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OMC 1 > Bacterial Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Bacterial Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q
  • The ________/________ membrane of the bacterium provides a hydrophobic permeability barrier essential for ______ and cellular _______
  • The __________ membrane of bacteria is involved in cellular processes that require compartmentalized structures in ______ cells
  • Bacteria display a variety of shapes and can survive in environmental extremes because they contain a unique polymer called _______
  • The primary interactions between bacteria and their environments are through the _______ and structures present on the bacterial _______
  • ______ ______: Based on the surface polymers and structures of the bacterial cell, play a key role in identifying the cause of deadly infectious disease outbreaks
A
  • phospholipid/cytoplasmic; protection; integrity
  • cytoplasmic; eukaryotic
  • peptidoglycan
  • polymers; surface
  • Serotype Reactions
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2
Q

Typical Structure of the Bacterial Cell
-______ _____: Storage vacuoles that can contain glycogen or other carbohydrates the bacteria can use for metabolic functions
-Gram _______ bacteria have a single thick cell wall
-Gram ______ bacteria have a thinner ______ layer of peptidoglycan separated from the outer membrane by the _______ space
-_______ _____: Is believed to be a jelly-like matrix that contains proteins and enzymes that are taken in by the cell, and exists between the ________ membrane and the _________ membrane, and between and between the _____ & _______ membranes
Variable structures that may be present:
-______/_____
-Capsule/______
-_______

A
  • Inclusion Bodies
  • Positive
  • Negative; inner; periplasmic
  • Periplasmic Space
  • cytoplasmic; inner; inner & outer
  • Pilus/fibriae
  • glycocalyx
  • Flagellum
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3
Q

-________: Are intra-membranous structures present in dividing cells

A

-Mesosomes

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4
Q 
Acid-Fast Bacteria
-Contain \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in their cell wall
Difference from Gram Positive & Negative bacteria:
-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ membrane
-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ membrane
A
  • peptidoglycan
  • Enclosing
  • Intracytoplasmic
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5
Q
  • __________ Species: A genus of pathogenic bacteria whose membrane lack a __________ cell wall completely, and use exogenous _______ in their membrane
  • Important because some species can cause _______ and can contaminate tissue cultures, lacking ________ allows them to squeeze through pores
  • ______ Gram Positive or Negative
  • ________ than typical bacteria
A
  • Mycoplasma; peptidoglycan; sterols
  • pneumonia; peptidoglycan
  • NOT
  • Smaller
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6
Q

Cytoplasmic (Biological) Membranes

  • _______: Composed of single-chain phospholipids that are wedge-shaped
  • ______: Composed of double-chain phospholipids that are cylindrical
  • ________: Man-made and are composed of double-chain phospholipids are used in ______ delivery
  • Have an overall net _______ charge due to the ________ groups
  • _____ ______ ____: Lacks covalent linkages so proteins can freely move through the membrane
A
  • Micelle
  • Bilayer
  • Liposome; drug
  • negative; phosphate
  • Fluid Mosaic Model
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7
Q

Cytoplasmic Membrane Organization & Structure
-No ________ linkages within the membrane allows for ________ to freely flow
-__________ phospholipid bilayer that is a ________ permeability barrier
Membrane Permeability:
-________ molecules can pass through like ____, _____, and ______
-Small ________ _______ molecules can pass through like ______, ______, and ________
-_________ uncharged polar molecules, like _______ & ______, cannot pass through and require transporters
-_____ cannot pass through

A
  • covalent; proteins
  • Symmetric; hydrophobic
  • Hydrophobic; oxygen; CO2; steroids
  • uncharged polar; H2O; glycerol; ethanol
  • Large; glucose; sucrose
  • Ions
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8
Q

Composition of Peptidoglycan:

