Classification of Bacteria & Diagnostic Methods Flashcards
1
Q
Terminology
- ______: Process by which populations of organisms become altered over relatively long periods of time. Organisms may divide into separate groups or ______, combine to form ______ organisms, or cease to exist due to _______
- ______: The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms by comparing gene sequencing data and morphological data matrices
- _______: The assignment of organisms into groups within a system of shared qualities or characteristics
- ______: The classification of organisms based on phylogenetic relationships of groups of organisms, rather than on shared physical features as used in ______Classification
- ______: The study of classification of organisms in order to reconstruct their evolutionary history and relationships
- _____ ______: The description, classification, identification, and naming of organisms where they’re grouped into hierarchical units known as a ______
- _______: The act or process of identifying or determining the nature and cause of an infection or infectious disease
A
- Evolutions; branches; hybrid; extinction
- Phylogenetics
- Classification
- Cladistics; Linnean
- Systematics
- Linnean Taxonomy; taxon
- Diagnostics
2
Q
Nomenclature: Carolus _______(1707-1778)
- Swedish botanist and physician
- Developed the ______ System of _______ (Taxonomy) based on shared _______ characteristics (genus & _______)
A
- Linnaeus
- Binomial; Nomenclature; physical; species
3
Q
Taxonomic Ranking
- ________: 3 exist
- _______: 6 exist
- _____/______
- ______
- ______
- _______
- _______
- ________
A
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum/Division
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Specis
4
Q
6 Kindoms:
- ______(_____): All prokaryotic cells including _____, achaea_______, & cyano______
- ______(____): Unicellular non-photosynthetic including ___-_____ algae, _____, and _____
- _______(_____): Photosynthetic algae with chlorophylls a and c
- ______
- _____: Non-photosynthetic including _____, _____, and ______
- ________
A
- Bacteria (Monera); bacteria; archaeabacteria; cyanobacteria
- Protozoa (Protista); non-photosynthetic; ameoba; ciliates
- Chromista (Protista)
- Plantae
- Fungi; molds; yeast; mushrooms
- Animalia
5
Q
Taxonomic Ranking of Bacteria
- Have a sub-category of Species called ______ typically indicated by a combination of ______ and _____ about where it was ______
- First step in identification is to examine a _____ _____ under a microscope
A
- strain; letters; numbers; isolated
- Pure culture
6
Q
Light Microscopes
- Magnification up to _____x
- _____ _____: Uses light to illuminate an object that absorbs light in denser areas to give contrast for visualization, and requires _____ due to the little difference between the _______ index of bacteria the surrounding liquid
- _____ _____: Excludes the non-scattered light from the field of view leaving the background dark and the object in the field of view light, making it good to view very ______ or _____ species
- _____ _____: Phase shifts in light are converted to brightness in the field of view allowing normally _______ structures to be seen, good for identifying different _____ in bacteria
- ______ ______ ______(___): Uses interferometry rather than phase shifts to allow visualization of invisible structures in cells
- ______: Uses a mercury lamp and filter to illuminate the viewing field with light of a specific wavelength, a second filter removes that wavelength but allows the light emitted from an excited molecule (dye) to be visualized
A
- 400
- Bright field; staining; refractive
- Dark field; thin; pale
- Phase contrast; translucent; densities
- Differential Interference Contrast (DIC)
- Fluorescence
7
Q
Confocal Microscopy
- Magnification up to _______x
- Uses a spatial pinhole place at the confocal plane of the lens to eliminate out-of-focus light enabling the reconstruction of ___-______ from the obtained images
- Done more often with ______ cells than bacteria
A
- 17,000
- 3D-structures
- Eukaryotic
8
Q
Electron Microscopy
- Magnification up to ________x
- Most _______
- Uses a beam of accelerated _______ as a source of illumination
- _______(___): Negative stains will stain the cell on a copper grid and can be viewed directly by taking a thin ______ through the cell allowing for _____ components of the cell to be viewed
- _________(____): Probing the specimen with a focused electron beam that is scanned across a rectangular area of the surface of the specimen
A
- 500,000
- Powerful
- electrons
- Transmission (TEM); slice; internal
- Scanning (SEM)
9
Q
Gram Stain: Hans Christian Gram (1853-1938)
-Gram Positive bacteria appear ____/____ in color
-Gram Negative bacteria appear ____/____ in color
Steps:
1. Create a ______ on a glass slide and let it _____ dry
2. _____ bacteria to the slide
3. Bacteria are stained with _____ ____, making all bacteria appear blue/purple
4. Bacteria get treated with a ______ solution, this fixes the ____ ____ into the cell walls of Gram ______ bacteria
5. Cells are washed with an ______-_____ mixture, this washes the _____ _____ out of Gram _______ bacteria
6. Counterstain the slide with _____, this turns Gram ______ pink/red
A
- purple/blue
- pink/red
1. smear; air
2. Fix
3. crystal violet
4. iodine; crystal violet; Positive
5. acetone-alcohol; crystal violet; Negative
6. Safranin; Negative
10
Q
Acid Fast (Ziehl-Neelsen) Stain
Steps:
1. Create a ______ on a glass slide and let it ____ dry
2. ______ bacteria to the slide
3. Bacteria are stained with ___________
4. Apply _____ to steam the bacteria, this stains all bacteria ______
5. Wash the bacteria with an ___-_____ mixture, this washes the stain out of all ___-_____ ____ cells
6. Counter stain with ______ _____, this stains all non-Acid Fast bacteria ______
A
- smear; air
- Fix
- carbolfuschin
- heat; red
- acid-alcohol; non-Acid Fast
- methylene blue; blue
11
Q
Acid-Fast Bacteria
- Most are members of the genus _________
- The most important species for dentists is __________ __________
- Often use _______ from a patient’s cough to check for the presence of _______ ______
A
- Mycobacterium
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- sputum; Mycobacterium tuberculosis
12
Q
Bacterial Shape
- ______
- Curved _____
- _________
- ______: Bacteria is wider in the center with pointed ends
- ______: Scanning and thin-section EM discovered in Egypt
A
- Rods
- rods
- Fusiform
- Square
13
Q
-_______ are clonal representations of a bacteria
A
-Colonies
14
Q
- _________ are mobile bacteria so the colony spreads making it appear layered
- _______ are mucous like
- __________ _________ (__) will form a characteristic star-shaped colony
- ________ _______ will take on a different appearance depending on the environment and conditions in which it is grown
A
- Proteus
- Klebsiella
- Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
- Staphylococcus mutans
15
Q
Bacterial Pigments
- Serratia marcesenes produces a unique pigment called _________, giving it a bright ____/_____ color
- Black-pigmented _______ species produce melanin, and are oral bacteria useful for diagnosis
A
- prodigiosin; red/orange
- Bacteroides
