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IUSM Histology > Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

How do nutrients reach cartilage?

A

Cartilage is avascular. Nutrients/waste materials pass to and from the cells through the matrix.

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2
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A

Support soft tissues and guide the development and growth of long bones.

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3
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

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4
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage located?

A

articular ends of long bones in adults, walls of respiratory system, the ventral ends of ribs, and temporarily skeleton for the fetus

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5
Q

What is the hyaline cartilage matrix comprised of?

A

homogenous, amorphous ground substance with proteoglycan aggregates and chondronectin embedded type II collagen

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6
Q

What is the name of the area adjacent to the chondrocytes? Describe this region’s contents.

A

Territorial (capsular) Matrix. Poor in collagen but rich in glycosaminoglycans.

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7
Q

How will the territorial matrix stain?

A

Basophillic and metachromatic. More intensely with PAS stain compared to interrerritorial (intracapsular) matrix.

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8
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

A layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding hyaline cartilage (except at joints).

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9
Q

Describe the two layers of the the perichondrium.

A

Outer Fibrous Layer – Type I Collagen, Fibroblasts, Blood Vessels
Inner Cellular Layer – Chondrogenic cells

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10
Q

What provides blood flow for the avascular cartilage?

A

Perichondrium

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11
Q

What are chondrocytes? Where are they found?

A

Mature cartilage cells. Embedded in lacunae.

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12
Q

Describe the cellular stages required to form a chondrocyte.

A

Chondrogenic Cells –> Chondroblasts (Produce Matrix) –> Chondrocytes (Once totally surrounded by matrix)

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13
Q

What cells are responsible for maintaining the cartilage matrix?

A

Chondrocytes

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14
Q

What are isogenous groups?

A

When chondrocytes divide, they may stay in the same lacunae (forming pockets of 2-8 cells)

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15
Q

Where in the body can elastic cartilage be found?

A

External ear, eustachian tube, epiglottis, larynx

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16
Q

Is elastic or hyaline cartilage more prone to degrade?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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17
Q

What is unique about the make up of elastic cartilage?

A

A network of elastic fibers, which provide a yellowish color

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18
Q

What types of cartilage has a perichondrium?

A

Hyaline and Elastic. Fibrocartilage does not have a perichondrium.

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19
Q

Describe the cellular make-up of Fibrocartilage.

A

Alternating rows of chondrocytes and thick type I collagen fibers. The cells may align on lines of stress.

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20
Q

Where in the body can fibrocartilage be found?

A

Intervertebral discs, articular disks, pubic symphysis, tendon and ligament insertions.

21
Q

What is fibrocartilage often confused for?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

22
Q

What types of locations is fibrocartilage most often needed?

A

Where support and tensile strength are needed in conjunction with hyaline cartilage.

23
Q

What is the function of bone?

A

Protects vital organs, supports fleshy structures, provides Ca reserve.

24
Q

What is bone?

A

A specialized connective tissue with a calcified extracellular matrix with osteocytes embedded in the matrix that makes up the adult skeleton.

25
Q

What is the bone matrix comprised of?

A

Primarily hydroxyapatite crystals.

26
Q

What can be found in the inorganic portion of bone?

A

Calcium, phosphate, bicarbonate, citrate, magnesium, potassium, and sodium.

27
Q

What can be found in the organic portion of bone?

A

Type I Collagen (95%), chondroitin sulfate, and keratan sulfate

28
Q

What is a primary bone?

A

First bone formed in fetal development and repair

29
Q

What two types of secondary bones are there?

A

Compact bone and spongy bone

30
Q

Where can compact bone be found?

A

With the outer circumferential lamellae, inner circumferential lamellae, and around osteons.

31
Q

What connects osteons?

A

Volkmann’s canals

32
Q

What is bone periosteum?

A

A layer of noncalcified connective tissue covering the bone on external surfaces (except at joints)

33
Q

What is the periosteum comprised of?

A

An outer, fibrous dense collagenous layer and an inner, cellular layer.

34
Q

What connects the periosteum and the bone?

A

Sharpey’s fibers (Type I Collagen)

35
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

Thin specialized connective tissue lining marrow cavities. It is the source of osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts for bone growth and repair.

36
Q

What are osteoprogenitor cells?

A

Inner layer of periosteum and endosteal cells that line marrow cavity. Flattened/Spindle Shaped. Become osteoblasts.

37
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Cells that secrete collagen, ground substance, and osteoid that regulate the mineralization of bone. They are cuboidal in shape and in a single layer at locations bone is forming.

38
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A

Cells that reside in the lacunae that maintain bone matrix through minimal acts of synthesis and resorption of matrix.

39
Q

How do osteocytes communicate?

A

Via processes that extend through canniculi and gap junctions with other cells

40
Q

Describe the staining of an osteoclast.

A

Multinucleated cell, acidophilic

41
Q

Describe the function of osteoclasts

A

They actively resorb bone by releasing lysosomes into extracellular space.

42
Q

What is Howship’s lacuna

A

A depression in bon created by an osteoclast. The cell seals off the area, acidifies, and secretes acid hydrolases to resorb bone.

43
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

A decrease in bone mass associated with a normal mineral to matrix ratio due to decreased bone formation, increased bone resorption, or both.

44
Q

List a few possible reasons for developing osteoporosis.

A

Diminished growth hormone secretion, lack of physical stress on bone, diminished estrogen secretion

45
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

Deficient calcification of newly formed bone and decalcification of calcified bone due to calcium deficiency.

46
Q

What is often a cause for osteomalacia?

A

Pregnancy (from the little one leeching the life force from the mother)

47
Q

What is Rickets?

A

Osteomalacia in children due to Vitamin D deficiency or calcium deficiency. Often accompanied with deformation of bone spicules in epiphysial plates.

48
Q

What is acromegaly? How does it present?

A

Excess pituitary hormone in adults. Characterized by very thick bones in the extremities and facial skeleton.

IUSM Histology (15 decks)

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