History of Microbiology Flashcards
1
Q
Microbiology in a Dental Setting
- ________ life-forms are typically _______ cell organisms or composed of _______ cells
- Microorganisms are the most ______ life-forms on the planet representing the largest ________
- Some microorganisms can be ________ or ________ to humans, this can be determined by _______, comparison of _______, and the application of a stringent set of _______
- Microorganisms make important contributions to _____ _______ diseases
A
- Miscroscopic; single; single
- Abundant; biomass
- helpful; harmful; isolation; properties; guidelines
- oral infectious
2
Q
- _________: The science that deals with microscopic living organisms and their effects on other forms of life, including the study of _____, which are NOT independent ________ organisms
- _______, _________ & _________ biology are the tools used to study microorganisms
A
- Microbiology; viruses; living
- Biochemistry; genetics & molecular
3
Q
___________ _________ van ___________ (1632-1723)
- Dutch merchant who made the first __________
- The first person to study _________, and publish the first drawings of __________ organisms by viewing samples from his mouth
- __________: What he called microorganisms
- Responsible for the first observations of _______ ever recorded
A
- Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek
- Microscope
- Microorganisms; microscopic
- Animalcules
- Bacteria
4
Q
Robert _______ Microscope
-Responsible for discovering the _____
A
- Hooke
- Cell
5
Q
Francesco Redi (1626-1697)
- Considered to be the founder of _______ biology, and the father of modern ________-
- First person to challenge the idea of _______ _______, which believed that life arose simply from ______ matter
A
- Experimental; parasitology
- Spontaneous generation; organic
6
Q
Redi Experiment
- Used ______ _____ to show that the reason _____ appeared was due to flies
- First step to prove that ______ _______ of life was false
A
- Rotted meat; maggots
- Spontaneous generation
7
Q
______ ______ (1795-1840)
- AKA Paul ____
- Created a painting called ______ _______ that represented the public’s perception in the early 1800s of _______ disease. Inaccurately represented _____ as ______
A
- William Heath
- Paul Pry
- Monster Soup; infectious; microbes; monsters
8
Q
Theodore ______ (1810-1882)
- Also challenged and disproved the concept of _______ ________
- Came up with the ___ _____
- Discovered that ____ carry out chemical reactions, aka ______
A
- Schwann
- Spontaneous generation
- Cell theory
- cells; metabolism
9
Q
Cell Theory
- All ________ organisms are composed of one or more _____
- The _____ is the basic unit of _________ and _______ in organisms
- ______ arise from pre-existing ______
- _____ _____ Schleidon contributed to the Cell Theory too
A
- Living; cells
- Cell; structure; organization
- Cells; cells
- Matthias Jakob Schleidon
10
Q
Louis _______ (1822-1895)
- Originally was a ________
- Crooked-neck ______ experiment helped to disprove ______ ______ by showing that microorganisms were in the ____ and exposure led to contamination
- Only the flasks with the _______ necks became contaminated after being exposed to the ___________
- _________: The process by which food is exposed to a temperature of _______F for _____ minutes and then cooled, killing only the microbes that cause _____ or ______. Did not negatively affect _______ of the products
A
- Pasteur
- Chemist
- Flask; spontaneous generation; air
- Broken; atmosphere
- Pasteurization; 145F; 30; spoilage; disease; quality
11
Q
Pasteurized Foods -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Alcoholic Beverages: -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A
-Milk
-Cheese
Alcoholic Beverages:
-Beer
-Wine
12
Q
_______ Tyndall (1820-1893)
- Found that lowering the ______ _______ lowered the _______ point of a liquid, causing it to ______ at a lower temperature
- Found that ______ pure air lacked __________
- Responsible for the process of __________
- ___________: Process by which food is sterilized by _______ for several minutes at atmospheric pressure 3-4 _________ times separated by _____ hours of incubation at a temperature favorable for ________ growth. Effective process for ______ and is used in ______ foods
- ________: Complete elimination of life
A
- John
- Vapor pressure; boiling; boil
- Optically; contamination
- Autoclaving
- Tyndalization; steaming; successive; 12-18; bacterial; sterilization; canning
- Sterilization
13
Q
- _______ Fauchard (1678-1761)
- Known for writing the first complete scientific description of _________: Le Chirurgien Dentiste
- Able to preserve ____________ & _________ teeth by treating the ______, the first association of ________ and human infections
- Considered the _________ of _________ Dentistry
A
- Pierre
- dentistry
- Decaying & Defective; pulp; microorganisms
- Father of Modern Dentistry
14
Q
Ignaz _______ (1818-1865)
- Worked with _______ women
- Found that _______ ______ with _______ lime solutions saved lives by reducing the incidence of _______ ______: Uterine infection following childbirth
- Promoted the idea of _______
A
- Semmelweis
- pregnant
- Washing hands; chlorinated; Puerperal Fever
- Handwashing
15
Q
