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Exam 3 final review Flashcards

1
Q

Inputs of Striatum

A

Cerebral cortex - GABA (inhibitory)
Substantia Nigra - Pars Compacta - Excitatory or Inhibitory (Dopamine)

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2
Q

Outputs of Striatum

A

Globus Pallidus
Substantia Nigra - Pars reticulata

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3
Q

Inputs of Globus Pallidus

A

Striatum - Inhibitory (GABA)
Subthalamic Nucleus - Excitatory (Glutamate)

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4
Q

Outputs of Globus Pallidus

A

Internal Segments - Striatum
External Segments - Subthalamic Nucleus

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5
Q

Input of Subthalamic Nucleus

A

Globus Pallidus - External Segments - Inhibitory (GABA)

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6
Q

Output of Subthalamic Nucleus

A

Globus Pallidus - Internal Segment

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7
Q

Inputs of Substantia Nigra

A

Striatum - Inhibitory (GABA)
Globus Pallidus - Inhibitory (GABA)

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8
Q

Outputs of Substantia Nigra

A

Pars Compacta - Striatum - Modulates inputs from the cerebral cortex
Pars Reticulata - Superior Colliculus - Neural control of saccade

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9
Q

Dendritic tree of Purkinje Layer

A

Projects into molecular layer, receives input from Parallel fibers of Granule cells and afferent climbing fibers

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10
Q

Axon of Purkinje Layer

A

Projects into vestibular or cerebellar nuclei

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11
Q

Purkinje cells

A

Only efferent neurons of the cortex: leaving the cerebellar cortex

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12
Q

Superior Peduncles

A

Output to the thalamus and brainstem (motor cortices and upper motor neurons)

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13
Q

Middle Peduncles

A

Input from the pontine nuclei (from the motor cortices)

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14
Q

Inferior Peduncles

A

Input from the brainstem and spinal cord (sensory)

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15
Q

Pontine Nuclei

A

Information about intended movement
Internal feedback

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16
Q

Sensory input to the cerebellum

A

Information about actual movement
external feedback

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17
Q

Inferior Olivary Nucleus receives input from

A

Cerebral cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord

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18
Q

Output of Cerebellum

A

Motor Cortex
Brainstem
no direct output to the lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord

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19
Q

Input of Primary somatomotor cortex

A

Premotor cortex
Primary somatosensory cortex & posterior parietal cortex
Basal ganglia & cerebellum

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20
Q

Output of Primary somatomotor cortex

A

descending system

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21
Q

Input of Premotor cortex

A

Prefrontal cortex
Primary somatosensory cortex & posterior parietal cortex

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22
Q

Output of Premotor cortex

A

Primary motor cortex
Brainstem
Spinal Cord

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23
Q

Input of Posterior Parietal Cortex

A

Primary Somatosensory cortex
visual association cortex

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24
Q

Output of Posterior Parietal Cortex

A

Primarily premotor cortex

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25
Q

Origin of Corticospinal

A

Primary Somatomotor Cortex
Premotor and supplementary motor areas
Primary Somatosensory cortex
Superior Parietal Lobule
Cingulate Gyrus

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26
Q

Hypokinetic

A
  • lack of disinhibition of the thalamus by the direct pathway
  • Increased inhibition of the thalamus by the indirect pathway
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27
Q

Hyperkinetic

A

Disruption of the indirect pathway

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28
Q

Input of Vestibulocerebellum

A

Vestibular neuron & nuclei, visual

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29
Q

Output of Vesstibulocerebellum

A

Vestibular nuclei, Reticular nuclei, superior colliculus

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30
Q

Input of Cerebrocerebellum

A

Pontine Nuclei, Inferior Olive Nucleus

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31
Q

Output of Cerebrocerebellum

A

Motor cortices, Red nucleus

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32
Q

Outputs of Cerebellar cortex

A
  • Motor Cortices
  • Brainstem
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33
Q

Dysdiadochokinesia

A

unable to sustain a regular rhythm or produce an even force

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34
Q

Akinesia

A

Impairment of initiation of movement

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35
Q

Oculomotor Loop is involved in?

A

Control of saccades, by releasing the superior colliculus from inhibition

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36
Q

Prefrontal loop has which two separate pathways? and what are they involved in?

