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IUSM Histology > Cytoskeleton > Flashcards

Cytoskeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Why do anti-cancer drugs target the cytoskeleton?

A

Because it hampers their cell division

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2
Q

What are microtubules comprised of?

A

Rigid, hollow cylinders of tubulin

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3
Q

What are microfilaments comprised of?

A

Flexible, contractile filaments of actin

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4
Q

Which cytoskeleton component is involved in organelle motility, chromosome separation, and cilia/flagella?

A

Microtubules

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5
Q

What cytoskeleton component is involved in muscle contraction and cell migration?

A

actin

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6
Q

What do microtubules require to form?

A

GTP

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7
Q

Which end of a microtubule binds GTP and promotes polymeriztion.

A

+ end

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8
Q

Which end of a microtubule associates with the centrosome?

A
  • end

It can embed within the centrosome

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9
Q

What drives transport along microtubules?

A

motor proteins

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10
Q

Which motor protein moves organelles toward the plus end of a microtublue? Away?

A

Kinesisns – towards plus end

Dyneins – towards minus end

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11
Q

What energy source does actin require to form?

A

ATP bound to G-actin

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12
Q

Which cytoskeleton filament has continual turnover but no net change in length?

A

Actin

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13
Q

What are stress fibers?

A

Actin bundles along basal cell surface that stabilize integrin adhesions.
Provide scaffold for intracellular signal transduction.

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14
Q

What are adhesion belts?

A

Circumferential acitn near apical cell surface that stabilize cadherin-mediated adherens junctions

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15
Q

What is an erythrocyte?

A

Red Blood Cell

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16
Q

What is the cytoskeleton protein that lines the intracellular side of the plasma membrane and gives the cell shape, elasticity and flexibility?

A

Spectrin

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17
Q

Spectrin is most prominent in what type of cell?

A

Erythrocytes

Sickle cell is a modification of spectrin skeleton

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18
Q

What are epithelial cell intermediate filaments called?

A

cytokeratins

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19
Q

What are the two types of cytokeratins?

A 
Type 1 (acidic polypeptides)
Type 2 (neutral to basic polypeptides)
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20
Q

What is Vimentin?

A

Type 3 intermediate filament found in mesenchymal, endothelial and leudocytes. Useful maker of dedifferentiation of invasive cancer carcinomas.

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21
Q

What is carcinoma?

A

Cancer that develops from epithelial cells

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22
Q

Desmin

A

Type three intermediate filament in skeletal muscle Z disk and smooth muscle

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23
Q

Where are type 4 intermediate filaments (neurofilaments) found?

A

Axons and dendrites

24
Q

Where does ATP generation happen in mitochondria?

A

Along the membranes of the cristae (electron transport chain).

25
Q

What do mitochondrial porins do?

A

They are integral outer membrane proteins that form channels allowing molecules to pass from the cytoplasm to the intermembrane space.

26
Q

How do condensed mitochondria form?

A

An uncoupling of oxidation from phosphorylation.

27
Q

Why are condensed mitochondria found in brown fat?

A

Because they produce a lot of heat rather than ATP

28
Q

Mitochondria contain their own _______ but most _______ are encoded in the cell nucleus and transported into the organelle.

A

DNA, ribosomes, protein synthetic machinery

proteins

29
Q

What part of the body is a mitochondrial defect most likely to affecct?

A

Muscules and the nervous system because they use the most energy.

30
Q

What is the primary site for noncytosolic protein synthesis?

A

Rough ER

31
Q

What is the interior of ER called?

A

Lumen or cisterna

32
Q

What color does rER stain in H and E?

A

basophilic

33
Q

Where are phospholipids for new membranes produced?

A

cytosolic half of ER

34
Q

Cells that make _____ have a lot of smooth ER?

A

Steroid hormones

35
Q

What organelle is involved in drug detoxification?

A

Smooth ER

36
Q

Drugs that affect the ______ can cause a proliferation of smooth ER.

A

Liver

37
Q

Where is cholesterol produced in the cell?

A

ER

38
Q

What is a negative Golgi?

A

When the golgi doesn’t take up the stain very well and appears as a translucent area in the cell.

39
Q

What organelle modifies the sugars on proteins before they are secreted?

A

Golgi appartus

“Assembles proteoglycans”

40
Q

What sugar does the golgi add to proteins that are targeted for lysosomes?

A

Mannose-6-phosphate

41
Q

Where are peroxisomes primarily found?

A

Liver

42
Q

What are the primary functions of the enzymes contained in peroxisomes?

A

Beta oxidation of long chain fatty acids
Detoxification of substances like ethanol
Also involved in bile acid synthesis in liver

43
Q

HMG-CoA reductase, a peroxisome enzyme, is involved in cholesterol synthesis. What drugs target and competitively inhibit this enzyme to lower cholesterol production?

A

Statins

44
Q

Name this syndrome.
No peroxisomes so long chain fatty acids accumulate in tissue.
Lethal within 1st decade of life
Peroxisomal enzymes are not transported to the organelle so the peroxisome remains empty.

A

Zellweger syndrome

45
Q

The motor protein clathrin is found on the coating of vesicles and mediates transport of vesicles from where?

A

From the trans-golgi network and from the plasma membrane

46
Q

Coatprotein (COP) coated vesicles transport between where?

A

The rER and Golgi and the various Golgi stacks.

47
Q

What are the primary and secondary functions of lysosomes?

A

Primary – storage

Secondary – engaged in degradative process

48
Q

Tubulovesicular structures formed by endocytosis from plasma membrane. Usually fuse with lysosomes.

A

Endosomes

49
Q

Cell drinking via small vesicles

A

Pinocytosis

50
Q

In what organ are there a lot of pinocytotic vesicles?

A

Kidney, esspecially the proximal tuble

51
Q

What is the cholesterol binding protein that coats caveolae in clathrin independent endocytosis?

A

Caveolin

52
Q

Small vesicles secreted by cells

A

exosomes

53
Q

What lysosomal storage disease involves a deficiency in hexosaminidase and results in an accumulation of glycolipids in the nervous system?

A

Tay-Sachs Disease

54
Q

What is Gauchers syndrome?

A

A lysosomal storage disease that involves defective glucocerebrosidase- Glucocerebrosides accumulate in CNS and spleen.

55
Q

What are the 4 most common lysosomal storage diseases?

A

Tay-Sachs, Hurler’s syndrome, Gauchers syndrome, neiman-pick disease

56
Q

What are some symptoms of Lysosomal storage diseases?

A 
Unusual facial features 
Cloudy eyes
Bluish skin rash
Abdomen protrusions
Short stature, skeletal deformities
Muscle weakness/lack of control

IUSM Histology (15 decks)

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