Circulatory System/Heart

Question 1

What does the circulatory system consist of? 3 things

Answer 1

heart
blood vessels
lymphatic system

Question 2

What are the three layers of large blood vessels? From innermost to outermost

Answer 2

Tunica Intima – innermost
Tunica Media
Tunica Adventitia – outermost

Question 3

Large vessels have other small vessels called _______ branching through the adventitia and the outer part of the media.

Answer 3

Vasa vasorum

Question 4

Which type of large blood vessels have more vasa vasorum? arteries or veins?

Answer 4

Veins

Question 5

What are nerves within the adventitia called?

Answer 5

nervi vascularis

Question 6

What layer of large blood vessels is comprised of the endothelium and the underlying subendothelial connective tissue?

Answer 6

tunica intima

Question 7

In larger vessels, the tunica intima contains a band of elastic fibers called what?

Answer 7

Internal elastic lamina

Question 8

In what blood vessel layer is the external elastic lamina found? Primarily in muscular large vessels

Answer 8

Tunica media

Question 9

What is the tunica media primarily made of?

Answer 9

smooth muscle cells

Question 10

What is the tunica adventitia comprised of?

Answer 10

Fibroelastic connective tissue

ie dense irregular CT with small amounts of elastic fibers

Question 11

What do elastic (conducting) arteries do?

Answer 11

Conduct blood to muscular arteries

Question 12

The aorta, pulmonary, brachiocephalic, common carotid, subclavian, and common iliac arteries are what kind of artery?

Answer 12

Elastic

Question 13

What is different about the internal elastic lamina in elastic arteries vs muscular arteries?

Answer 13

Elastic => incomplete internal elastic lamina

Muscular => well developed internal elastic lamina

Question 14

What is different about the external elastic lamina in elastic arteries vs muscular arteries?

Answer 14

Elastic => no distinct external elastic lamina

Muscular => thick external elastic lamina

Question 15

What is the key identifying feature of elastic arteries?

Answer 15

A thick tunica media of 40-70 concentric elastic sheets

Question 16

What are muscular arteries innervated by?

Answer 16

postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers

Question 17

The tunica media of muscular arteries contains up to 40 circular layers of __________ interspersed with elastic fibers

Answer 17

smooth muscle

Question 18

What are the key identifying features you should look for in a muscular artery?

Answer 18

Visible internal and external elastic lamina

Tunica media contains many layers of smooth muscle

Question 19

Is blood pressure higher in the artery or vein side of the circulatory system?

Answer 19

artery

Question 20

How many layers of smooth muscle cells do arterioles usually have?

Answer 20

1 - 3 layers of smooth muscle cells

Question 21

What should you look for when identifying an arteriole?

Answer 21

1- 3 layers of smooth muscle cells

Question 22

What is the subendothelial connective tissue in arterioles like?

Answer 22

very sparse

Question 23

Do capillaries have a tunica media?

Answer 23

no

Question 24

How many layers of endothelial cells do capillaries have?

Answer 24

1

Question 25

What are pericytes?

Answer 25

mesenchymal-like stem cells found in the thin sheath of reticular and collagenous fibers around a capillary

Question 26

On which side of the circulatory system are pericytes primarily found?

Answer 26

On the post capillary side (venus)

Question 27

In wound healing, pericytes may differentiate into _______ or __________

Answer 27

fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells

Question 28

What are the three types of capillaries?