  • _______(sugar) backone: Repeating unit of the disaccharides __-____-____ and ___-____-____ _____. Gram _______ peptidoglycan contains more _______ and cross-links
  • _______ side chains: Attach to the ______ backbone
  • _____ ___ Cross Bridge: Links the ______ side chains
A
  • Glycan; N-acetyl Glucosamine; N-acetyl-Muramic Acid; Positive; glycan
  • Tetrapeptide; glycan
  • Amino acid; tetrapeptide
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9
Q

Composition and Structure of Peptidoglycan

  • Peptidoglycan provides _____ stability
  • ___ 1,4 linkages connects the sugars together
  • __-____-______ _____ is unique to peptidoglycan and is what the ________ side chains attach to
  • _________ are connected covalently and arranged in a _____ configuration
  • ______ _____ cross bridge is attached to the __-______ of one tetrapeptide chains on a specific __-____-______ ____ and to the amino acid in position __ of a different tetrapeptide on a different _____ unit
  • ________ linkages provide rigidity but allows for the peptidoglycan to be ______
  • ________: Cleave peptidoglycan between the __-____-_______ and __-____-_____ ____ residues
A
  • osmotic
  • β
  • N-acetyl-Muramic Acid; tetrapeptide
  • Tetrapeptides; LDLD
  • Amino acid; D-Alanine; N-acetyl-Muramic Acid; 3; glycan
  • Covalent; porous
  • Lysozymes; N-acetyl-glucosamine; N-acetyl-Muramic Acid
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10
Q

Tetrapeptide Composition

  • 1st amino acid is __-______
  • 2nd amino acid is __-______ ____
  • 3rd amino acid is ,-________ ____ (meso ____)
  • 4th amino acid is ___-______-
A
  • L-Alanine
  • D-Glutamic Acid
  • D,L-Diaminopimelic Acid (meso DAP)
  • D-Alanine
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11
Q

Amino Acid Composition in Position 3 of the Tetrapeptide Side Chain

  • Will always be a _______-______ ___ called _,__-__________ ___
  • _____-_______ _____: Have 2 amino and 2 carboxyl groups allowing them to form ___ peptide bonds
  • ________: A unique amino acid that can be found in plants but is mainly in ____ bacteria, and the 4th Carbon in DAP is replaced by a ______
A
  • Diamino-dicarboxylic acid; D,L-Diamonpimelic Acid
  • Diamino-dicarboxylic Acids; 3
  • Lanthionine; oral; Sulfur
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12
Q
  • Every ______ side chain is cross-linked in Gram __________ bacteria making them more difficult to ______
  • Not every _______ side chain is cross-linked in Gram ________ bacteria making the cell wall ______ and easier to _____
A
  • tetrapeptide; Positive; lyse

- tetrapeptide; Negative; weaker; lyse

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13
Q
  • _______/______ _____: Produced by a difference in concentration between solutions on the 2 sides of a semipermeable membrane
  • _______: Higher [salt] outside of the cell causing cell plasmolysis (______)
  • _______: Equal [salt] inside and outside the cell causes no change in cell shape
  • _______: Lower [salt] outside the cell causing the cells to swell and _____
  • ___________ prevents the movement of water in and out of the cell, and prevents the cells from only being _______ in shape due to ________ pressure
  • _______ _______: Exists in all directions and creates a sphere due to equal pressure in all direction
A
  • Hydrostatic/Osmotic Pressure
  • Hypertonic; shrinkage
  • Isotonic
  • Hypotonic; lyse
  • Peptidoglycan; spherical; turgor
  • Turgor Pressure
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14
Q

-______ _____ ______(__): Detergent that bacteria is boiled in to only recover the peptidoglycan, the ______ of the cell is still the same

A

-Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS); shape

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15
Q 
-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are found in almost every bodily secretion as a host \_\_\_\_\_ mechanism that specifically targets bacteria by degrading the peptidoglycan
Found in:
-\_\_\_\_
-\_\_\_\_
-Mothers \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_
A
  • Lysozymes; defense
  • Semen
  • Tears
  • breast milk
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16
Q

