Modern Pharmacy Flashcards
What did Helper and Strand do?
Advocated for Pharmaceutical Care.
Describe the evolution of types of drugs in the modern age (3).
- Chemicals (minerals). 2. Alkaloids (pure active part of plant drug). 3. Organic chemistry (coal-tar/phenol/dye).
What are two examples of drugs derived from organic chemistry?
- Antipyrin. 2. Aspirin.
What are examples of two alkaloids?
- Morphine from opium. 2. Quinine from cinchona bark.
What is an example of a chemical (mineral) drug?
Calomel.
What did Banting and Best do?
Isolated insulin.
Why and when was there government regulation for vaccines and anti-toxins?
Laboratories were built to ensure quality after 1902.
Who worked on staining bacteria with dyes, leading to the development of arsephenamine (Salvarsan)?
Paul Ehrlich.
What did the Penicillin effort demonstrate?
The value of research and development. - The search for new drugs.
How did drug development shift after 1955? (2)
- Drugs were developed for the common person rather than tied to colonialism or war. 2. Physicians “prescribed to the number.”
What was Pharmaceutical Care? (3)
- Pharmacists is responsible. 2. Definite outcomes. 3. The responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient’s quality of life.
What did Obra ‘90 require?
The offer to counsel.
What did the American Counsel on Pharmaceutical Education do in 1989?
It made it so that a PharmD was a minimum of 6 years.
When was the HMO act signed? What did it do? (3)
- 1973 by Nixon. 2. Led to a group of cost-saving techniques. 3. Allowed group practices among MDs.
What are Pharmacy Benefit Management (PBMs)? (2)
- Process and pay drug claims for insurance. 2. Administer the Formulary (Make deals with companies for better prices, push generics).
What is manged care?
A broad spectrum of techniques by which insurance companies attempt to reduce health care costs by participating in decisions concerning the treatment given to those they insure.”
What did the Clinton Health Care Reform effort (1992) lead to? (2)
- The consolidation of the pharmaceutical industry. 2. Encourages growth of managed care.
Why did the adoption of Pharmaceutical care fail? (2)
- Few incentives or compensation. 2. Too little time (Rx volume increases).
What did the 1997 Federal Trade Commission do?
Made direct to consumer drug advertising ok.
What resulted after the paradigm shifts?
Basic Clinical Pharmacy.
What became an important aspect of Hospital Pharmacy after the paradigm shifts?
Kinetics.
What paradigm shift won a Pyrrhic victory?
Managed care. (Too many Rxs to fill, too little time).
When did Pharmacists begin to get training for immunizations?
By 1990s.
What University is notable about training pharmacists to give immunizations?
Washington state 1997.
By what time did most states allow RPh immunizations?
By 2000.
What was the Asheville Project? (3)
- Train pharmacists in diabetes management, then asthma management. 2. Provide services to city employees for 6 mo., then charge if proven to employers. 3. Showed the medication therapy works.
What is Medication Therapy Management (MTM)? (2)
- A strategy to achieve Pharm’l Care. 2. A distinct group of services optimizing therapeutic outcomes for individuals.
What did the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA) do? (2)
- Medicare Part D (Rx drugs for seniors). 2. MTM provisions included.
What does Medication Therapy Management (MTM) prevent?
Prevents medication “catastrophes.”
Why might Medication Therapy Management (MTM) not be the future?
Too much up front costs (consulting areas, more pharmacy staff).
Did the paradigm shift to Pharmaceutical Care fail?
Yes.
What are the current efforts of Pharmacists?
To gain provider status (Medicare Part B).
