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1
Q

Autonomic Nervous System is composed of structures associated with?

A

Internal Organs and Viscera, smooth muscle, and glandular epithelium

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2
Q

Autonomic Nervous System mediates?

A

Visceral reflexes through local circuits in the spinal cord and brainstem

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3
Q

Viscerosensory System conveys information about?

A

status of visceral organs and internal body conditions

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4
Q

Viscerosensory system functions in parallel with?

A

Somatosensory pathways

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5
Q

In Viscerosensory system, information is transmitted via?

A

Dorsal root ganglion neurons and CN 9 and 10

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6
Q

What are the two types of receptors in Viscerosensory system?

A

-Nociceptors
- Physiologic

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7
Q

What do Nociceptors respond to?

A
  • Potential damage to tissue
  • Presence of damaged tissue
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8
Q

Visceral pain is often described as?

A

diffuse and difficult to localize
-because low receptor density with large receptor fields

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9
Q

What do Physiologic receptors respond to?

A

Innocuous stimuli, monitoring the function of visceral structures on a continuing basis

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10
Q

Fibers of Viscerosensory

A
  • General visceral Afferent
  • Classified as type III and IV (Slow)
  • Travel through sympathetic or parasympathetic pathways
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11
Q

Sympathetic Pathways convey info from?

A

Nociceptors
- pain

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12
Q

Parasympathetic Pathways convey info from?

A

Physiologic receptors

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13
Q

Viscerosensory fibers enter the spinal cord at a particular level that?

A

Receives GVE input from the same spinal levels

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14
Q

What type of information reach the level of consciousness? and what doesn’t?

A
  • information related to pain reaches the level of consciousness
  • visceral activity that enter the spinal cord doesn’t
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15
Q

What are the two target areas of viscerosensory system?

A
  • Reticular Formation
  • Nucleus of the Solitary Tract
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16
Q

What is Reticular Formation

A

Diffuse and ill-defined collection of nuclei spread among the structures of brainstem

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17
Q

What type of information does reticular formation receive?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Viscerosensory

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18
Q

Reticular Formation projects to?

A

Thalamus and Hypothalamus, which ultimately project to the cerebral cortex

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19
Q

Largest number of Reticular Formation terminate in?

A

Frontal lobe

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20
Q

What structure is responsible for alert or activate the cerebral cortex?

A

Reticular Formation
- reticulothalamic and thalamocortical

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21
Q

What does ascending reticular activating system consist of?

A

Reticulothalamic
Thalamocortical

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22
Q

Where are Nucleus of the Solitary Tract Located?

A

medulla

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23
Q

What information does Nucleus of the Solitary Tract receive?

A

Parasympathetic viscerosensory info

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24
Q

Where do Nucleus of the Solitary Tract project to?

A
  • Brainstem nuclei that are involved in pharyngeal and laryngeal reflexes
  • Central regulation of respiratory, cardiovascular, and GI functions
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25
Q

What is referred pain?

A
  • Noxious stimuli that originate in a visceral structure arise from a somatic structure
  • Convergence of somatic and visceral information onto dorsal horn neurons
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26
Q

What are the target tissues of Visceromotor System

A

Cardiac muscles
Smooth muscles
Glandular Epithelium

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27
Q

What type of influence do Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions typically have/

A

Antagonist

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28
Q

*Sympathetic division alone innervates target tissue of?

A
  • Body wall and extremities
  • Adrenal medulla
  • Arterial blood vessels
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29
Q

Pathway from the Brainstem or Spinal Cord to the target tissues consists of?

A

Two neurons

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30
Q

Preganglionic Neurons

A
  • Cell body in the CNS
  • myelinated axon projects to autonomic ganglion where Postganglionic Neurons are
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31
Q

Postganglionic Neuron

A
  • Cell body in an autonomic Ganglion
  • unmyelinated axon projects to the target tissue
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32
Q

What is an exception in the sympathetic division?

A

Preganglionic neurons can synapse directly in adrenal medulla

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33
Q

Visceral motor neuron and their targets are not organized into?

A

Discrete motor units

34
Q

Terminal Branches of postganglion neurons have?

A

series of swelling containing neurotransmitter vesicles along their length, beaded appearance

35
Q

*The autonomic nervous system exerts a?

A

diffuse control over target tissues

36
Q

Function of Visceromotor System?

A
  • Tonically active - background firing
  • Homeostasis (respond to changes in internal/external environment)
    - Control Visceral functions
    - Adaptive response to Stimuli
37
Q

Origin of Sympathetic Outflow

A

Thoracolumbar Fascia
T1- L2 Lateral Horn

38
Q

What does the sympathetic division have?

A

Short preganglionic fibers
Long postganglionic fibers

39
Q

Where are the Preganglionic Neurons located in sympathetic division?

A

T1 - L2 Lateral horn of spinal cord

40
Q

General Pathway of the Preganglionic Neurons

A

Ventral roots > Spinal Nerves >Sympathetic trunk

-exit the spinal cord via ventral roots
- enter the sympathetic trunk via the white communicating rami

41
Q

3 different ways that the preganglionic neurons can synapse?

A
  • in a paravertebral ganglion, at the same level or up and down
  • pass through the paravertebral ganglion to form splanchnic nerve
  • Directly onto the adrenal medulla
42
Q

What is the endocrine gland that secrets both epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

Adrenal Medulla

43
Q

Postganglionic Neurons are grouped into?