_________ Lister (1867-1912)
- _______ ______: The belief that infections/infectious diseases are caused by the activity of______ in the human body
- _________: The process of eliminating MOST of the contaminating microorganisms
- Used phenol/_____ _____ as a disinfectant
- _________ was named after Lister in 1895 for dentists to use
A
- Joseph
- Germ Theory; microbes
- Disinfection; Carbolic Acid
- Listerine
16
Q
Civil War
- Many deaths occurred due to _____
- ______: Bad, smelly air or poisonous vapor from decomposing organic matter believed to be responsible for _______ and ultimately death
A
- Infection
- Miasma; infections
17
Q
-Assassination of President ______ A. ______ in 1881 was due to the result of massive _______ more so than injuries
A
-James A. Garfield; infection
18
Q
- ____ ______ has 2 very famous paintings:
1. _______ Clinic (1875)
2. The _____ Clinic (1889) - Depicts _____, Penn’s leading surgeon at the time
- Both images depict surgeries performed with no effort to control _______, since_____ wasn’t accepted yet
A
- Thomas Eakins
1. Gross
2. Agnew - Agnew
- infections; disinfection
19
Q
_______ Koch (1843-1910)
- Won the _____ Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine
- ______ ______: A series of rules to prove a specific microorganism causes a specific disease
1. The microorganism must be found in the ______ organism, but not in ______ animals
2. The microorganism must be grown in ______ _____ from a ________ animal
3. The cultured microorganism must produce the _____ in a ______ susceptible animal
4. The microorganism must be re-_________ from an infected animal - Doesn’t work for all diseases when considering the ______ susceptibility of an individual and that some _______ are caused by more than 1 microorganism
A
- Robert
- 1905
- Koch’s Postulates
1. Diseases; healthy
2. pure culture; diseased
3. disease; healthy
4. isolated - immune; diseases
20
Q
Important Outcomes of Koch’s Work:
- Invention of the _____ medium, a technician’s wife suggested ______ should be used
- Necessity of obtaining _____ ______
- Some diseases are the result of the activities of _______ microorganisms, like with Mycobacterium _________
A
- agar; agar
- Pure Cultures
- Specific; Tuberculosis
21
Q
Unique Properties of Agar
- Becomes a ____ when cooled to room temperature
- Was used for preserving ____ at the time
- Derived from _____
- Provided the means to _____ and _____ bacterial colonies
A
- gel
- jellies
- algae
- spread and isolate
22
Q
Wiloughyby Dayton (W.D.) ______ (1853-1907)
-Established the ________-______ theory of dental caries (1889), re-orienting the dental profession from one of ____ to the idea of ______ of disease
-Associated _____ with dental _____
-Published a study reporting the association of bacteria with apical ________ following samples from root _____
-Member of the first graduating class of _____ _______ _____
Observed 3 basic morphologies:
-_____
-______
-______/_______
A
- Miller
- Bacterio-chemical; treatment; prevention
- microbes; caries
- periodontitis; canals
- Penn Dental Medicine
- Cocci
- Bacilli
- Spirilla/Spirochetes
23
Q
Importance of Microbiology in Dentistry
- Oral Infectious Diseases:
- Dental _______
- _______ disease
- _____-_____ fistula
- _______/Oral Thrush: Yeast infection of the oral cavity
- Oral ______
- Can be caused by _____, ______, or _____
- _____ _____: Shows plaque accumulation
- _______ _____: Bacteria will attach to valves in the heart and this originates from microbes in the oral cavity
A
- Caries
- Periodontal
- Extra-oral
- Candidiasis
- Herpes
- bacteria; viruses; fungi
- Disclosing solution
- Infective Endocarditis
24
Q
- ____ _____: Caused by pathogenic microorganisms (______, ______, parasites or _____) that can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another
- ____ _____: Infectious diseases of animals caused my microorganisms that can cause disease when transmitted to humans
- _______ often spread through herds of cows and would be passed to humans through milk, why _________ is so important. Used the ________ test to screen the dairy cows
A
- Infectious Disease; bacteria; viruses; fungi
- Zoonotic Disease
- Tuberculosis; pasteurization; Tuberculin
25
Conditions Related to Microorganisms in the Human Oral Cavity
- ______
- ______: Bad breath
- _____
- _____ _____ ______: Milk that accumulates in the babies oral cavity as they slept with the bottle in their mouth and caries would form due to the carbohydrates present in the milk
- _______ failure
- ____ ______: Microbes, especially yeast, flourish underneath the dentures of the elderly
- ______ _____: Consequence of HIV infections
- Gingivitis
- Halitosis
- Abscesses
- Nursing Bottle Syndrome
- Implant
- Denture Stomatitis
- Kaposi's Sarcoma
26
Cause and Effect Relationship Between Bacteria and Oral Disease
- _______ _____: Animals with significantly reduced flora or the flora is predominantly a single microorganism. Can breed them to be ______ free and often used Syrian _______
- Paul H. Keyes performed a study with mono-infected Syrian ______ with _______ - resistant Streptococcus ______, where they ultimately developed dental _______
- Needed to use a _______ - resistant strain of Streptococcus to test ______ ______
- Gnotobiotic Animals; microbe; hamsters
- hamsters; streptomycin; mutans; caries
- streptomycin; Koch's Postulates
