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IUSM Histology > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 5 functions of the integument

A

protection

thermoregulation

sensory organ

metabolic

excretion

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2
Q

vitamin D synthesis in epidermis, energy storage (fat-triglycerides in the hypodermis)

A

metabolic function of the integument

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3
Q

where is thick skin found?

A

palms of hand and soles of feet

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4
Q

What is NOT found in thick skin?

A

hair follicles

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5
Q

Where is thin skin found?

A

everywhere except for the palms of hand and soles of feet

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6
Q

What do keratinocytes produce?

A

keratin

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7
Q

Name the 5 epidermal layers from bottom to top (in thick skin).

A

stratum basale (stratum germinativum)

stratum spinosum

stratum granulosum

stratum lucidum

stratum corneum

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8
Q

What epidermal layer is absent in thin skin?

A

stratum lucidum

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9
Q

Which epidermal layer is a single layer of columnar to cuboidal cells?

A

stratum basale

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10
Q

Cells in the stratum basale contain numerous types of what filaments?

A

intermediate filaments (tonofilaments)

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11
Q

Cells in the stratum basale contain which types of cell junctions.

A

dermosomes and hemidesmosomes

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12
Q

Cells in the stratum spinosum are shaped like what?

A

cuboidal, polygonal, to slightly flattened

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13
Q

Cell processes in the stratum spinsosum are filled with?

A

intermediate filaments (terminate with desmosomes)

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14
Q

What do cells in the stratum spinosum accumulate with?

A

fibrillar protein (cytokeratin) that aggregate to form tonofibrils

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15
Q

What do cells in the stratum granulosum look like?

A

flattened polygonal cells

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16
Q

cytoplasm of stratum granulosom cells have what?

A

basophilic keratohyaline granules and lamellar granules

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17
Q

glycolipid (acylglucoceramide)

A

serves as a penetration barrier to foreign materials and to maintain hydration of the body

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18
Q

thin layer of eosinophilic, newly keratinized cells

A

stratum lucidum

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19
Q

transformation product of keratohyalin

A

eleidin

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20
Q

15-20 layers of flattened nonnucleated cells filled with keratin

A

stratum corneum

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21
Q

squames

A

dead flattened cells

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22
Q

If epidermis is injured, which cells migrate and divide to cover the wound

A

basal cells

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23
Q

necessary for proper skin healing as it is a factor needed for keratinocyte differentiation

A

Vitamin A

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24
Q

1st degree burns extend to which layer?