A

Discrete ganglia

44
Q

Postganglionic cell bodies can either be in?

A

Paravertebral ganglion or pre vertebral ganglion

45
Q

Postganglionic Cell body in paravertbral ganglion (sympathetic)

A
  • Innervate the target tissues of the head, body wall, and extremities
  • Innervate the target tissues of head and thorax
46
Q

Postganglionic Cell body in paravertbral ganglion can exit the sympathetic trunk in which two pathways

A
  • through gray communicating ramus into a spinal nerve
  • as carotid, cardiac, or pulmonary nerve
47
Q

Postganglionic Cell body in prevertebral ganglion receive input from? (Sympathetic)

A

Splanchnic Nerves

48
Q

What contributes to the formation of a perivascular plexus?

A

Axon of the Postganglion cell body in prevertebral ganglion

49
Q

Postganglion cell body in prevertebral ganglion innervate?( sympathetic)

A

Target tissues of the abdomen and pelvis

50
Q

Paraverterbral Ganglia is connected to spinal nerves via

A

White communicating rami - input, T1- L2 Levels

Gray Communicating rami - output

51
Q

Prevertebral Ganglia is associated with?

A

Abdominal Aorta and its branches

52
Q

How do Preganglion Neurons synapse with Postganglionic Neurons in Sympathetic Division?

A

Pregranlin neurons branch in the periphery and synapse on many post ganglion neurons

53
Q

In sympathetic division, Postganglionic neurons receive synaptic input from?

A

Many preganglion neurons

54
Q

Neurotransmitters & Receptors (Both Sympathetic and Parasympathetic)
- Pre and postganglionic Neurons Synapse

A

-Neurotrasmitters: Acetylcholine
- Receptors: Cholinergic Nicotinic (Ionotropic, fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials)

55
Q

Neurotransmitters & Receptors (Sympathetic)
- Postganglionic and Target tissue

A
  • Neurotransmitters: Norepinephrine
  • Receptors: Adrenergic (Metabotropic, slow excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials)
56
Q

Beta 1

A

Excitatory effects on cardiac muscle, Beta blocker inhibit this to slow down the heart rate

57
Q

Function of sympathetic division

A
  • Mobilization of resources for intensive activity (Fight or flight reaction)
  • Maintain homeostasis, selective control of viscera
58
Q

What enhances the sympathetic response to stress?

A

Stimulation of the adrenal medulla

59
Q

Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

A
  • Problem on sympathetic side
  • Intense chronic pain from abnormal connections b/w neurons
  • Always see it following another injury
60
Q

Origin of Parasympathetic Outflow

A

Craniosacral
- Associated with CN 3, 7, 9, 10
- S2 - S4 Spinal Cord

61
Q

Parasympathetic division has?

A
  • Long preganglionic fibers
  • Short postganglionic fibers
62
Q

Long Preganglion neurons in Parasympathetic Division

A

Cranial - Axon exit the brainstem as CN 3, 7, 9, 10
Sacral - Axon exit the spinal cord S2 - S4 and form pelvic nerves

63
Q

Short postganglionic neurons (CN 3,7,9) in Parasympathetic Division

A
  • Cell bodies in CN 3,7, 9
    *Axon travel with CN 5
  • Innervate some of the target tissue of the head
64
Q

Short postganglionic neurons in Parasympathetic Division - CN X & Sacral

A
  • Cell body in Terminal ganglia
  • Axons located in target tissue
  • Innervate tissues of body cavities
65
Q

Ganglia of Parasympathetic Division

A
  • Selected Cranial in the head
  • Terminal in or on the wall of organs
66
Q

In Parasympathetic Division, Each postganglionic neuron receives synaptic input from?

A

Only one or a few Preganglionic neurons

67
Q

Neurotransmitters & Receptors (Parasympathetic)
- Postganglionic and Target tissue

A
  • Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine
  • Receptors: Cholinergic - Muscarine * (Metabotropic)
68
Q

M1

A

Excitatory on smooth muscle and glandular tissue

69
Q

M2

A

Inhibitory effects on smooth muscle and glandular tissue

70
Q

Function of Parasympathetic

A
  • Promotion of restorative processes (Rest & Digest)
  • Ongoing, selective control of viscera
71
Q

Organization of Enteric Division

A

receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic inputs

72
Q

Function of Enteric Division

A
  • Coordinates contraction of GI smooth muscle
  • Regulates secretion and blood flow
73
Q

Main function of Central Autonomic Network

A

Coordinate visceral motor, endocrine, and somatic motor outflow

74
Q

What 3 structures make up Central Autonomic Network

A
  • Reticular Formation
  • Nucleus of the solitary tract
  • Hypothalamus
75
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Highest integrator of autonomic and endocrine function
76
Q

Nucleus of the Solitary Tract

A
  • Most important brainstem structure coordinating autonomic function
77
Q

What are the two components of Nucleus of the solitary tract

A
  • Caudal (Visceral)
  • Rostral (gustatory)
78
Q

Nucleus of the solitary tract receives what information?

A

General and Special Visceral sensory information

79
Q

Axon of the Nucleus of the solitary tract projects to?

A
  • Preganglionic neurons
  • Autonomic center in Reticular Formation
  • Higher Integrative center in hypothalamus
80
Q

Reticular formation receives what information

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

81
Q

Reticular Formation projects to?

A

Preganglionic neurons in the brainstem, spinal cord, and hypothalamus

Neuroscience (10 decks)

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