Organizations to Body Structures Flashcards
Divisions of the Body
- The head
- The neck
- The trunk
- Thorax
- Abdomen
- Pelvis
- The limbs or members
- Superior or upper limb or member
- Inferior or lower limb or member
The Body Cavities (3)
- Ventral Cavity
- Thoracic Cavity
- Abdominopelvic Cavity
- Dorsal Cavity
- Cranial Cavity
- Spinal Canal
Somes Regional Surface Areas Defined
Is the armpit, the space between the medial surface of the upper arm and the adjacent lateral chest wall.
Axilla
Some Regional Surface Areas Defined
Is the area of the oblique crease on the front of the body where the lower limb joint the trunk in front of the hip.
Groin
Some Regional Surface Areas Defined
ls the lateral side of the abdomen between the lowest rib and the upper margin of the ilium
Loin
Some Regional Surface Areas Defined
Is one of the nine regions into which the abdomen is divided. It sometimes refers to the posterior abdominal wall adjacent to the lumbar vertebrae
Lumbar Region
Some Regional Surfaces Areas Defined
Is the prominent area of the rump on either side lying lateral and behind the hip
The buttock
Some Regional Surfaces Areas Defined
is the space between the upper medial surfaces of the thighs, and extending from the anus behind to the pubic arch in front. It becomes visible when the thighs are seperated
Perinuem
The Organization of Body Structures
The unit of structure and of function of the body
Cells
The Organization of Body Structures
Group of similar cells.
Tissues
The Organization of Body Structures
Groups of tissues organized into a unit and concerned with some specific function.
Organs
The Organization of Body Structures
Groups of tissues and organs arranged to perform some function
Systems
Composition of Cells
is a name used to indicate living matter
Protoplasm
Composition of Cells
- Consists of complex molecules located in the chromosomes of the nuclei of body cells.
- Each contains thousand of compounds with a nitrogen base, a sugar with 5 carbon atoms,
deoxyribose, and a phosphate.
DNA or Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Composition of Cellls
- A compound molecule located in the nucleoli of cell nuclei, or in the cytoplasm,
- It contains nitrogen, ribose, a sugar with 5 carbon atoms
RNA or Ribose Nucleic Acid, Ribonucleic Acid
Units of Microscopic Measurements
1/1000 mm (1/25,000 of an inch)
1 micron
Units of Microscopic Measurements
1/1000 micron (1/25,000,000 of an inch)
1 milimicron
Units of Microscopic Measurements
1/10 milimicron (1/250,000,000 of an inch)
1 angstrom
Cell
The cell consists of three parts, what are these parts?
- Cell membrane
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
Cells
It forms a wall to contain the cell contents but it is permeable to water and many molecules, them to pass in or out of the cell.
Cell Membrane
Cells
- Is a centrally-placed rounded part of the cell that is separated from the remainder of the cell by nuclear membrane.
- Controls cellular activity and contains chromosomes and a small rounded granule called nucleolus.
The Nucleus
The Nucleus
- are long threadlike filaments contained within the nucleus.
- Contains proteins and DNA molecules that carry genes.
Chromosomes
The Nucleus
Rounded body within the nucleus. It contains RNA molecules and proteins.
Nucleolus
Cells
Is that part of a cell that lies outside of the nucleus
Cytoplasm
The Cytoplasm
Sausage shaped bodies, the power plants, with enzymes producing chemical reactions that produce energy.
Mitochondria
The Cytoplasm
Minute canals that build up proteins. (synthesize proteins)
Endoplasmic reticula
The Cytoplasm
Minute vesicles, small sacs that concentrate or condense intracellular materials.
Golgi bodies
The Cytoplasm
Minute droplets that digest proteins, etc.
Lysosomes
The Cytoplasm
Small spherical bodies containing two cylinders which take part in cell division.
Centrosomes
The Cytoplasm
The fluid within the cytoplasm.
Intracellular fluid
The Cell
Consist of the nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm
The Cell Body
The Cell
Are projections that extend out from the cell body in some types of cells, such as nerve and bone cells.
Cell Processes
The Cell
to include all the cells of the body except the genetic (reproductive) cells.
Somatic Cells
The Cell
Include those cells that produce an embryo, the ovum, or egg in the female, and the spermatozoon, or sperm in the male.
Genetic Cells or Reproductive Cells
Tissues
4 kinds of Tissue
- Epithelial Tissue or epithelium
- Connective Tissue
- Muscular Tissue
- Nervous Tissue or nerve tissue
Tissues
Is the material that lies between adjacent cell in any tissue.
Intercellular Substance
Tissues
sheet of tissue composed of cells cemented together to form a covering or lining membrane,
such as skin, covering of a lung, or lining of a blood vessel or the intestine, etc. and contains nerve endings (receptors) but no blood vessels.
Epithelial Tissue-Epithelium
Epithelial Tissue
Single layer of flat cobblestone or tilelike cells.
