Organization of the Microbial World Flashcards
- Microbial diversity is the consequence of relatively rapid______ under the selective pressure of a vast number of ______
- The evolution of microorganisms is best described by a domain ______ and by the process of ________
- The most accurate organization of the evolutionary tree of microorganisms is based on _______ rather than ________. The _____, ______, and _______ of microorganisms are also useful for grouping
- _______ and _______ unique to bacteria form the basis of important and highly useful concepts in microbiology
- evolution; environments
- model; endosymbiosis
- genotype; phenotypes
- structure; composition; activities
- Structure; polymers
Amazing Microbiology Facts
- Estimates place the number of bacteria on Earth to be ________, making them the most ______ organisms on earth
- Microbes make up more than ______ or more of the _____ of the Earth
- Bacteria have survived for more than _______ years in the ice 2 miles deep in a Greenland ______
- _____ times as many bacteria as there are cells in the _______ body
- Are approximately 2 x 10^7 bacteria in the human ____ _____, where over _____ species have been detected and over ___% have not been ________ in the lab
- 4-6 x 10^30; abundant
- 1/3rd; biomass
- 120,000; glacier
- 10; human
- oral cavity; 700; 50%; cultivated
Microbial Evolution
- ______: Meaning precursor or before
- _______-______ Model was thought to have been a ______ progression
- _______ Model: An ancestral cell diverged into prokaryotes (Domain _______) and eukaryotes (Domain _______)
- ____ ______ Model: Archaea and Eukarya branch off the same pathway, and have a common ancestral cell to bacteria
- Prokaryote
- Prokaryote-Eukaryote; linear
- Domain; Bacteria; Eukarya
- 3 Domain
Evolutionary Tree: 3 Domain Model by ____ ______
- Used specific __ _____ sequence analysis to examine the relationships between organisms and establish _________ trees
- Discovered the 3 major _______/_____
- ______ were the newly discovered domain found to be very distinct from both ______ & ______
- _______ were isolated from very _____ environments on Earth where _____ couldn’t survive, but had similar _______ but were very different ______
- Carl Woese
- 16S rRNA; phylogenetic
- domains/branches
- Archaea; Bacteria & Eukaryotes
- Archaea; harsh; Bacteria; characteristics; genetically
16S rRNA Structure: Theodor ______
- Awarded the 1926 Nobel Prize for ______
- ____ form was too small and the sequence information not as useful
- ____ form was too large
- _____ ____(__): Unit of time representing 10^-13 seconds
- The ___ & ___ subunits were identified using ________ where they separated due to density
- The 2 end regions were fairly ______, but the ______ region in the ________ would differ from species to species
- ______: Single set of genes distributed in a specific order
- The number of _______ in the gene is proportional to the number of ___ ___ in the protein
- Svedberg
- Chemistry
- 5S
- 23S
- Svedburg Unit (S)
- 50S & 30S; centrifugation
- Conserved; variable; middle
- Colinear
- Nucleotides; amino acids
-NO ________ are typically found in the oral cavity
-Archaea
Eukaryote Characteristics:
- Contain many ________ due to compartmentalization
- ______ membrane
- Complex ______ and sphingolipids
- Contain _____
- ____ ribosomes
- Absence of cell _____, or are made up of _____ (fungi), _____ (plants), _____, or _____
- _______ non-circular chromosomes
- Usually ________
- Relatively long-lived ______
- Intervening sequences in genes called ______
- Relatively long cell ________ time
- Organelle
- Nuclear
- Glycolipids
- Sterols
- 80S
- walls; chitin; cellulose; glucan; mannan
- Multiple
- Diploid
- mRNA
- introns
- division
Prokaryote (Bacteria & ______) Characteristics:
- No true ______
- No ______ membrane
- Simple and no complex ______
- Absence of _____
- ____ ribosomes
- __________ cell wall unique to Prokaryotes
- _____ circular chromosome
- ALWAYS _____
- Relatively short-lived _____
- ______ and lack introns
