Key concepts : cells/transport * Flashcards

1
Q

How do you calculate the magnification of a microscope?

A

magnification of microscope = magnification of eyepiece x magnification of objective lens

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2
Q

How do you calculate the magnification of an image?

A

(the I AM triangle)

magnification = image size/ actual size

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3
Q

What measurements come after a metre?

How do you go from one measurement to the next?

A

metre (m) -> millimetre (mm) -> micrometre (μm) -> nanometre (nm)
x 1000 x 1000 x 1000.

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4
Q

What is the coverslip on a microscope used for when magnifying a slide?

A
  • protects microscope
  • prevents slide from drying out
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5
Q

List all the organelles inside an animal cell

A
  • cytoplasm
  • cell membrane
  • nucleus
  • ribosomes
  • mitochondria
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6
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

A jelly-like material that contains dissolved nutrients and salts and organelles.
Where many chemical reactions happen

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7
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Contains genetic material, including DNA, which controls the cell’s activities

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8
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

Permeable structure to certain substances that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

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9
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

organelles that contain the enzymes for respiration, and where most energy is released in respiration

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10
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

tiny structures where protein synthesis occurs

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11
Q

List all the organelles in a plant cell

A
  • cytoplasm
  • cell membrane
  • cell wall
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • ribosomes
  • vacuole
  • chloroplasts
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12
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

organelles that contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
contains enzymes needed for photosynthesis

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13
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

Made from cellulose fibres and strengthens the cell and supports the plant

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14
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid

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15
Q

Which types of cells are prokaryotic?

A

bacteria cells

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16
Q

Which types of cells are eukaryotic?

A

animal cells and plant cells

17
Q

List all of the organelles in a bacteria cell

A
  • cytoplasm
  • cell membrane
  • cell wall
  • ribosomes
  • Plasmid DNA
  • chromosomal DNA
  • flagellum (not always present)
18
Q

What is a specialised cell?

A

designed to carry out a particular role, which ensures the organism functions as a whole

19
Q

Give three specialised cells

A
  • sperm cell : head contains a haploid nucleus, and the acrosome contains an enzyme that allows it to penetrate the egg, middle piece contains lots of mitochondria to release energy and tail enables sperm to swim.
  • red blood cell : doesn’t contain a nucleus to give more space for oxygen, has an indented shape so that is has a higher surface area, to enable more oxygen to diffuse into it quicker
  • root hair cell : has a large surface area so that more water can travel into the cell (through active transport), has thin walls so as to not restrict the movement of water
20
Q

What is diffusion?

A

the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient

21
Q

What is a solute?

A

the dissolved substance in a solution

22
Q

What is a solvent?

A

the liquid in which a solute dissolves to form a solution

23
Q

What is a solution?

A

mixture formed by a solute and a solvent

24
Q

Give three factors that can affect the rate of diffusion

A

concentration gradient : the greater the difference in concentration, the quicker the rate of diffusion

temperature : the higher the temperature, the more kinetic energy the particles have, so they move and mix quicker

surface area of cell membrane separating regions : the greater the surface area, the faster the rate of diffusion

25
What is osmosis?
the net movement of water particles from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration through a partially permeable membrane, down a concentration gradient
26
What is a dilute solution?
contains a higher concentration of water molecules
27
What is a concentrated solution?
contains a low concentration of water molecules
28
What does turgid mean?
a cell enlarged and swollen with water
29
What does flaccid mean?
a cell that is soft and floppy
30
What is plasmolysis?
in a very concentrated solution (low water), the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall completely
31
How do you calculate the change in mass/percentage/concentration etc?
eg. mass change in mass = mass at end - mass at start eg. percentage change change in percentage = current percentage - old percentage / current percentage x 100
32
What is active transport?
the net movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, up/against a concentration gradient using energy from resperation