Origins of the Apothecary & The European Apothecary

Question 1

What marked the beginning of pharmacy’s independence from medicine?

Answer 1

The opening of the first privately owned apothecary shop in Baghdad.

Question 2

What new preparations were available when Baghdad was formed? (2)

Answer 2

1. Tinctures. 2. Electuaries.

Question 3

What significance did the Edict of Frederick II (c. 1240) have on Europe? (3)

Answer 3

1. Gave official recognition of pharmacy being separate from medicine. 2. Supervision of pharmacy. 3. Oath to prepare properly and uniformly.

Question 4

What led to the separation of pharmacy and medicine? (3)

Answer 4

1. The need for specialized knowledge in expanding trade. 2. Knowledge of drugs. The skill required for compounding the various pharmaceutical preparations.

Question 5

What did medical schools do when they emerged? (2)

Answer 5

1. They inspected apothecary shops. 2. Regulated apothecary shops.

Question 6

Around what time did English universities begin to emerge?

Answer 6

Around 1100-1200.

Question 7

What was the significance of the Edict of Frederick II have on the future colonies in America? (2)

Answer 7

1. Limited number of pharmacies. 2. Fixed prices for remedies.

Question 8

What required physicians to study anatomy?

Answer 8

Edict of Frederick II (c. 1240).

Question 9

Who were the apothecaries in guilds with for 500 years in France?

Answer 9

Spicers.

Question 10

When apothecaries broke off from spicers in London, who did they join with?

Answer 10

Grocers. They branched off on their own to form the Society of Apothecaries.

Question 11

When apothecaries broke off from their second guild in London, what did they do?

Answer 11

They branched off on their own to form the Society of Apothecaries.

Question 12

What became a sign and symbol for Apothecaries?

Answer 12

A leech jar with two handles.

Question 13

What is Yprocas? Why is it significant?

Answer 13

1. Spiced wine consumed after meal. 2. The sugar cone was used as a sign and symbol for apothecaries.

Question 14

How did the Roman guild regulate pharmacy? (4)

Answer 14

1. Examine candidates. 2. Space between shops. 3. Price for remedies. 4. Supervise producers/sellers of food, liquors, pastries, and medicinal herbs.

Question 15

Were apothecaries a root of museums?

Answer 15

Yes, due to their connections with exotics.

Question 16

What kind of specialized knowledge did apothecaries have?

Answer 16

When to collect and what to collect from plants.

Question 17

What tasks did apothecaries have by the late 1400s? (3)

Answer 17

1. Ensure identity and quality of drugs. 2. Make ingredients and preparations. 3. Compound prescriptions.

Question 18

What is culling or garbling?

Answer 18

Sorting medicinal parts from dross.

Question 19

What were roses used for? (3)

Answer 19

1. Rose water as a primary flavoring. 2. Rose oil for perfume base. 3. Rose cakes - cheap alternative to oil.

Question 20

Were apothecaries during this time prosperous?

Answer 20

Yes.

Question 21

What is evidence that apothecaries were respected?

Answer 21

Jesus was depicted as an apothecary.

Question 22

Were apothecaries industrialized and professional before America’s founding?

Answer 22

Yes.

Question 23

Were English Pharmacies as high class as German ones?

Answer 23

No.

Question 24

Who were chemists? What is their significance?

Answer 24

Those selling chemical remedies. They competed with apothecaries in the 1700s once the apothecaries began to lose control over the drug trade.

Question 25

Why did apothecaries begin to lose control of the drug trade in the 1700s?

Answer 25

Because they began to shift to medical practice.