Osmoregulation and the urinary system/kidneys (coordination and control) *

Question 1

What is osmoregulation?

Answer 1

the active regulation of an organisms body fluids to maintain the homeostasis of the organisms water content

Question 2

What are the three main roles of the kidney?

Answer 2

• removes urea from the blood
• adjusts ion levels in the blood
• adjusts water content in the blood

Question 3

What is urea?

Answer 3

the product of breaking down excess amino acids made in the liver

Question 4

The kidneys - fill the gaps:

• blood comes from the heart through the ____ ______ at a ____ pressure
• the kidney _______ the blood, then it travels back to the heart through the ____ ____

Answer 4

• blood comes from the heart through the renal artery at a high pressure
• the kidney filters the blood, then it travels back to the heart through the renal vein

Question 5

The urinary system - fill the gaps:

• urine comes from the _______ through the ______ into the _______
• exits the body out of the _______

Answer 5

• urine comes from the kidneys through the ureter into the bladder
• exits the body out of the urethra

Question 6

What is ultrafiltration?

key words:

glomerulus, Bowmans capsule, high pressure, larger molecules

Answer 6

the blood arrives at the glomerulus and the liquid part of the blood is forced into the Bowmans capsule at a high pressure, leaving behind larger molecules like blood cells and proteins as they can’t pass through the membranes

Question 7

What is selective reabsorption?

key words:

loop of henlé, capillaries glucose, concentration gradient, ions, water, nephron, collecting duct, urine

Answer 7

in the loop of henlé, substances are reabsorbed into the capillaries
all glucose is reabsorbed against the concentration gradient
ions and water are reabsorbed
anything that is not reabsorbed continues out of the nephron into the collecting duct which is eventually released as urine

Question 8

How does ADH control water levels in the body? fill the gaps:

• the loss of _____ means the ________________ of the blood starts to ________
• this is detected by the _______________
• causes the ________ ______ to release ___
• ___ travels in the blood to the _____
• causes the __________ _______ to become more ____________ to water
• more water is ___________ into the blood
• makes the _____ more ______________

(the opposite if there is too much water in the body)

Answer 8

• the loss of water means the concentration. of the blood starts to increase
• this is detected by the hypothalamus
• causes the pituitary gland to release ADH
• ADH travels in the blood to the kidney
• causes the collecting ducts to become more permeable to water
• more water is reabsorbed into the blood
• makes the urine more concentrated

Question 9

What are 4 pros and cons of kidney transplants?

Answer 9

pros :
long term
no need for kidney dialysis
no change in lifestyle (unless immunosuppressants are needed)
better quality of life

cons :
expensive
high risk
body could reject kidney so would need to take immunosuppressants
some side effects

Question 10

What is 1 pro and 4 cons of kidney dialysis?

Answer 10

pros:
keeps you alive

cons:
time consuming
expensive (if not with the NHS)
uncomfortable
change in lifestyle - restricted diet