Aspects of Physiology, Energy Metabolism, and Biosynthesis Flashcards
Essential Elements for Growth of Bacteria Indigenous to Earth
Inorganic Elements:
-Found in all the basic building blocks of cells: ______, ________, and ______
-Found in some but not all the building blocks of cells: _______, _______, ______
- Carbon; Hydrogen; Oxygen
- Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Sulfur
-Strain ___-__ was though to replace Phosphorus with _____
-GFAJ-1; Arsenic
Non-metals Essential for Bacterial Growth
- _________
- _________
- _________
- _________
- _________
- _________
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
- Nitrogen
- Phosphorus
- Sulfur
Alkaline Earth Elements Essential for Bacterial Growth
- _______
- _______
- Magnesium
- Calcium
Alkali Metal Elements Essential for Bacterial Growth
- ________
- ________
- Sodium
- Potassium
Carbon Utilization
- _______: Can grow when CO2 is the only source of Carbon and rely on photosynthesis. Ex: _________
- ________: Require organic sources of Carbon (________, ______, _____) for growth. All oral bacteria are _______
- Autotrophs; Cyanobacteria
- Heterotrophs; carbohydrates; amino acids; peptides; heterotrophs
Oxygen Utilization
- ______ ______: Require oxygen for growth
- _____ _______: Cannot grow in the presence of oxygen because they cannot eliminate ROS produced from biochemical reactions. Posses the gene for ________ ______ but do NOT express it enough
- _______ _______: Can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen
- Hydrogen Peroxide is produced by _______ _______ which can then be broken down by ________ or __________
- Obligate Aerobes
- Obligate Anaerobes; Superoxide Dismutase
- Facultative Anaerobes; Superoxide Dismutase; Catalase; Peroxidases
-________ ____ _______: Utilization of CO2 for growth, and grows best with _____% CO2
-Heterotrophic CO2 Fixation; 5-10%
Range of Growth Temperatures for Bacteria
- ________: Optimal growth at 45-85C and is what TAC Polymerase in PCR is considered, require the temperatures for growth
- ______: Optimal growth at 20-45C
- _______: Optimal growth at 10-20C, and requires the temperature range to growth
- Thermophiles
- Mesophiles
- Psychrophiles
pH Range of Growth
- Most bacteria grow around a neutral pH of _____
- _______: Grow well at lower pH’s around 4-5, and tend to grow and cause destruction in tooth carries (__________ ________ and ______ species)
- _______: Grow well at higher pHs
- 6-8
- Acidophiles; Staphylococcus mutan; Lactobacillus
- Alkaliphiles
Mechanisms of Membrane Transport
Types of Passive Transport Mechanisms:
-_______ _______
-_______ _______: Typically seen with Permeases like Porin proteins. Limitations: _______ and _____ restriction of what can get through the pore
Active Transport Mechanisms:
-Require the use of _______
-Will also use ___________ proteins that require energy to change ______
- Simple diffusion
- Facilitated diffusion
- Concentration; size
- energy
- Permease; conformation
Ion-Coupled Membrane Transport Systems
- ________: Catalyze the transport of a single solute independently of any coupled ion
- ________: Catalyze the co-transport of a solute and a positively-charged ion (H+ or Na+) in the same direction
- _______: Catalyze the transport of 2 like-charged solutes in opposite directions simultaneously
- Uniporters
- Symporters
- Antiporters
Gram-Positive & Negative Bacteria Transport
-______ __: The Permeases embedded into the cytoplasmic membrane specific for transporting specific carbohydrates based on its sub-label, across the cytoplasmic membrane.
Enzyme II
Carbohydrate Transport: Phosphotransferase System (PTS)
For Glucose:
-Conversion of _____ to Pyruvate produces a phosphate that is first donated to _____ _, then to ____, and then to ________ ___ which phosphorylates glucose to G6P
-________ __ is a “hybrid enzyme” that sticks close to the membrane
-_____ and _______ __ are soluble
-Key is that the donor of phosphate is _____ and not ATP
For Sucrose:
-Series of reactions that lacks an independent _____ ___
-______ ____ for Sucrose contains a component with similar functions as _______ ___ in that it phopshorylates the Sucrose too. It has a longer sequence than ______ ___ for Glucose, but the sequence is similar to that of ______ ___
- PEP; Enzyme I; HPr; Enzyme III
- Enzyme III
- HPr; Enzyme I
- PEP
- Enzyme III
- Enzyme II; Enzyme III; Enzyme II; Enzyme III
Key Features of the Phosphotransferase System (PTS)
- Evolved to enable the transport of structurally _________ sugars
- Soluble cytoplasmic components, _____ and ______ __, are used for the transport of ____ sugars
- Membrane bound components, _____ __ and ______ ____, are used for the transport of _________ sugars.
- ______, NOT ATP, is the high energy _________ donor
- different
- HPr; Enzyme I; all
- Enzyme II; Enzyme III; specific
- PEP; phosphate
Metabolism of Sugar by Bacteria: Glycolysis
-________: Oxidation of sugar through a series of chemical reactions to produce usable forms of energy (________ pathways) and intermediates for biosynthesis (_________ pathways). Most efficient when the initial substrate is ______ to the simplest form of Carbon, _____. _______ mechanism by which bacteria carry out sugar ________ leading to energy production.