Amphiphilic Bacterial Polymers: Gram-Positive Bacteria
-________ ____ (___): A glycolipid found in ALL Gram-Positive Bacteria and contains a lipid portion, and a carbohydrate portion modified by a phosphate
-Makes the bacteria more resistant to _______ and aids in ________ to surfaces
2 forms:
-Alternating residues of ______ and phosphate
-Alternating residues of _______ and phosphate
-Hydrophobic region contains the ______ anchor, the ______ lacks a phosphate
-__________ region contains the alternating _____/______ and phosphate
-Extends through the _________ all the way to the _______ membrane

A
  • Lipoteichoic Acid (LTA)
  • phagocytosis; adherence
  • Glycerol
  • Ribitol
  • membrane; glycerol
  • Hydrophilic; glycerol/ribitol
  • peptidoglycan; plasma
17
Q

Amphiphilic Bacterial Polymers: Gram-Negative Bacteria
-___________(___)/_______: Major portion of the surface of the outer membrane of ALL Gram-Negative bacteria and is never _______
3 components:
1. ____ __: Toxic component that is the hydrophobic component and is highly conserved, a disaccharide of __-_____-______ substituted with _____ fatty acids
2. ____: Series of sugars that is fairly short and attached to the Lipid A through a unique 8C sugar called __-___-__-___________ ___(__), that is only found in _____ and links to the ____ ___ via an ___-___ linkage (this linkage is highly ______)
3. __ ___ ___/___ ___: Hydrophilic region that is a large repeating structure of carbohydrates that is fairly variable from species to species, and will be on the ______ of ALL Gram-Negative Bacteria that dictates the _____, the _____ will be formed against this

A
  • Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/Endotoxin; secreted
    1. Lipid A; 2-keto-3-Deoxyoctulosonic acid (KDO); hydroxy
    2. Core; LPS; Lipid A; acid-labile; conserved
    3. O Side Chain/O Antigen; surface; serotype; Antibody
18
Q 
Lipid A of LPS
-Can be seen by hydrolyzing the \_\_\_-\_\_\_\_ linkage
-Won't find \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ LPS, you usually find the entire bacteria
Toxic Activities of Lipid A:
-Generalized \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
-Activation of \_\_\_\_\_\_ cells
-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
-Tissue \_\_\_\_\_ at the site of injection
A
  • acid-labile
  • isolated
  • inflammation
  • immune
  • Fever
  • necrosis
19
Q

Bacterial Surface Polymers: Gram-Negative Bacteria
-Are anchored in the ______ membrane via the _____ ___component
-The outer membrane is an _______ bilayer
-The inner ______ is composed of the same phospholipids of the ______ membrane
-The outer _____ is composed mainly of ____
-Gram Positive bacteria have a ______ bilayer since they only have ____ membrane
Major components of the bacteria outer membrane:
1. ___________ of the inner leaflet
2. ____ __ of LPS
3. ______: Form trimers that result in aqueous channels that allows the cell to survive and obtain the necessary nutrients via _____ _____. Anything that passes through is held in the _____ _____ and there is a size restriction where nothing larger than a _____ - saccharide can enter

A
  • Outer; lipid a
  • asymmetric
  • leaflet; plasma
  • leaflet; LPS
  • symmetric; 1
    1. Phospholipids
    2. Lipid A
    3. Porins; passive diffusion; periplasmic space; penta
20
Q

Gram-Negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems

  • Complex ______ - component system, up to ___ different types
  • Proteins that are located in the _______ and _____ membranes specific to Gram ______ bacteria
  • Require the use of _____
  • Some require ________, both Types ___ and ____
  • Some ____, like the ____ ____, are released via the Type ____ secretion system
A
  • multi
  • cytoplasmic; outer
  • ATP
  • chaperones; III and V
  • exotoxins; cholera toxin; III
21
Q

