Modern Pharmacy

Question 1

What did Helper and Strand do?

Answer 1

Advocated for Pharmaceutical Care.

Question 2

Describe the evolution of types of drugs in the modern age (3).

Answer 2

1. Chemicals (minerals). 2. Alkaloids (pure active part of plant drug). 3. Organic chemistry (coal-tar/phenol/dye).

Question 3

What are two examples of drugs derived from organic chemistry?

Answer 3

1. Antipyrin. 2. Aspirin.

Question 4

What are examples of two alkaloids?

Answer 4

1. Morphine from opium. 2. Quinine from cinchona bark.

Question 5

What is an example of a chemical (mineral) drug?

Answer 5

Calomel.

Question 6

What did Banting and Best do?

Answer 6

Isolated insulin.

Question 7

Why and when was there government regulation for vaccines and anti-toxins?

Answer 7

Laboratories were built to ensure quality after 1902.

Question 8

Who worked on staining bacteria with dyes, leading to the development of arsephenamine (Salvarsan)?

Answer 8

Paul Ehrlich.

Question 9

What did the Penicillin effort demonstrate?

Answer 9

The value of research and development. - The search for new drugs.

Question 10

How did drug development shift after 1955? (2)

Answer 10

1. Drugs were developed for the common person rather than tied to colonialism or war. 2. Physicians “prescribed to the number.”

Question 11

What was Pharmaceutical Care? (3)

Answer 11

1. Pharmacists is responsible. 2. Definite outcomes. 3. The responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient’s quality of life.

Question 12

What did Obra ‘90 require?

Answer 12

The offer to counsel.

Question 13

What did the American Counsel on Pharmaceutical Education do in 1989?

Answer 13

It made it so that a PharmD was a minimum of 6 years.

Question 14

When was the HMO act signed? What did it do? (3)

Answer 14

1. 1973 by Nixon. 2. Led to a group of cost-saving techniques. 3. Allowed group practices among MDs.

Question 15

What are Pharmacy Benefit Management (PBMs)? (2)

Answer 15

1. Process and pay drug claims for insurance. 2. Administer the Formulary (Make deals with companies for better prices, push generics).

Question 16

What is manged care?

Answer 16

A broad spectrum of techniques by which insurance companies attempt to reduce health care costs by participating in decisions concerning the treatment given to those they insure.”

Question 17

What did the Clinton Health Care Reform effort (1992) lead to? (2)

Answer 17

1. The consolidation of the pharmaceutical industry. 2. Encourages growth of managed care.

Question 18

Why did the adoption of Pharmaceutical care fail? (2)

Answer 18

1. Few incentives or compensation. 2. Too little time (Rx volume increases).

Question 19

What did the 1997 Federal Trade Commission do?

Answer 19

Made direct to consumer drug advertising ok.

Question 20

What resulted after the paradigm shifts?

Answer 20

Basic Clinical Pharmacy.

Question 21

What became an important aspect of Hospital Pharmacy after the paradigm shifts?

Answer 21

Kinetics.

Question 22

What paradigm shift won a Pyrrhic victory?

Answer 22

Managed care. (Too many Rxs to fill, too little time).

Question 23

When did Pharmacists begin to get training for immunizations?

Answer 23

By 1990s.

Question 24

What University is notable about training pharmacists to give immunizations?

Answer 24

Washington state 1997.

Question 25

By what time did most states allow RPh immunizations?

Answer 25

By 2000.

Question 26

What was the Asheville Project? (3)

Answer 26

1. Train pharmacists in diabetes management, then asthma management. 2. Provide services to city employees for 6 mo., then charge if proven to employers. 3. Showed the medication therapy works.

Question 27

What is Medication Therapy Management (MTM)? (2)

Answer 27

1. A strategy to achieve Pharm’l Care. 2. A distinct group of services optimizing therapeutic outcomes for individuals.

Question 28

What did the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA) do? (2)

Answer 28

1. Medicare Part D (Rx drugs for seniors). 2. MTM provisions included.

Question 29

What does Medication Therapy Management (MTM) prevent?

Answer 29

Prevents medication “catastrophes.”

Question 30

Why might Medication Therapy Management (MTM) not be the future?

Answer 30

Too much up front costs (consulting areas, more pharmacy staff).

Question 31

Did the paradigm shift to Pharmaceutical Care fail?

Answer 31

Yes.

Question 32

What are the current efforts of Pharmacists?

Answer 32

To gain provider status (Medicare Part B).