Pavement epithelium
Epithelial Tissue
A layer of cube-shaped cells cemented together
Cuboidal epithelium
Epithelial Tissue
A layer of cylindrical cells joined together
Columnar epithelium
Epithelial Tissue
Shaped like wine goblets, are found in the columnar epithelium. They secrete mucus, a clear sticky fluid. They are found in mucous membranes of the digestive tract.
Goblet Cells
Epithelial Tissue
Many-sided cells are cemented together.
Polyhedral epithelium
Epithelial Tissue
- Consist of a single layer of cells cemented together to form a continuous sheet.
- Linings of blood vessels and the intestine, the covering of the heart, lungs, etc.
Simple Epithelium
Epithelial Tissue
- Consist of several layers of cells cemented together to form a membrane.
- Mouth, esophagus, vagina, skin
Stratified Epithelium
Epithelial Tissue
A type of simple epithelium with a single layer of cells forming the lining of blood
Endothelium
Epithelial Tissue
A type of simple single-layered epithelium that lines the body cavities, the pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum.
Mesothelium
Epithelial Tissue
A type of simple or stratified epithelium that contains goblet cells and secretes mucus.
Mucous membrane
Epithelial Tissue
Type of simple epithelium that secretes a thin watery colorless fluid.
Serous membrane
Epithelial Tissue
Is a type of epithelium that lines joint cavities, bursae, and the sheaths of tendons. It secretes an oily substance that lubricates adjacent surfaces.
Synovial membrane
Tissues
- supporting and binding tissues of the body.
- functions to support, connect or bind other important tissues and to fill in spaces within and about organs
Connective Tissues
Connective Tissues
7 types of Connective Tissues
- Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue
- Adipose (Fatty) Tissue
- Fibrous Tissue
- Elastic Tissue, Elastic Connective Tissue
- Reticular Tissue
- Cartilage or Gristle
- Bone or Osseous Tissue
Connective Tissues
- Consist of semiliquid or jellylike matrix surrounding well separated cells.
- Network of loosely arranged fibers.
- Wavy white bundles of fibers containing collagen that yield gelatin with boiling, and yellow elastic fibers that are stretchable.
Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue
Connective Tissue
- Modified connective tissue.
- The nucleus of each cell is pushed to one side by fat that is deposited in the cytoplasm.
- The fat cell resembles a signet ring.
Adipose (Fatty) Tissue
Connective Tissue
- Type of connective tissue in which the matrix consists of bundles of collagen fibers that either lie parallel to each other or form a crisscross of fibers when in sheets.
- Form strong cords or sheets of tissue.
- Tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses
Fibrous Tissue
Connective Tissue
- Largely composed of elastic fibers that are contractile and stretchable.
- Found in structures that must expand and contract.
- Walls of large blood vessels, lungs, membranes lining the hollow organs.
Elastic Connective Tissue
Connective Tissue
- Is composed of a fine network (reticulum) of fibers.
- Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and bone marrow.
Reticular Tissue
Connective Tissue
Oval shaped nucleated cells surrounded by a matrix that cements the cells into a firm but flexible structure.
Cartilage or Gristle
Connective Tissue
What are the 3 types of Cartilage
- Hyaline cartilage
- Fibrocartilage
- Elastic cartilage
Connective Tissue: Cartilage
- Clear matrix
- Costal cartilages, nasal and laryngeal cartilages, and the ringlike cartilages of the trachea and bronchi.
Hyaline Cartilage
Connective Tissue: Cartilage
- White collagen fibers
- Articular discs at some joints such as intervertebral discs, semilunar cartilages at the
knee, wrist, symphysis pubis, TMJ, acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints.
Fibrocartilage
Connective Tissue: Cartilages
- Elastic fibers
- Epiglottis, cartilages of the external ear, auditory canals.
Elastic Cartilage
Connective Tissue
- Modified Connective tissue
- Nucleated cells with many processes extending out from the cell bodies.
- The spaces about the processes and between cells are impregnated with calcium phosphate forming a rigid matrix.
Bone or Osseous Tissue
Tissue
- Elongated, cylindrical or spindle-shaped cells cemented together to form bundles of sheets
- also called muscle fibers.
- Minute fibrils (little fibers) or myofibrils extend from one end of a muscle fiber to the other in the cytoplasm
Muscle/Muscular Tissue
Muscular Tissue
What are the types of Muscular Tissue
(S,V,C)
Skeletal, Visceral and Cardiac Muscle
Muscular Tissue
Voluntary, Striated Muscle, Attached to bones across a joint and Has sensory and motor nerves
Skeletal Muscle
Muscular Tissue
Involuntary, Non-striated, Smooth muscles, Stomach, intestine, gallbladder, blood vessels and Controlled by autonomic nervous system
Visceral Muscle
Muscular Tissue
Two layers of visceral muscle in the covering of a hollow organ
- Inner Circular layer
- Outer longitudinal layer
Muscular Tissue
Involuntary, Striated, Fibers are cylindrical but branched
Cardiac Muscle or the Myocardium
Nervous Tissue
Central nucleus and two sets of processes, an axon and dendrites.