Answer 28

Continuous (somatic) Fenestrated (visceral) Discontinuous (sinusoidal)

Question 29

Where are continuous (somatic) capillaries found? 5#

Answer 29

``` muscle connective tissue CNS exocrine pancreas gonads ```

Question 30

Where are fenestrated (visceral) capillaries found? 6#

Answer 30

``` mucosa of GI tract endocrine glands renal kidney choroid plexus ciliary body ```

Question 31

Where are discontinuous (Sinusoidal) capillaries found? 2#

Answer 31

``` liver hemopoietic organs (bone marrow, spleen) ```

Question 32

What type of capillary has no fenestrae?

Answer 32

continuous (somatic) | not very leaky => not a lot of material can cross

Question 33

In the CNS, _________ capillaries have a type of tight junction (occluding junction) that contributes to the blood-brain barrier?

Answer 33

continuous

Question 34

What type of capillary has an attenuated endothelium with large fenestrae closed by thin diaphragms. BUT STILL HAS A CONTINUOUS BASAL LAMINA

Answer 34

fenestrated

Question 35

what type of capillary has numerous pinocytotic vesicles for transcytosis?

Answer 35

continuous

Question 36

What is unique about the fenestrated endothelium in the glomerular capillaries compared to usual fenestrated endothelium?

Answer 36

They have no diaphragms

Question 37

What is the difference between the basal laminae of discontinuous and fenestrated capillaries?

Answer 37

fenestrated (and continuous) have a continuous basal lamina | Discontinuous have and incomplete basal lamina

Question 38

What type of capillary has wide gaps between cells?

Answer 38

discontinuous

Question 39

What type of vein receives blood from capillaries?

Answer 39

postcapillary venules

Question 40

Where does nutrient exchange primarily happen?

Answer 40

In the postcapillary venules

Question 41

What blood vessel type is an important site for inflammatory response?

Answer 41

postcapillary venules

Question 42

Do muscular venules have pericytes?

Answer 42

No

Question 43

How many layers of smooth muscle do muscular venules have?

Answer 43

1 - 2 layers

Question 44

What blood vessel layer is well developed in veins?

Answer 44

Tunica adventitia

Question 45

What is the well developed adventitia of veins comprised of?

Answer 45

Multiple layers of collagenous fibers with a few smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers

Question 46

Large veins have a thin media and intima but a very large ________

Answer 46

adventitia

Question 47

What do venous valves do?

Answer 47

Prevent retrograde blood flow

Question 48

Where are venous valves primarily found?

Answer 48

lower limbs

Question 49

Do venous valves have any muscle in them?

Answer 49

no

Question 50

valves are paried semilunar folds of the ________ covered with endothelium

Answer 50

tunica intima

Question 51

What is a mesh of connections between arterioles and venules called?

Answer 51

arteriovenous anastomoses

Question 52

At an anastomosis, there is a specialized tunica media with a ________

Answer 52

sphincter

Question 53

When the sphincter shunt of an anastomoses is closed, where does blood flow?

Answer 53

Arterial blood flows into the capillary bed

Question 54

When the sphincter shunt of an anastomoses is open, where does blood flow?

Answer 54

Blood bypasses the capillary bed and flows into a vein

Question 55

Some microvascular beds have a __________ sphincter which controls the amount of blood flowing into the capillaries

Answer 55

precapillary

Question 56

Where is fluid scavenged by the lymphatic system recycled back into the body?

Answer 56

At the base of the neck

Question 57

Do lymph nodes have a basal lamina?

Answer 57

No

Question 58

How does lymph move through lymphatic vessels?

Answer 58

By other nearby muscles contracting

Question 59

What are lacteals in the intestine important for?

Answer 59

fat absorption

Question 60

Lymphatic vessels originate in CT as what?

Answer 60

Closed-end anastomosing capillaries

Question 61

When looking at slides what is the distinguishing feature of lymphatic capillaries?

Answer 61

no basal lamina

Question 62

What are the two key areas of the body that have no lymphatic system?

Answer 62

CNS and bone marrow

Question 63

What are the two parts of the lymphatic system that are structurally similar to veins with contractile smooth muscle present?

Answer 63

thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

Question 64

