Exchange and transport in animals * Flashcards
If you increase the volume of an object, will the surface area increase at the same rate?
no - the surface area doesn’t increase at the same rate
Give an example of a unicellular organism
Why do unicellular organisms use diffusion? (three bullet points)
bacteria
- have larger surface area to volume ratio
- substances can reach all parts of the cell
- diffuse in and out at a fast rate
Why do multicellular organisms use a transport system?
- smaller surface area to volume ratio
- diffusion is not powerful enough to get oxygen and other substances to reach all of the cells
- transport system is needed to move substances around the body
How is blood pumped around the body?
by the heart
How do you calculate cardiac output?
How do you calculate heart rate?
cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
heart rate = cardiac output / stroke volume
What are the four chambers of the heart called?
right atria
left atria
right ventricle
left ventricle
Fill the gaps :
- blood enters the heart through the ____ ____ and travels into the right ______
- travels through a _____ into the right _________
- travels through a _____ and through the _________ ______ to the _____
- re-enters heart through the __________ ____ and travels into the ____ _____
- travels through a _____ into the ____ _____
- travels through a _____ and through the _____ to the ____
- re-enters the heart through the _____
- blood enters the heart through the vena carva and travels into the right atrium
- travels through a valve into the right ventricle
- travels through a valve and through the pulmonary artery to the lungs
- re-enters heart through the pulmonary vein and travels into the left atrium
- travels through a valve into the left ventricle
- travels through a valve and through the aorta to the body
- re-enters the heart through the vena carva
What type of blood (oxygenated/deoxygenated) enters the right atrium through the vena carva?
(from the body
deoxygenated
What type of blood (oxygenated/deoxygenated) enters the left atrium through the pulmonary vein
(from the lungs)
oxygenated blood
What type of blood do arteries (generally) carry?
oxygenated (- pulmonary artery)
What type of blood do veins (generally) carry?
deoxygenated blood (- pulmonary vein)
Which direction do arteries travel?
away from the heart
Which direction do veins travel?
to the heart
Do arteries have a high or low blood pressure?
How are they adapted to this?
high blood pressure - travels faster
have thicker walls
Do veins have a high or low blood pressure?
How are they adapted to this?
low blood pressure - travels slow
have a wider lumen and valves to prevent backflow
Why are capillaries only one cell thin?
shorter diffusion distance for oxygen to travel into cells - more oxygen reaches cells
Why is the lumen of a capillary much smaller?
slows down blood traveling through it - more time for more oxygen to enter cells
What are the four components of blood?
What do they do?
- red blood cells - carry oxygen
- white blood cells - immune system, produce antibodies and ingest pathogens
- platelets - help to form blood clots, healing cuts
- plasma - liquid component, carries lots of substances
How are red blood cells adapted to their function?
- have haemoglobin to carry oxygen
- have no nucleus - can carry more haemoglobin aka more oxygen
- biconcave shape - higher surface area to vol ratio, higher rate of diffusion, more oxygen diffused into them
What is the word and chemical equation of aerobic respiration?
glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water
C6H12O6 +6O2 –> 6co2 _ 6h2O
What is the word and chemical equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?
glucose –> lactic acid
C6H12O6 –> C3H6O3
What is the word and chemical equation for anaerobic respiration in plants?
glucose –> ethanol + water
C6H12O6 –> C2H5OH + 6H2O
Which type of respiration releases more energy?
aerobic respiration
Where does aerobic respiration take place in a cell?
in the mitochondria
Where does anaerobic respiration take place in a cell?
in the cytoplasm
What can happen if you respire anaerobically for too long?
a build up of lactic acid produces an oxygen debt (the amount of oxygen required by the body for recovery after exercise)
