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Biology > Key concepts : cells/transport * > Flashcards

Key concepts : cells/transport * Flashcards

1
Q

How do you calculate the magnification of a microscope?

A

magnification of microscope = magnification of eyepiece x magnification of objective lens

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2
Q

How do you calculate the magnification of an image?

A

(the I AM triangle)

magnification = image size/ actual size

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3
Q

What measurements come after a metre?

How do you go from one measurement to the next?

A

metre (m) -> millimetre (mm) -> micrometre (μm) -> nanometre (nm)
x 1000 x 1000 x 1000.

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4
Q

What is the coverslip on a microscope used for when magnifying a slide?

A
  • protects microscope
  • prevents slide from drying out
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5
Q

List all the organelles inside an animal cell

A
  • cytoplasm
  • cell membrane
  • nucleus
  • ribosomes
  • mitochondria
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6
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

A jelly-like material that contains dissolved nutrients and salts and organelles.
Where many chemical reactions happen

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7
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Contains genetic material, including DNA, which controls the cell’s activities

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8
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

Permeable structure to certain substances that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

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9
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

organelles that contain the enzymes for respiration, and where most energy is released in respiration

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10
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

tiny structures where protein synthesis occurs

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11
Q

List all the organelles in a plant cell

A
  • cytoplasm
  • cell membrane
  • cell wall
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • ribosomes
  • vacuole
  • chloroplasts
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12
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

organelles that contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
contains enzymes needed for photosynthesis

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13
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

Made from cellulose fibres and strengthens the cell and supports the plant

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14
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid

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15
Q

Which types of cells are prokaryotic?

A

bacteria cells

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16
Q

Which types of cells are eukaryotic?

A

animal cells and plant cells

17
Q

List all of the organelles in a bacteria cell

A
  • cytoplasm
  • cell membrane
  • cell wall
  • ribosomes
  • Plasmid DNA
  • chromosomal DNA
  • flagellum (not always present)
18
Q

What is a specialised cell?

A

designed to carry out a particular role, which ensures the organism functions as a whole

19
Q

Give three specialised cells

A
  • sperm cell : head contains a haploid nucleus, and the acrosome contains an enzyme that allows it to penetrate the egg, middle piece contains lots of mitochondria to release energy and tail enables sperm to swim.
  • red blood cell : doesn’t contain a nucleus to give more space for oxygen, has an indented shape so that is has a higher surface area, to enable more oxygen to diffuse into it quicker
  • root hair cell : has a large surface area so that more water can travel into the cell (through active transport), has thin walls so as to not restrict the movement of water
20
Q

What is diffusion?

A

the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient

21
Q

What is a solute?

A

the dissolved substance in a solution

22
Q

What is a solvent?

A

the liquid in which a solute dissolves to form a solution

23
Q

What is a solution?

A

mixture formed by a solute and a solvent

24
Q

Give three factors that can affect the rate of diffusion

A

concentration gradient : the greater the difference in concentration, the quicker the rate of diffusion

temperature : the higher the temperature, the more kinetic energy the particles have, so they move and mix quicker

surface area of cell membrane separating regions : the greater the surface area, the faster the rate of diffusion

25
Q

What is osmosis?

A

the net movement of water particles from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration through a partially permeable membrane, down a concentration gradient

26
Q

What is a dilute solution?

A

contains a higher concentration of water molecules

27
Q

What is a concentrated solution?

A

contains a low concentration of water molecules

28
Q

What does turgid mean?

A

a cell enlarged and swollen with water

29
Q

What does flaccid mean?

A

a cell that is soft and floppy

30
Q

What is plasmolysis?

A

in a very concentrated solution (low water), the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall completely

31
Q

How do you calculate the change in mass/percentage/concentration etc?

A

eg. mass

change in mass = mass at end - mass at start

eg. percentage change

change in percentage = current percentage - old percentage / current percentage x 100

32
Q

What is active transport?

A

the net movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, up/against a concentration gradient using energy from resperation

Biology (18 decks)

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