A

stratum lucidum

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25
2nd degree burns extend down to which layer
S. basale
26
3rd degree burns extend into the?
dermis
27
What are expressed as keratinocytes differentiate
different keratins
28
secreted to form multilayered lipid layer on the outside of the cell membrane in the S. granulosum
glycolipids
29
What links to the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane in the s. corneum?
a protein complex of involucrin-small proline-rich-loricrin complex and keratin-filagrin aggregates
30
Pigment producing cells of the S. basale are derived from?
neural crest
31
pigment producing cells of the S. basale
melanocytes
32
melanocytes rest on the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_and send processes into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
b. lamina s. spinosum
33
melanin are produced by which cells
melanocytes
34
cytocrine secretion
how melanocytes distribute melanin to other cells and hair via their processes
35
pigment granules are ________ by melanocytes and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_by keratinocytes
exocytosed endocytosed
36
melanin formation occurs within
melanosomes
37
enzymes needed for melanin synthesis
tryosinase
38
Lack of this from the adrenal cortex causes overproduction of ACTH
cortisol
39
increase in skin pigmentation
Addison's disease
40
albinism
melanocytes do not make melanin
41
loss of melanocytes
depigmentation (vitiligo)
42
star-shaped cells mainly in the S. spinosum
Langerhans' cells
43
Langerhans' cells are derived from what?
bone marrow
44
Fc and complement C3 receptors are on what cells?
Langerhans' cells
45
can migrate out of epidermis to lymph nodes
langerhans' cells
46
present antigens to T cells and differentiate into activated dendritic cells
langerhans' cells
47
Do langerhans' cells form desmosomal attachments?
No
48
membrane-bound, rod-like shaped granues in langerhans' cells
Birbeck or vermiform granules
49
langerin
proteins in vermiform granules necessary for antigen uptake
50
tactile epitheliooid cells associated with sensory nerve ending
merkel cells
51
Where are merkel cells primarily
thick skin of palms and soles
52
base of merkel cell in contact with?
peripheral neuron terminal
53
cytoplasm of merkel cells contains what?
small dense neuroendocrine granules
54
supports epiderms and binds it ot the subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)
dermis
55
surface of dermis interdigitates with epidermis via
dermal papillae
56
epidermal counterpart to dermal papillae
epidermal ridges or rete ridges
57
extend from the basal lamina and terminate in anchoring plaques to bind the dermis to the epidermis
anchoring fibrils
58
outermost layer of loose connective tissue where fibroblasts, mast cells and macrophages may be present in the dermis
papillary layer
59
layer of the demris composed of dense irregular connective tissue
reticular layer
60
the dermis has:
follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands, and nerves
61
extensive capillary layer is in which layer of the dermis
papillary layer
62
extensive capillary network in the papillary layer of the dermis functions in
thermoregulation
63
deeper continuation of the dermis
hypodermis
64
primarily loose CT and adipose tissue
hypodermis
65
pressure/vibration sensors
pacinian corpuscles
66
Pacinian corpuscles are found where
near the dermis-hypodermis junction
67
invaginations of the epidermis
hair follicles
68
hair follicles terminate
in hair bulb
69
projects into the hair bulb
dermal papilla
70
epidermal cells covering the dermal papilla form the
hair root
71
cells at the apex of the dermal papilla produce
large, vacuolated, moderately keratinized cells - form hair medulla
72
hair cortex
cells around the papilla differentiate into fusiform, heavily keratinized cells
73
cells more peripheral inthe root produce
the hair cuticle
74
most peripheral root cells produce
internal and external root sheath
75
hair follicle separated from the dermis by a thickened basal lamina
glassy membrane
76
smooth muscle bundles extending from dermis papillary layer to hair follicle connective tissue sheath
arrector pili muscles
77
cells that migrate from hair follicle if epidermis is lost
clonogenic keratinocyte stem cells
78
glands not found on palms and soles
sebaceous glands
79
basal layer of undifferentiated flattened epithelial cells on basal lamina
acini
80
sebum
dead cells + cell contents
81
simple coiled tubular gland - duct opens onto skin surface
eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands
82
gland that contains myoepithelial cells, dark cells and clear cells
sudoriferous (sweat) glands
83
contractile cells in sweat glands
myoepithelial cells
84
mucoid, pyramidal cells
dark cells
85
devoid of secretory granules, but have abundant glycogen
clear cells
86
dark cells secrete what?
glycoproteins
87
secrete water and electrolytes into intercellular canaliculi
clear cells
88
non-viscous secretion
little protein, contains water, NaCl, urea, ammonia, and uric acid
89
glands present in axillary, areolar, and anal regions - ducts open into hair follicles
apocrine gland
90
what do apocrine glands receive
adrenergic nerve fibers
91
apocrine glands have what mechanism of secretion?
merocrine
92
plates of keratinized epithelial cells
nails
93
embedded in fold of skin
nail root
94
stratum corneum of the epithelium over the nail root
eponychium (cuticle)
95
Nail plates arises from the?
nail matrix
96
Nail plate rests on a bed of epidermis called the what?
nail bed
97
nail bed contains only?
s. basale and s. spinosum
98
white crescent and the base of the nail
lunula
99
albinism
little melanin production. vision problems due to abnormal retina development and abnormal nerve connections between the eye and brian
100
vitiligo
melanocytes are destroyed - patchy pigmentation
101
liver spots
freckle due to being in the sun (NOT liver related)
102
actinic keratosis
precancerous condition. thick scaly patches of skin
103
basal cell carcinoma
(~90% of all skin cancers) slow growing and treatable if found early
104
squamous cell carcinoma
often develop from sun damaged areas
105
malignant melanoma
derived from melanocytes. hard to treat once metastasized
106
psoriasis
immune-mediate, genetic disease. red scaly patches of skin due to inflammation and hyperplasic (individuals often have joint problems)
107

IUSM Histology (15 decks)

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