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IUSM Histology > Circulatory System/Heart > Flashcards

Circulatory System/Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What does the circulatory system consist of? 3 things

A

heart
blood vessels
lymphatic system

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2
Q

What are the three layers of large blood vessels? From innermost to outermost

A

Tunica Intima – innermost
Tunica Media
Tunica Adventitia – outermost

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3
Q

Large vessels have other small vessels called _______ branching through the adventitia and the outer part of the media.

A

Vasa vasorum

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4
Q

Which type of large blood vessels have more vasa vasorum? arteries or veins?

A

Veins

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5
Q

What are nerves within the adventitia called?

A

nervi vascularis

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6
Q

What layer of large blood vessels is comprised of the endothelium and the underlying subendothelial connective tissue?

A

tunica intima

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7
Q

In larger vessels, the tunica intima contains a band of elastic fibers called what?

A

Internal elastic lamina

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8
Q

In what blood vessel layer is the external elastic lamina found? Primarily in muscular large vessels

A

Tunica media

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9
Q

What is the tunica media primarily made of?

A

smooth muscle cells

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10
Q

What is the tunica adventitia comprised of?

A

Fibroelastic connective tissue

ie dense irregular CT with small amounts of elastic fibers

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11
Q

What do elastic (conducting) arteries do?

A

Conduct blood to muscular arteries

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12
Q

The aorta, pulmonary, brachiocephalic, common carotid, subclavian, and common iliac arteries are what kind of artery?

A

Elastic

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13
Q

What is different about the internal elastic lamina in elastic arteries vs muscular arteries?

A

Elastic => incomplete internal elastic lamina

Muscular => well developed internal elastic lamina

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14
Q

What is different about the external elastic lamina in elastic arteries vs muscular arteries?

A

Elastic => no distinct external elastic lamina

Muscular => thick external elastic lamina

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15
Q

What is the key identifying feature of elastic arteries?

A

A thick tunica media of 40-70 concentric elastic sheets

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16
Q

What are muscular arteries innervated by?

A

postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers

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17
Q

The tunica media of muscular arteries contains up to 40 circular layers of __________ interspersed with elastic fibers

A

smooth muscle

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18
Q

What are the key identifying features you should look for in a muscular artery?

A

Visible internal and external elastic lamina

Tunica media contains many layers of smooth muscle

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19
Q

Is blood pressure higher in the artery or vein side of the circulatory system?

A

artery

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20
Q

How many layers of smooth muscle cells do arterioles usually have?

A

1 - 3 layers of smooth muscle cells

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21
Q

What should you look for when identifying an arteriole?

A

1- 3 layers of smooth muscle cells

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22
Q

What is the subendothelial connective tissue in arterioles like?

A

very sparse

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23
Q

Do capillaries have a tunica media?

A

no

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24
Q

How many layers of endothelial cells do capillaries have?

A

1

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25
Q

What are pericytes?

A

mesenchymal-like stem cells found in the thin sheath of reticular and collagenous fibers around a capillary

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26
Q

On which side of the circulatory system are pericytes primarily found?

A

On the post capillary side (venus)

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27
Q

In wound healing, pericytes may differentiate into _______ or __________

A

fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells

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28
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A

Continuous (somatic)
Fenestrated (visceral)
Discontinuous (sinusoidal)

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29
Q

Where are continuous (somatic) capillaries found? 5#

A 
muscle
connective tissue
CNS
exocrine pancreas
gonads
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30
Q

Where are fenestrated (visceral) capillaries found? 6#

A 
mucosa of GI tract
endocrine glands
renal 
kidney 
choroid plexus
ciliary body
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31
Q

Where are discontinuous (Sinusoidal) capillaries found? 2#

A 
liver
hemopoietic organs (bone marrow, spleen)
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32
Q

What type of capillary has no fenestrae?

A

continuous (somatic)

not very leaky => not a lot of material can cross

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33
Q

In the CNS, _________ capillaries have a type of tight junction (occluding junction) that contributes to the blood-brain barrier?

A

continuous

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34
Q

What type of capillary has an attenuated endothelium with large fenestrae closed by thin diaphragms.
BUT STILL HAS A CONTINUOUS BASAL LAMINA

A

fenestrated

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35
Q

what type of capillary has numerous pinocytotic vesicles for transcytosis?

A

continuous

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36
Q

What is unique about the fenestrated endothelium in the glomerular capillaries compared to usual fenestrated endothelium?

A

They have no diaphragms

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37
Q

What is the difference between the basal laminae of discontinuous and fenestrated capillaries?

A

fenestrated (and continuous) have a continuous basal lamina

Discontinuous have and incomplete basal lamina

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38
Q

What type of capillary has wide gaps between cells?

A

discontinuous

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39
Q

What type of vein receives blood from capillaries?

A

postcapillary venules

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40
Q

Where does nutrient exchange primarily happen?

A

In the postcapillary venules

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41
Q

What blood vessel type is an important site for inflammatory response?

A

postcapillary venules

42
Q

Do muscular venules have pericytes?

A

No

43
Q

How many layers of smooth muscle do muscular venules have?

A

1 - 2 layers

44
Q

What blood vessel layer is well developed in veins?

A

Tunica adventitia

45
Q

What is the well developed adventitia of veins comprised of?

A

Multiple layers of collagenous fibers with a few smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers

46
Q

Large veins have a thin media and intima but a very large ________

A

adventitia

47
Q

What do venous valves do?

A

Prevent retrograde blood flow

48
Q

Where are venous valves primarily found?

