example: R Lesion - lose entire L side

L Lesion - still have R side from R parietal cortex

50
Q

Function of Attention

A
  • Enhance neuronal sensitivity ( Selectively enhancing neuronal responses)
  • Improve Reaction Times (Improves the speed and accuracy of behavioral responses to attended stimuli)

Neuroscience (10 decks)

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