Neurons
Nervous Tissue
Is slender process extending out from the cell body. It may be 2 or 3 ft in length. It conducts impulses away from the cell body.
Axon
Neurons
Convey sensory impulses from skin or other structures to the spinal cord.
Sensory Neurons
Neurons
are minute structures at the distal end of dendrites that pick up sensory impulses.
Receptors
Neurons
are minute plates or branching fibrils at the distal ends of axons of motor neurons
Effectors
Neurons
Convey impulses from the brain and spinal cord out to muscles or secreting glands.
Motor neurons
Nervous TIssue
Are the supporting cells of the nervous system and are placed among and around neurons.
Neuroglia
What are the 10 Organ Systems
- Skeletal or osseous systern
- Skin, cutis, or integumentary system
- Muscular system
- Blood and circulatory system
- Respiratory system
- Digestive system
- Urinary system
- Reproductive system
- Endocrine glands
- Nervous system
Physiochemical Processes in Cells and Tissues
What are the 3 Physiochemical Processes in Cells and Tissues
- Filtration
- Diffusion
- Osmosis
Physiochemical Processes in Cells and Tissues
A process by which water, with its dissolved smaller molecules, passes through cell or vessel walls in the same concentration as in the original solution.
Filtration
Physiochemical Processes in Cells and Tissues
Is the movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to one of lesser
concentration.
Diffusion
Physiochemical Processes in Cells and Tissues
Is the passage of water through a semipermeable membrane towards the side with the greater concentration of the dissolved substance.
Osmosis
Is a term used to designate the maintenance within certain normal limits of the percentage concentration of the various components of blood, body cells, intercellular spaces, etc.
Homeostasis
Cells and Tissue
weight (mass) per unit volume.
Density of any substance
an agent used to render hollow organs, often with thin walls, visible.
Media or Medium
Cell Division
Cell division by spindle formation, the duplication of chromosomes, separation of daughter chromatids, (chromosomes), division of cytoplasm, formation of 2 identical daughter cells.
Mitosis
Cell Division
reduction, a lessening, A cell division in genetic or reproductive cells, ova or eggs, and spermatozoa or sperms.
Miosis
Cell Division
What are the 5 phases of Mitosis
- Interphase
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
Cell Division: Phases of Mitosis
resting stage is the between stage before active cell division has begun.
Interphase
Cell Division: Phases of Mitosis
Preliminary stage includes all the initial steps that occur in preparation for the next stage or metaphase.
Prophase
Cell Division: Phases of Mitosis
2 - The 46 chromosomes become condensed, rodlike and shortened.
Prophase
Cell Division: Phases of Mitosis
chromosomes become doubled and 46 pairs of chromatids, (92), each one of pair identical to its mate, each gene is duplicated.
Duplication
part of prophase
Cell Division: Phases of Mitosis
3 - Paired chromatids separate except at one point near the center — the centromere.
Prophase
Cell Division: Phases of Mitosis
4 - The centromere divides into 2 centrosomes, one of which migrates to each pole (or end) of the cell body; (centrosomes contain 2 centrioles);
Prophase
Cell Division: Phases of Mitosis
A spindle of fibers form between the newly formed centrosomes.
Prophase
Cell Division: Phases of Mitosis
other fibers radiate out from each centrosome in all directions
Aster formation
(aster = star)
Cell Division: Phases of Mitosis
- The nuclear membrane disappears.
- The nucleolus also disappears.
Prophase
Cell Division
- Equatorial grouping; the chromatids line up at the equator of the spindle
- The paired chromatids become arranged at the equator of the spindle, one pair attached to a fiber of the spindle.
Metaphase
Cell Division
- Or separation
- The paired chromatids separate from each other.
- One chromatid of each pair migrates along its fiber to a centrosome at each pole.
- The 46 chromatids become chromosomes or fine filaments grouped at the centrosome.
Anaphase
Cell Division
- Completion of cell division
- The 46 chromosomes, threadlike filaments, form a new nucleus close to the centrosome.
- The spindle and aster disappear.
- A nuclear membrane forms around the 46 chromosomes at each end of the dividing cell.
- The nucleolus reforms
- The cytoplasm divides, the cell membrane now becomes constricted at the equator, and pinches off forming two separate daughter cells with nuclei.
- Each daughter cell is a duplication of the parent cell and its genes
Telophase
Cell Division: Some Definitions Restated
Are fine filaments, 46 in each nucleus in human somatic cells, contain DNA molecules all having many genes per chromosome, participate in cell division, becoming duplicated, form chromosomes of daughter cells.
Chromosomes
Cell Division: Some Definitions Restated
Point of contact of paired daughter chromatids during cell division.
Centromere
Cell DIvision: Some Definitions Restated
- Process in which the parent cell is reduced into one-half of the number of chromosomes.
- Oogenesis and spermatogenesis
Maturation
Miosis
Cell Division: Some Definitions Restated
now considered to be fractions of DNA molecules of chromosomes, in many different combinations.
Genes