A
  • Dorsolateral Prefrontal - initiation and termination of cognitive processes
  • Lateral Orbitofrontal - mediation of empathic and socially approriate behavior
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37
Q

Ballismus

A

Hyperkinetic Disturbances

38
Q

Which category of movement is adaptable to changes in behavioral goals?

39
Q

Which category of movement can be improved with experience?

40
Q

What does neural noise limit?

A

Accuracy of sensory input and motor output

41
Q

What is the elementary unit of motor control?

A

Motor Unit

42
Q

Muscle unit doesn’t have?

A

Alpha motor neuron

43
Q

What does alpha motor neuron innervate?

A

Extrafusal skeletal muscle fibers

44
Q

Where does alpha motor neuron terminate?

A

Neuromuscular junctions on skeletal muscle fibers

45
Q

LMNs that innervate axial muscles are?

46
Q

LMNs that innervate distal muscles are?

47
Q

LMNs that innervate flexors are?

48
Q

LMNs that innervate extensors are?

49
Q

Signs of Lower Motor Neuron Damage

A

Flaccid Paralysis
Fibrillation
Hypotonia
Hyporeflexia

50
Q

What are the contractile unit of striated muscle fibers?

A

Sarcomeres

51
Q

What structure encircle myofibrils?

52
Q

What structure surrounds individual myofibrils?

53
Q

Each muscle fiber is surrounded by?

A

Endomysium

54
Q

Skeletal muscles are surrounded by?

55
Q

Muscle force varies with?

A

Direction and rate of change

56
Q

What is the efferent innervation of muscle spindle?

A

Gamma Motor Neurons

57
Q

What does Alpha-Gamma Coactivation allow?

A

Muscle spindles to maintain their sensitivity to changes of muscle length during muscle contraction

58
Q

What structure detect change in muscle length and rate of change of muscle length?

A

Muscle Spindle

59
Q

What is the primary source of input to alpha motor neurons?

A

Spinal Interneurons

60
Q

Reflexes are mediated through which pathways?

A

Spinal and supraspinal pathways

61
Q

What is the motor response of Myotatic

A

Contraction of the stretched muscle

62
Q

What is the Motor Response of GTO Circuit?

A

Relaxation of the tense muscle

63
Q

Myotatic Reflex

A

Collaterals of Type Ia sensory neurons

64
Q

Volitional Movement

A

Collaterals of descending axons

65
Q

What is the main function of reciprocal innervation?

A

Enhances speed and efficiency

66
Q

What amplifies the sensory input?

A

Divergence

67
Q

What increases the flexibility of reflex responses?

A

Convergence

68
Q

Modulation of Local Spinal Circuits can occur at which three sites?

A

Alpha Motor neurons
Interneurons in polysynaptic pathways
Afferent axon terminals

69
Q

Muscle TOne is based on?

A

Intrinsic stiffness of muscle
Myotatic reflex loop

70
Q

Rhythm Generataor

A

Flexor & Extensor Half Centers- generating inhibitory interneurons

71
Q

Brainstem Centers

A

Initiates and regulates the speed of walking

72
Q

Cerebellum

A

Regulates the timing and intensity of the descending input, coordinating the stepping movements

73
Q

Motor Cortex

A

Plans, initiates, and executes voluntary movemenets

74
Q

Motor Response of Corneal Blink Reflex

A

Contraction of the orbicularis oculi resulting in eyelid closure

75
Q

Input of Upper Motor Neurons

A

Brainstem
Cerebral Cortex
Cerebellum

76
Q

Maintaining Support Against Gravity is controlled at?

A

Spinal Cord Level

77
Q

Maintaining Balance is controlled at

A

subcortical and cortical levels

78
Q

Extend base of support

A

stepping or using the upper limb

79
Q

What is Somatosensory System important for?

A

Timing and direction of responses

80
Q

Vestibular System is important for?

A

Balance on unstable surfaces and during head movements

81
Q

Cerebellum is interconnected with?

A

vestibular nuclei and reticular formation

82
Q

Pontine Reticular Formation

A

Horizontal Movement

83
Q

Mesencephalic Reticular Formation

A

Vertical movements

84
Q

What neuron gives rise to the pulse of ocular motor nuclei?

85
Q

Function of Superior Colliculus

A

Directs reflexive orienting movements of the eyes and head

86
Q

Function of Frontal Eye Fields

A

Direct Voluntary and memory guided eye movements

87
Q

What does Basal Ganglia inhibit?

A

Superior Colliculus

Neuroscience (10 decks)

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