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IUSM Histology > Osteochondrogenesis/Joint Components > Flashcards

Osteochondrogenesis/Joint Components Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of bone histogenesis?

A

Intromembranous and endochondral bone formation

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2
Q

What is bone remodeling?

A

The combination of bone formation and resorption

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3
Q

Is remodeling faster in primary or secondary bone?

A

Primary Bone

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4
Q

What is the relationship of Ca and bone?

A

Bone stores Ca used to buffer the levels of Calcium present in the blood.

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5
Q

Describe the mineral and H2O content of old osteons.

A

Highest mineral concentration and lowest H2O content

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6
Q

Describe the process of osteoclast activity.

A

Erosion tunnel and 2 weeks later, apoptosis

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7
Q

Describe the process of new bone being laid down

A

Osteoblasts –> cementing substance (forms cementing/reversal line) –> blasts get caught, become cytes.

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8
Q

Name flat bones.

A

Skull, facial bones, mandible, clavicle, pelvis

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9
Q

What type of tissue houses intramembranous bone formation?

A

Highly vascular mesenchymal tissue

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10
Q

List a few signalling factors involved in intramembranous bone formation.

A

Wnt, hedgehog, FGF, TGF-beta

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11
Q

What forms a primary ossification center?

A

Condensed mesenchymal cells, which differentiate into osteoblasts

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12
Q

What do the osteoblasts in intramembranous bone formation secrete?

A

Osteoid collagen

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13
Q

Whats another term for the bone formed with osteoid collagen?

A

Woven Bone

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14
Q

Collagen secretion eventually causes osteoblasts to…

A

become caught in the matrix, becoming osteocytes. These unite to form trabeculae.

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15
Q

How is spongy bone made?

A

Fusion of bony trabeculae, followed by invasion of blood vessels, and mesenchymal differentiation into bone marrow.

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16
Q

What does mesenchymal tissue that doesn’t undergo ossification become?

A

Periosteum and Endosteum

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17
Q

Woven bone is eventually converted into _______ ____ in the outer layers.

A

Lamellar Bone

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18
Q

Endochondral bone formation is used to make ____ _____ using _______ _________ as a scaffold.

A

Long Bones. Hyaline Cartilage.

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19
Q

What are the two stages of endochondral bone development?

A

Development of primary ossification center, development of secondary ossification centers.

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20
Q

Where does the primary center of ossification occur?

A

The midriff of the diaphysis

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21
Q

What does vascularization do to the perichondrium?

A

Converts chondrogenic cells to osteoprogenitor cells (which form osteoblasts)

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22
Q

After osteoprogenitor cell development, perichondrium converts to….

A

Periosteum

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23
Q

First region of bone generated by osteoprogenitors is…

A

Subperiosteal bone collar

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24
Q

How do chondrocytes respond to the development of the subperiosteal bone collar?

A

Become hypertrophic, secrete collagen X, and VEGF

25
Q

How does the cartilage matrix respond to the development of the subperiosteal bone collar?

A

Calcification, Inhibited nutrient diffusion, and eventual death of hypertrophies chondrocytes. Lacunae merge forming marrow cavity.

26
Q

Osteoclasts act on the bone collar to allow….

A

Periosteal buds (vessels, osteoprogenitors, mesenchymal cells) to enter the cavity. Cartilage in the cavity is now calcified.

27
Q

What is the calcified cartilage-calcified bone complex?

A

Bone matrix (osteoid) calcified on the surface of calcified cartilage.

28
Q

How does calcified cartilage stain?

A

Basophilic

29
Q

How does calcified bone stain?

A

Acidophillic

30
Q

How is the primitive marrow cavity enlarged?

A

Osteoclasts resorb calcified cartilage-calcified bone complex, allowing for eventual bone formation spreading to epiphysis.

31
Q

Where/When do secondary centers of ossification develop?

A

Epiphyses when diaphyseal ossification is well established

32
Q

How do secondary ossification centers develop?

A

Basically the same as primary ossification centers…Osteoprogenitors invade, make matrix, replace certilage

33
Q

When initial bone formation is complete, what two sites can cartilage be found? How does this change at approx. age 20?

A

Initially cartilage at articular surfaces and epiphyseal plates. After bone growth is done, just on articular surfaces.

34
Q

Describe the action occurring in an epiphyseal plate.

A

Addition of new cartilage. Replacement with bone at epiphyseal end.

35
Q

Describe the cells of the Zone of Reserve

A

Small, randomly arranged, inactive chondrocytes

36
Q

Describe the cells of the Zone of Proliferation

A

Rapid mitotic divisions, rows of isogenous cells

37
Q

Describe the cells of the Zone of Cell Hypertrophy and Maturation.

A

Enlarged Chondrocytes

38
Q

Describe the cells of the Zone of Calcification.

A

Cartilage Matricies Calcifies, Dead Chondrocytes

39
Q

Describe the cells of the Zone of Ossification

A

Bone made on calcified cartilage, followed by resorption of the bone/cartilage complex.

40
Q

List the zones of the epiphyseal plate.

A

Reserve, Proliferation, Cell Hypertrophy & Maturation, Calcification, Ossification

41
Q

Epiphysis enlarges by _________ growth and _______ replacement.

A

Cartilage. Bone.

42
Q

Hypertrophic chondrocytes secrete what two substances.

A

Type X Collagen and VEGF

43
Q

Describe the process of post-fracture bone repair.

A

Blood Clotting –> Osteoprogenitor Proliferation –> Callus Formation –> Fibrous Connective Tissue/Cartilage –> Woven Bone/Bony Callus –> Secondary Bone Formation

44
Q

Hairline fractures heal via what type of bone formation?

A

Intramembranous

45
Q

What are synarthroses? Example?

A

Immoveable joints. First rib to sternum, skull bone connections

46
Q

What are amphiarthroses? Example?

A

Slightly Moveable Joints. IV Discs

47
Q

What are diarthroses?

A

Synovial Joints (Maximum Movement).

48
Q

What cell type make the external (fibrous) capsular layer of diarthroses?

A

Dense Connective Tissue

49
Q

What cell type forms the lining of the internal (synovial) capsular layer of diarthroses?

A

Squamous to cuboidal cells on internal surface

50
Q

What are type A cells of the synovial membrane?

A

A – Phagocytic (with well developed Golgi and many lysosomes)

51
Q

What are type B cells of the synovial membrane?

A

B – Probably synovial fluid secretors, well developed rER

52
Q

What is osteopetrosis?

A

Abnormal osteoclast function, leading to mostly woven, not lamellar bone. No marrow cavity development.

53
Q

What is Albers-Schonberg disease?

A

Deficiency in carbonic anhydrase II makes it so not enough H+ can accumulate to activate lysosomal anzymes.

54
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Loss of bone mass. May be caused by increase in speed of breakdown or slowdown of formation of bone.

55
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis is the product of what type of reaction?

A

Inflammatory

56
Q

What type of cells are activated in Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A

CD4 T Cells

57
Q

CD4 T Cells produce what to stimulate macrophage activity?

A

IL-15

58
Q

What inflammatory cytokines are involved in rheumatoid arthritis?

A

TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6, metalloproteases

IUSM Histology (15 decks)

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