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RT 211 > Introduction to Bones and Joints > Flashcards

Introduction to Bones and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Bones: General Terms

a bone; pl. ossa; adj. osseous

A

Os

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2
Q

Bones: General Terms

a little bone, e.g. —– of ear

A

Ossicles

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3
Q

Bones: General Terms

to form bone

A

Ossify

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4
Q

Bones: General Terms

a deposit of calcium, not the formation of bone

A

Calcification

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5
Q

Bone Prominences, Projections, Depressions

A wing; ____ of sacrum, or ilium

A

Ala

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6
Q

Bone Prominences, Projections, Depressions

A rounded knoblike projection of knuckle; ____ of femur and tibia

A

Condyle

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7
Q

Bone Prominences, Projections, Depressions

A horn; ____ of hyoid bone; pl. cornua

A

Cornu

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8
Q

Bone Prominences, Projections, Depressions

a narrow ridge of bone; the ____ of ilium; pl. crista

A

Crest

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9
Q

Bone Prominences, Projections, Depressions

A bony projection on or above a condyle

A

Epicondyle

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10
Q

Bone Prominences, Projections, Depressions

A small hammer, a rounded bony prominence

A

Malleolus

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11
Q

Bone Prominences, Projections, Depressions

Any definite or marked bony prominence

A

Process

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12
Q

Bone Prominences, Projections, Depressions

A sharp slender process; _____ of ischium; _______ of vertebrae

A

Spine or spinous process

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13
Q

Bone Prominences, Projections, Depressions

A sharp slender process; ____ of temporal bone; _____ of radius and ulna

A

Styloid process

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14
Q

Bone Prominences, Projections, Depressions

A very large rounded process

A

Trochanter

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15
Q

Bone Prominences, Projections, Depressions

A small rounded process

A

Tubercle

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16
Q

Bone Prominences, Projections, Depressions

A small pit or depression

A

Fovea

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17
Q

Bone Prominences, Projections, Depressions

A smooth articular process, an older term for smooth articular surface of the vertebra, ribs, etc

A

Facet

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18
Q

Function of Bones

A
  • Protection
  • Support and framework
  • Levers
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19
Q

Classification of Bones

A
  • Long bones
    • Miniature Long bones
  • Short bones
  • Flat bones
  • Irregular bones
  • Sesamoid bones
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20
Q

Classification of Bones

Examples of Long bones

A

Humerus, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula

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21
Q

Classification of Bones

examples of miniature long bones

A

metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges of the limbs

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22
Q

Classification of Bones

examples of short bones

A

carpal and tarsal bones

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23
Q

Classification of Bones

examples of Flat bones

A

Skull, scapula, ribs, sternum

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24
Q

Classification of Bones

examples of irregular bones

A

Vertebrae, bones at the base of the skull

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25
Q

Parts of Long bones

A
  • Proximal or upper extremity (end)
  • Body or shaft
  • Distal or lower extremity (end)
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26
Q

Parts of miniature long bones

A
  • base or proximal extremity
  • body
  • head or distal extremity
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27
Q

Parts of Short bones

A

Body, sometimes processes

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28
Q

Parts of Flat bones

A

Body, other parts

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29
Q

Parts of Irregular bones

A

Bones, processes

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30
Q

Structure of Bones

A
  • Periosteum
  • Compact bone
  • Spongy or cancellous bone
  • The medullary cavity
  • The endosteum
  • Bone marrow
  • The nutrient foramen
  • Flat bones
  • Diploe
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31
Q

Structure of Bones

A membrane that covers all bones with the exception of the articular surface

A

Periosteum

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32
Q

Structure of Bones

Cortical bone; densely closely knit bone resembling ivory, made up of compact Haversian system

A

Compact bone

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33
Q

Structure of Bones

Porous loosely- knit bone similar in appearance to a sponge, or honeycomb, or latticework

A

Spongy or cancellous bone

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34
Q

Structure of Bones

a central cavity extending longitudinally in the shafts of long bones. It contains the bone marrow

A

The medullary cavity or marrow cavity

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35
Q

Structure of Bones

Membrane that lines the medullary cavities of a long bone

A

Endosteum

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36
Q

Structure of Bones

Tissue occupying the medullary cavities of long bones and the spaces in spongy bone and what are its two examples?

A

Bone Marrow
- Red bone marrow
- Yellow bone marrow

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37
Q

Structure of Bones

Small opening in the periosteum and opens into a nutrient canal. It carries a nerve artery into bone, and provides a passage for veins and lymphatics

A

The nutrient foramen

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38
Q

Structure of Bones

consists of thin layers of compact bone lie adjacent to the periosteum covering the external and internal surfaces

A

Flat bones

39
Q

Structure of Bones

A layer of spongy bone that lies between the two compact layers

40
Q

Development of bones

A

Ossification

41
Q

Two types of development of bones

A
  • Intracartilaginous
  • Intramembranous
42
Q

Ossification

The cartilage in the shafts of long bones and in the bodies of some other bones is replaced by bone while in the fetus is still within the uterus

A

Intracartilaginous Ossification

43
Q

Ossification: Intracartilaginous

Group of bone cells that make their appearance in the center of the bodies of long and other bones

A

Primary center of ossification

44
Q

Ossification: Intracartilaginous

Part of bone formed from a primary ossification and includes the body or shaft

45
Q

Ossification: Intracartilaginous

Group of bones that makes its appearance in the end of a bone, or in a bony prominence

A

Secondary center of ossification

46
Q

Ossification: Intracartilaginous

The part formed from one or more secondary centers of ossification

47
Q

Ossification: Intracartilaginous

Is a larger of cartilage between a diaphysis and epiphysis of a bone, that persist during growing period