Bacterial Surface Polymers: Acid-Fast

  • Surfaces are very ______ and not very well understood
  • Series of ________ cover the surface
  • __________ cell wall coated with unusual _____ like: ________, ___________ (LAM), and _____ ____
  • ______ ____: Most prominent and on the surface of ALL Acid-Fast bacteria that range from 60C-90C. Lacks a strong ________ component and ______ the size of the bacteria and _____ ____ since the surface isn’t penetrable by aqueous components (including the ______ needed for growth)
A
  • complex
  • carbohydrates
  • Peptidoglycan; glycolipids;
  • Arabinogalactans; Lipoarabinomannan (LAM); mycolic acid
  • Mycolic Acid; hydrophobic; reduces; growth rate; nutrients
22
Q

Capsules/Glycocalyx: Extracellular Polysaccharide
-If present they form a very thick _____ on the bacterial surface
-________ because they depend upon the ways in which the bacterial will _____
Functions:
-_____-______
-_______
-Source of _______, many ____ bacteria will degrade the _____ when intracellular [_____] are depleted
-Easily seen with the _____ ____ stain, is invulnerable to it and will appear _____ under bright field
-_______ ____ staining for EM
-Can be seen directly on ______ _____ and ______ _______ colonies (stick to the tongue in the oral cavity)

A
  • coat
  • Variable; grow
  • Anti-phagocytic
  • Adherence
  • nutrients; oral; capsule; [nutrient]
  • India Ink; bright
  • Ruthenium Red
  • Bacillus anthracis; Streptococcus salivarius
23
Q

Capsular Polysaccharide Structure (Branched Chains)

  • __1,3 linkages are more resistant to hydrolysis
  • The ____ of linkages present is more important than the total ______ of linkages
  • Capsules are more ______ in Gram-Negative and Positive bacteria, not as much in ____-_____ bacteria
A
  • α
  • types; number
  • present; Acid-Fast
24
Q

Protein Surface Appendages

  • ________: Long, thick, and composed of flagellin. Function in ________: directed movement of bacteria, and ________: directed movement towards or away from chemicals. Types include _______, (single) ____ filament (spirochetes), and _______: tuft of multiple _____. Not present in all bacteria
  • _____/_______: Short, thin, and composed of pilin. Function in ________, ________, and ____________. Types include common and ____/____ _____
A
  • Flagella; motility; chemotaxis; polar; axial; peritrichous

- Pili/Fimbriae; adherence; coaggregation; conjugation; conjugation/sex pilus

25
Q

Flagellum Structure and Composition
-Flagellum are anchored into the ______ membrane
-Many proteins make up the flagella ____, that rotates counterclockwise or clockwise
-________ flagella will come together and move as 1
Spirochetes
-_____ _____: Anchored at both ends and is wound around the length of the cell and gives spirochetes their characteristic corkscrew motor motion, a _____ movement that isn’t _______
-Prevalent in deep _______ pockets
-_______ are abundant in oral samples, but do not move and lack ______, appear to move due to ______ Motion

A
  • cell
  • motor
  • Peritrichous
  • Axial Filament; directed; random
  • gingival
  • Streptococcia; flagella; Brownian
26
Q

Relationship Between Bacterial Composition/Structure & Infectious Disease
Serotyping Disease Outbreaks:
-Due to contaminated _______, typically in ___-____ places
-Use ____ _____ to identify the specific organism down to the ___ level
-__ ___ _____ causes a majority of the outbreaks.
Vaccine Production
-Want a vaccine to cover as many different _____ as possible
-________ _____ can use the ______ to identify the strains
Structures and Ag:
-Flagella are represented by the letter ____
-LPS is represented by the letter ____
-Capsules are represented by the letter _____

A
  • produce; fast-food
  • Koch’s Postulates; strain
  • E. coli 0157 H:7
  • strains
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae; capsule
  • H
  • O
  • K

OMC 1 (12 decks)

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