Skeletal muscle has lymphatics only in __________?

Answer 64

perimysium

Question 65

What prevents the backflow of lymph?

Answer 65

paired cusp valves

Question 66

What blood vessels are primarily involved in blood pressure regulation?

Answer 66

arterioles

Question 67

What blood vessel's elastic recoil maintains flow in diastole?

Answer 67

elastic

Question 68

What type of blood vessel contains capillary sphincters?

Answer 68

Precapillary arterioles

Question 69

What type of blood vessel is very permeable -- blood tissue exchange -- inflammation?

Answer 69

Postcapillary venules

Question 70

What is it called when fatty deposits in intima block vessels?

Answer 70

atheroscleosis

Question 71

What is smooth muscle cell proliferation that follows angioplasty procedures. May occlude vessel

Answer 71

Restenosis

Question 72

What is an aneurysm?

Answer 72

Ballooning out of artery due to weakness in the arterial wall

Question 73

What condition is caused by a decrease in muscle tone and failure of venous valves?

Answer 73

Varicose veins

Question 74

What cholesterol related molecule gets below the tunica intima in blood vessels, and can cause an inflammatory response potentially leading to the formation of an atheroma?

Answer 74

LDL

Question 75

What do endothelial cells produce? 3#

Answer 75

Prostacyclin from arachidonic acid (omega - 6) Nitirc oxide endothelin-1

Question 76

What does prostacyclin do?

Answer 76

Inhibit platelet adhesion and clot formation

Question 77

What does nitric oxide do?

Answer 77

Causes smooth muscle in the tunica media to relax VASODILATION

Question 78

What does endothelin-1 do?

Answer 78

Stimulates vasoconstriction

Question 79

If you see a lot of lipid and fat you are in what layer of the heart?

Answer 79

epicardium

Question 80

What are the three layers of the heart from innermost to outermost?

Answer 80

endocardium myocardium epicardium

Question 81

What is everything in the heart lined by?

Answer 81

endothelium

Question 82

What part of the heart's impulse conducting system can be found within the subendocardial CT?

Answer 82

Purkinje fibers

Question 83

What is the myocardium comprised of?

Answer 83

cardiac muscle tissue

Question 84

In the ventricles, the myocardium is arranged into what two layers?

Answer 84

deep and superficial

Question 85

The fibers of which myocardium ventricular layer have a spiral course around the ventricle?

Answer 85

superficial

Question 86

The fibers of which myocardium ventricular layer have a circular course around the ventricle?

Answer 86

deep fibers

Question 87

The outermost coat of the epicardium is formed by _______ cells.

Answer 87

mesothelial

Question 88

The epicardial mesothelium is = ___________

Answer 88

the visceral layer of the serous pericardium

Question 89

Underneath the mesothelium is a subepicardial layer of loose CT and adipose tissue that contains what?

Answer 89

Coronary blood vessels and nerves

Question 90

What type of tissue is the cardiac skeleton comprised of?

Answer 90

Dense irregular CT

Question 91

What is the fibrous portion of the interventricular septum called?

Answer 91

Septum membranaceum

Question 92

What are fibrous rings around the origins of the pulmonary artery, aorta, and atrioventricular canals called?

Answer 92

Annuli fibrosi

Question 93

What is the fibrous tissue between the arterial foramina and the atrioventricular canals called?

Answer 93

trigona fibrosa

Question 94

Make sure you can identify cardiac skeleton!!!

Answer 94

Okay okay jeeezzzz

Question 95

Valves have both _______ and _______ CT layers surrounded by __________

Answer 95

dense and loose | endothelium

Question 96

Purkinje fibers are modified _________ cells, and are filled with __________ *They perform a neural function*

Answer 96

muscle | glycogen

Question 97

What is the AV bundle of His formed by?

Answer 97

purkinje fibers

Question 98

What type of nerves slow the heart down? | They are branches off what major nerve?

Answer 98

parasympathetic | Vagus

Question 99

What type of nerves accelerate heartbeat

Answer 99

sympathetic

Question 100

What is atrial natriuretic peptide released by?

Answer 100

modified atrial muscle cells

Question 101

What promotest the release of atrial natriuretic peptide in the heart?

Answer 101

high blood pressure

Question 102

What is the primary effect of atrial natriuretic peptide?

Answer 102

To increase sodium and water secretion from the kidney