General Features:
-_________ among bacterial species
-Not always complete in the sense that they don’t end with _____ production
-Are ________ to other pathways
-Initial substrate is ________ to a simpler chemical form
- Glycolysis; catabolic; anabolic; oxidized; CO2; Primary; catabolism
- Diversity
- CO2
- interconnected
- oxidized
Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) Pathway
- Primary pathway of ________ in bacteria
- All sugars transported into bacteria are enzymatically converted to ________
- Involves using _______
- _________ is the main dietary sugar in the developed world, _________ is mainly used in labs
- Starting substrate in the EMP Pathway is always in the form of ________
- Uses _______ _________ phosphorylation to make ATP. ________ _______ Phosphorylation: Energy is released through oxidation reactions is localized in high energy phosphate bonds of the oxidized substrates, and ________ compounds serve as both electron donors and acceptors
- ______ Carbon substrates are ______ to ___ Carbon substrates
- Coupled to the _____ _____ ______
- glycolysis
- G6P
- Radiolabels
- Sucrose; glucose
- G6P
- Substrate Level; Substrate Level; organic
- 6; oxidized; 3
- Pentose Phosphate Pathway
EMP Pathway Steps
1. _________ Stage
-______ or other forms of active transport where glucose is converted to _______
-Phosphorylation of _______-__-_____ to ______ ,-___________ uses 1 ATP
2. _________ Reaction
-_________ ,-________ is split into 2 Glyceraldehyde 3-diphosphates
3. ________ ________ Stage
Produces:
-2 _________
-2 _________
-4 ________, net formation of __ however since ___ equivalents are used
- Phosphorylation
- PTS; G6P
- Fructose 6-phosphate; Fructose 1,6-Diphosphate - Splitting
- Fructose 1,6-Diphosphate - Oxidation Reduction
- Pyruvates
- NADHs
- ATPs; 2; 2
Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)
-Linked to the ____ Pathway
-Glucose 6-Phosphate is converted to __-___________
-A series os steps produces _______-__-______, which can form _____ ____ after numerous steps
-Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate is formed by losing ______ _______ (2C)
-NO _____ reaction
Summary:
-1 _____ is used
-2 moles of ______ are synthesized
-Net synthesis of 1 _____
-1 mole of _____ is reduced to _______
-1 mole of _____ is reduced to _______
-Supplies intermediates for ___ ___ synthesis
- EMP
- 6-Phosphogluconolactone
- Ribulose 5-Phosphate; nucleic acids
- Acetyl Phosphate
- splitting
- PEP
- ATP
- ATP
- NAD+; NADH
- NADP+; NADPH
- nucleic acid
Fate of Pyruvic Acid Made in the EMP Pathway
Anaerobic Bacteria:
-_____ ____ ______: Oxidation of NADH to NAD+ converts Pyruvate to Lactate. Common in bacteria responsible for dental ______ like ____________ ______
-___________ _______: Decarboxylation of Pyruvate to acetylaldehyde which is then converted to ethanol by oxidizing NADH to NAD+
-_________ does not generates ATP
-Having unique _______ products allows for the end products to be used as _________ tools
- Lactic Acid Fermentation; caries; Staphylococcus mutans
- Alcoholic Fermentation
- Fermentation
- fermentation; diagnostic
Practical Applications of Fermentation
- Propionibacterium produces ______ and ______ ______ used to make Swiss Cheese
- Aspergillus, Lactobacillus, and Streptococcus species produce ____ ___ for cheddar cheese, yogurt, and soy sauce
- Saccharomyces produces _____ and ______ for wine and beer
- Clostridium produces ______ and _______ for nail polish remover and rubbing alcohol
- Escherichia and Acetobacter species produce ______ _____ in vinegar
- CO2; propionic acid
- lactic acid
- CO2; ethanol
- acetone; isopropanol
- acetic acid
- _____ ______: Majority of the product is lactic acid
- ______ _______: Additional types of acids are produced along with lactic acid
- Homolactic Fermentation
- Heterolactic Fermentation
Aerobic Growth/Respiration
-_____ ______ Kreb won a Nobel Prize
TCA/Krebs Cycle
-Pathway followed by _______ _____, pyruvate produced in the _____ Pathway is converted to ____ ____ which then enters the cycle
-________ pathway under ideal representations
-More ______ is formed in addition to that generated in the _____ Pathway
-No ______ is synthesized, _____ is however
-4C, 5C, and 6C intermediates are made along with the reduction of both ____ and ____
Major Purposes:
-Production of intermediates for ____ ____ biosynthesis
-Additional synthesis of reduced coenzymes _______ and _______ that can go to the ETC where they get oxidized back to _____ and ____
ETC
-Takes place within the _________ membrane
- Hans Adolf
- Obligate Aerobes; EMP; Acetyl CoA
- Cyclic
- NADH; EMP
- ATP; GTP
- NAD+; FAD
- amino acid
- NADH; FADH2; NAD+; FAD
- cytoplasmic
ATP Synthesis Through the ETC
- ________ ________: ATP synthesis in respiring cells comes from the movement of protons forming an electrochemical gradient across the membrane using the energy of ______ formed from the breakdown of energy rich molecules such as sugars. Due to ________ Coupling
- ____ ______: Activity is coupled with that of a proton gradient in generating ATP, the gradient produces _____ ___ ____. ______ in the sense that it’s the flow of ____ across the membrane
- Occurs in mitochondria further supporting the ________ Theory
- Found by Peter _______ (1920-1992)
- Chemiosmotic Hypothesis; NADH; Chemiosmotic
- ATP Synthase; Proton Motive Force
- Endosymbiotic
- Mitchell