- Relatively short cell ______ time
-Archaea
-organelle
-nuclear
-phospholipids
-sterols
70S
-Peptidoglycan
-Single
-Haploid
-mRNA
-Colinear
-division
Endosymbiotic Theory: Lynn _____ (1938-2011)
-_________ and cooperative _______ of multiple prokaryotic organisms evolving over millions of years in eukaryotic cells
-Key method by which some eukaryotic organelle (__________ & __________) have arisen
-Believed ______ cells lost their ability to ______ on their own outside of the _______ cells
Evidence from Mitochondria Supporting this:
1. They have prokaryotic _______ (__S)
2. Mitochondrial membrane is composed of similar prokaryotic __________
3. ________ in mitochondria are similar to prokaryotic ______
4. Have a single ______ chromosome
- Margulis
- Interdependence; existence
- Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
- Prokaryotic; survive; Eukaryotic
1. Ribosomes (70S)
2. Phospholipids
3. Proteins; proteins
4. Circular
Comparison of Bacteria and Viruses
Prokaryotes:
-Contain both _____ & ______
-Contain ______
-________ metabolism
- Can perform both ________ & _________
-_________ replication via cell division
Viruses:
-Contain either ______ or _____, never both
-_____ are usually absent, unless they are ______ viruses
-No ________ metabolism
-Cannot perform ___________ & ________
-Cannot replicate __________ and require a ______
- Lack _______ so they have no 16S ____ sequence to analyze, making them also not part of the ________ tree
Prokaryotes: -DNA & RNA -lipids -Energy -transcription & translation -Autonomous Viruses: -DNA; RNA -Lipids; enveloped -energy -transcription & translation -autonomously; host -ribosomes; rRNA; phylogenetic
Types of Viruses:
- Different types based on what they _____
- ______ Viruses
- _______ Viruses/__________
- ______ Viruses
- infect
- Animal
- Bacterial/Bacteriophages
- Plant
Viriods & Prions
Viriods:
-Discovered by ______ _____ Diener
-Difference from viruses is that they are composed of _____ 246-375 nucleotides long and ONLY infect ______
Prions (Proteinaceous infectious particles)
-Discovered by _______ _____
-Difference from viruses is that they’re composed of 33-35 kDa __________ and are infectious for _______ cells/tissues
- Theodor Otto
- RNA; plants
- Stanley Prusiner; sialoglycoproteins; mammalian
Restrictions on Cell Size
- There is a relationship between ______ ___ and ________ of a cell, the ratio having consequences for the ______ rate of _____ into the cells
- Volume of a sphere: _______
- Surface area of a sphere: ______
- As a cell increases in size the ratio of its ________ _____ to ______ decreases
- ________ cells takes up nutrients less efficiently and thus have _______ growth rates, why ________ bacteria with rapid growth rates can overwhelm host cells
- surface area; volume; diffusion; substrates
- 4/3πr^3
- 4πr^2
- surface area; volume
- Larger; slower; smaller
Limitation of Cell Size Based on Surface Area to Volume Ratio
- A cell is a metabolic compartment where a multitude of ______ reactions take place
- The number of reactions _______ as the metabolic _______ within a cell increases
- All raw materials necessary for ______ can enter the cell only through its _____ membrane
- The greater the _____ ____ the larger the amount of raw material that can ____ the cell at one time
- Each unit of ______ requires a specific amount of ______ ____ to supply its metabolism with raw materials, the amount of _____ _____ available to each unit of volume_____ with the size of a cell
- As it grows _____, the surface area to volume ratio ______
- The cell no longer _____ when the _____ __ to ______ ratio becomes so small that there is NOT enough ____ ___ to supply enough raw material for the metabolic _____
- chemical
- increase; volume
- metabolism; cytoplasmic
- surface area; enter
- volume; surface area; surface area; varies
- larger; decreases
- grow; surface area; volume; surface; volume
-_______: Ultra-small bacterial cells found in groundwater samples where not much is known about them
-Nanobacteria