A

Epiphyseal cartilage

48
Q

Ossification: Intracartilaginous

The end of diaphysis adjacent to an epiphyseal cartilage

A

Metaphysis

49
Q

Ossification

  • Occurs in the bones of the vault of the skull that form first as membranes
  • By the division of these bone cells, the membrane is replaced by bone except for the suture
A

Intramembranous Ossification

50
Q

Joints: General Terms

a joint; adj. articular; (L) articulatio

A

Articulation

51
Q

Joints: General Terms

a joint (G)

52
Q

Joints: General Terms

a joint; adj. arthrodial; pl. arthroses

53
Q

Joints: General Terms

a joint

54
Q

Movements at Joints

Movement away or across the median line of the body

55
Q

Movements at Joints

Movement towards or across the median line of the body

56
Q

Movements at Joints

The movement of bending

57
Q

Movements at Joints

The movement of straightening or stretching out

58
Q

Movements at Joints

The movement of turning a part to face towards the median line

59
Q

Movements at Joints

The movement of turning a part away from the median line

60
Q

Movements at Joints

The movement of turning a part in one axis

61
Q

Movements at Joints

Movement in a circular direction about a cone shaped axis

A

Circumduction

62
Q

Movements at Joints

Bending backwards

A

Dorsiflexion

63
Q

Movements at Joints

Extension beyond the normal limit

A

Hyperextension

64
Q

Movements at Joints

Flexion beyond normal

A

Hyperflexion

65
Q

Movements at Joints

Bending around

A

Circumflexion

66
Q

Movements at Joints

Forcibly inverting beyond normal

A

Forced inversion

67
Q

Movements at Joints

Turning inward in 1 axis

A

Internal rotation

68
Q

Movements at Joints

Turning outwards in 1 axis

A

External rotation

69
Q

Classification of Joints

A
  • Fibrous Joints /Immovable joints/ Synarthrosis or Synarthrodial Joints
  • Cartilaginous joints /Slightly movable joints/ Ampiarthroses or Ampisrthrodial joints
  • Synovial Joints / Freely Movable Joints / Diarthroses or Diarthrodial joints
70
Q

Types of Synovial Joints (6)

A
  • Gliding Joints
  • Hinge Joints
  • Condylar Joints
  • Saddle Joints
  • Pivot Joints
  • Ball and socket joints
71
Q

Have a layer of fibrous tissue between the bone ends forming a joint

A

Fibrous Joints

72
Q

Have cartilage on the adjacent bone ends with a plate or disc of fibrocartilage uniting the two together

A

Cartilaginous Joints

73
Q

Have a joint cavity between the bone ends and are held together by a capsule surrounding the joint

A

Synovial Joints

74
Q

Are the ends of the bones forming a joint

A

Articular surfaces

75
Q

Cover the bone ends and adjacent bone margins

A

Articular cartilages

76
Q

A membrane that surrounds the joint

A

Articular capsule

77
Q

Two parts of the Articular capsule

A
  • Inner Synovial membrane
  • Fibrous Tissue capsule
78
Q

Articular capsule

Forms the lining for the joint cavity. It does not cover the articular cartilages. It secretes a fluid that lubricates the joints

A

Inner Synovial membrane

79
Q

Articular capsule

Lies outside of the synovial membrane, extending from bone to bone, completely encircling the joint. It gives support

A

Fibrous Tissue capsule

80
Q

The potential space within the capsule

A

Joint cavity

81
Q

Composed of fibrous tissue pass from one bone across the joint to the other bone, inside or outside of the capsule

82
Q

Frequently cross the joint and tend to give additional support

83
Q

Closed sac of synovial tissue that lies between a muscle or a tendon and an adjacent bone or bony prominence

84
Q

Cartilages at Joints

A
  • Hyaline Cartilage
  • Fibrocartilage
  • Elastic Cartilage
85
Q

Cartilages at Joints

Forms articular cartilages at joints, costal cartilages, nasal and laryngeal cartilages, and the ringlike cartilages of trachea and bronchi

(slippery and smooth)

A

Hyaline Cartilage

86
Q

Cartilages at Joints

Forms articular discs at some joints such as intervertebral discs, semi-lunar cartilages at knee joint, and discs at the wrist, symphysis pubis, TMJ, acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints

A

Fibrocartilage

87
Q

Cartilages at Joints

Forms epiglottis, cartilages of the external ear and auditory tube

A

Elastic Cartilage

88
Q

Varieties of Synovial Joints

Have flat or slightly curved articular surfaces that slide over each other during movement

Carpal and tarsal joints, joints between articular processes of vertebrae

A

Gliding Joints

89
Q

Varieties of Synovial Joints

Have trochlea (pulley-shaped surface) fitting a concave surface to allow an angular motion similar to a hinge

Lower end of humerus and the ulna at the elbow, interphalangeal joints

A

Hinge Joints

90
Q

Varieties of Synovial Joints

Have a condyle (knuckle-like process) fitting into a concave surface,, allowing flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction

Metacarpophalangeal and wrist joint

A

Condylar Joints

91
Q

Varieties of Synovial Joints

Adjacent bone ends are shaped like a western saddle, convex in one direction and concave in the other

This allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction

Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

A

Saddle Joints

92
Q

Varieties of Synovial Joints

Are those in a which a rounded bone end is encircled by a ring of cartilage or bone so that there is rotation or turning on one axis

Joint between the 1st cervical vertebra and tooth-like dens of the 2nd vertebrae, and the proximal radioulnar joint at elbow

A

Pivot Joints

93
Q

Varieties of Synovial Joints

Have a globelike end or head fitting into a cup-shaped cavity

This allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction

Shoulder and hip joints

A

Ball and socket joints

RT 211 (12 decks)

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