A

lower limbs

49
Q

Do venous valves have any muscle in them?

A

no

50
Q

valves are paried semilunar folds of the ________ covered with endothelium

A

tunica intima

51
Q

What is a mesh of connections between arterioles and venules called?

A

arteriovenous anastomoses

52
Q

At an anastomosis, there is a specialized tunica media with a ________

A

sphincter

53
Q

When the sphincter shunt of an anastomoses is closed, where does blood flow?

A

Arterial blood flows into the capillary bed

54
Q

When the sphincter shunt of an anastomoses is open, where does blood flow?

A

Blood bypasses the capillary bed and flows into a vein

55
Q

Some microvascular beds have a __________ sphincter which controls the amount of blood flowing into the capillaries

A

precapillary

56
Q

Where is fluid scavenged by the lymphatic system recycled back into the body?

A

At the base of the neck

57
Q

Do lymph nodes have a basal lamina?

A

No

58
Q

How does lymph move through lymphatic vessels?

A

By other nearby muscles contracting

59
Q

What are lacteals in the intestine important for?

A

fat absorption

60
Q

Lymphatic vessels originate in CT as what?

A

Closed-end anastomosing capillaries

61
Q

When looking at slides what is the distinguishing feature of lymphatic capillaries?

A

no basal lamina

62
Q

What are the two key areas of the body that have no lymphatic system?

A

CNS and bone marrow

63
Q

What are the two parts of the lymphatic system that are structurally similar to veins with contractile smooth muscle present?

A

thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

64
Q

Skeletal muscle has lymphatics only in __________?

A

perimysium

65
Q

What prevents the backflow of lymph?

A

paired cusp valves

66
Q

What blood vessels are primarily involved in blood pressure regulation?

A

arterioles

67
Q

What blood vessel’s elastic recoil maintains flow in diastole?

A

elastic

68
Q

What type of blood vessel contains capillary sphincters?

A

Precapillary arterioles

69
Q

What type of blood vessel is very permeable – blood tissue exchange – inflammation?

A

Postcapillary venules

70
Q

What is it called when fatty deposits in intima block vessels?

A

atheroscleosis

71
Q

What is smooth muscle cell proliferation that follows angioplasty procedures. May occlude vessel

A

Restenosis

72
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

Ballooning out of artery due to weakness in the arterial wall

73
Q

What condition is caused by a decrease in muscle tone and failure of venous valves?

A

Varicose veins

74
Q

What cholesterol related molecule gets below the tunica intima in blood vessels, and can cause an inflammatory response potentially leading to the formation of an atheroma?

A

LDL

75
Q

What do endothelial cells produce? 3#

A

Prostacyclin from arachidonic acid (omega - 6)
Nitirc oxide
endothelin-1

76
Q

What does prostacyclin do?

A

Inhibit platelet adhesion and clot formation

77
Q

What does nitric oxide do?

A

Causes smooth muscle in the tunica media to relax VASODILATION

78
Q

What does endothelin-1 do?

A

Stimulates vasoconstriction

79
Q

If you see a lot of lipid and fat you are in what layer of the heart?

A

epicardium

80
Q

What are the three layers of the heart from innermost to outermost?

A

endocardium
myocardium
epicardium

81
Q

What is everything in the heart lined by?

A

endothelium

82
Q

What part of the heart’s impulse conducting system can be found within the subendocardial CT?

A

Purkinje fibers

83
Q

What is the myocardium comprised of?

A

cardiac muscle tissue

84
Q

In the ventricles, the myocardium is arranged into what two layers?

A

deep and superficial

85
Q

The fibers of which myocardium ventricular layer have a spiral course around the ventricle?

A

superficial

86
Q

The fibers of which myocardium ventricular layer have a circular course around the ventricle?

A

deep fibers

87
Q

The outermost coat of the epicardium is formed by _______ cells.

A

mesothelial

88
Q

The epicardial mesothelium is = ___________

A

the visceral layer of the serous pericardium

89
Q

Underneath the mesothelium is a subepicardial layer of loose CT and adipose tissue that contains what?

A

Coronary blood vessels and nerves

90
Q

What type of tissue is the cardiac skeleton comprised of?

A

Dense irregular CT

91
Q

What is the fibrous portion of the interventricular septum called?

A

Septum membranaceum

92
Q

What are fibrous rings around the origins of the pulmonary artery, aorta, and atrioventricular canals called?

A

Annuli fibrosi

93
Q

What is the fibrous tissue between the arterial foramina and the atrioventricular canals called?

A

trigona fibrosa

94
Q

Make sure you can identify cardiac skeleton!!!

A

Okay okay jeeezzzz

95
Q

Valves have both _______ and _______ CT layers surrounded by __________

A

dense and loose

endothelium

96
Q

Purkinje fibers are modified _________ cells, and are filled with __________
They perform a neural function

A

muscle

glycogen

97
Q

What is the AV bundle of His formed by?

A

purkinje fibers

98
Q

What type of nerves slow the heart down?

They are branches off what major nerve?

A

parasympathetic

Vagus

99
Q

What type of nerves accelerate heartbeat

A

sympathetic

100
Q

What is atrial natriuretic peptide released by?

A

modified atrial muscle cells

101
Q

What promotest the release of atrial natriuretic peptide in the heart?

A

high blood pressure

102
Q

What is the primary effect of atrial natriuretic peptide?

A

To increase sodium and water secretion from the kidney

IUSM Histology (15 decks)

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