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OMC 1 > Aspects of Physiology, Energy Metabolism, and Biosynthesis > Flashcards

Aspects of Physiology, Energy Metabolism, and Biosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Essential Elements for Growth of Bacteria Indigenous to Earth
Inorganic Elements:
-Found in all the basic building blocks of cells: ______, ________, and ______
-Found in some but not all the building blocks of cells: _______, _______, ______

A
  • Carbon; Hydrogen; Oxygen

- Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Sulfur

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2
Q

-Strain ___-__ was though to replace Phosphorus with _____

A

-GFAJ-1; Arsenic

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3
Q

Non-metals Essential for Bacterial Growth

  • _________
  • _________
  • _________
  • _________
  • _________
  • _________
A
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen
  • Phosphorus
  • Sulfur
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4
Q

Alkaline Earth Elements Essential for Bacterial Growth

  • _______
  • _______
A
  • Magnesium

- Calcium

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5
Q

Alkali Metal Elements Essential for Bacterial Growth

  • ________
  • ________
A
  • Sodium

- Potassium

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6
Q

Carbon Utilization

  • _______: Can grow when CO2 is the only source of Carbon and rely on photosynthesis. Ex: _________
  • ________: Require organic sources of Carbon (________, ______, _____) for growth. All oral bacteria are _______
A
  • Autotrophs; Cyanobacteria

- Heterotrophs; carbohydrates; amino acids; peptides; heterotrophs

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7
Q

Oxygen Utilization

  • ______ ______: Require oxygen for growth
  • _____ _______: Cannot grow in the presence of oxygen because they cannot eliminate ROS produced from biochemical reactions. Posses the gene for ________ ______ but do NOT express it enough
  • _______ _______: Can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen
  • Hydrogen Peroxide is produced by _______ _______ which can then be broken down by ________ or __________
A
  • Obligate Aerobes
  • Obligate Anaerobes; Superoxide Dismutase
  • Facultative Anaerobes; Superoxide Dismutase; Catalase; Peroxidases
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8
Q

-________ ____ _______: Utilization of CO2 for growth, and grows best with _____% CO2

A

-Heterotrophic CO2 Fixation; 5-10%

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9
Q

Range of Growth Temperatures for Bacteria

  • ________: Optimal growth at 45-85C and is what TAC Polymerase in PCR is considered, require the temperatures for growth
  • ______: Optimal growth at 20-45C
  • _______: Optimal growth at 10-20C, and requires the temperature range to growth
A
  • Thermophiles
  • Mesophiles
  • Psychrophiles
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10
Q

pH Range of Growth

  • Most bacteria grow around a neutral pH of _____
  • _______: Grow well at lower pH’s around 4-5, and tend to grow and cause destruction in tooth carries (__________ ________ and ______ species)
  • _______: Grow well at higher pHs
A
  • 6-8
  • Acidophiles; Staphylococcus mutan; Lactobacillus
  • Alkaliphiles
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11
Q

Mechanisms of Membrane Transport
Types of Passive Transport Mechanisms:
-_______ _______
-_______ _______: Typically seen with Permeases like Porin proteins. Limitations: _______ and _____ restriction of what can get through the pore
Active Transport Mechanisms:
-Require the use of _______
-Will also use ___________ proteins that require energy to change ______

A
  • Simple diffusion
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • Concentration; size
  • energy
  • Permease; conformation
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12
Q

Ion-Coupled Membrane Transport Systems

  • ________: Catalyze the transport of a single solute independently of any coupled ion
  • ________: Catalyze the co-transport of a solute and a positively-charged ion (H+ or Na+) in the same direction
  • _______: Catalyze the transport of 2 like-charged solutes in opposite directions simultaneously
A
  • Uniporters
  • Symporters
  • Antiporters
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13
Q

Gram-Positive & Negative Bacteria Transport
-______ __: The Permeases embedded into the cytoplasmic membrane specific for transporting specific carbohydrates based on its sub-label, across the cytoplasmic membrane.

A

Enzyme II

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14
Q

Carbohydrate Transport: Phosphotransferase System (PTS)
For Glucose:
-Conversion of _____ to Pyruvate produces a phosphate that is first donated to _____ _, then to ____, and then to ________ ___ which phosphorylates glucose to G6P
-________ __ is a “hybrid enzyme” that sticks close to the membrane
-_____ and _______ __ are soluble
-Key is that the donor of phosphate is _____ and not ATP
For Sucrose:
-Series of reactions that lacks an independent _____ ___
-______ ____ for Sucrose contains a component with similar functions as _______ ___ in that it phopshorylates the Sucrose too. It has a longer sequence than ______ ___ for Glucose, but the sequence is similar to that of ______ ___

A
  • PEP; Enzyme I; HPr; Enzyme III
  • Enzyme III
  • HPr; Enzyme I
  • PEP
  • Enzyme III
  • Enzyme II; Enzyme III; Enzyme II; Enzyme III
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15
Q

Key Features of the Phosphotransferase System (PTS)

  • Evolved to enable the transport of structurally _________ sugars
  • Soluble cytoplasmic components, _____ and ______ __, are used for the transport of ____ sugars
  • Membrane bound components, _____ __ and ______ ____, are used for the transport of _________ sugars.
  • ______, NOT ATP, is the high energy _________ donor
A
  • different
  • HPr; Enzyme I; all
  • Enzyme II; Enzyme III; specific
  • PEP; phosphate
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16
Q

Metabolism of Sugar by Bacteria: Glycolysis
-________: Oxidation of sugar through a series of chemical reactions to produce usable forms of energy (________ pathways) and intermediates for biosynthesis (_________ pathways). Most efficient when the initial substrate is ______ to the simplest form of Carbon, _____. _______ mechanism by which bacteria carry out sugar ________ leading to energy production.
General Features:
-_________ among bacterial species
-Not always complete in the sense that they don’t end with _____ production
-Are ________ to other pathways
-Initial substrate is ________ to a simpler chemical form

A
  • Glycolysis; catabolic; anabolic; oxidized; CO2; Primary; catabolism
  • Diversity
  • CO2
  • interconnected
  • oxidized
17
Q

Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) Pathway

  • Primary pathway of ________ in bacteria
  • All sugars transported into bacteria are enzymatically converted to ________
  • Involves using _______
  • _________ is the main dietary sugar in the developed world, _________ is mainly used in labs
  • Starting substrate in the EMP Pathway is always in the form of ________
  • Uses _______ _________ phosphorylation to make ATP. ________ _______ Phosphorylation: Energy is released through oxidation reactions is localized in high energy phosphate bonds of the oxidized substrates, and ________ compounds serve as both electron donors and acceptors
  • ______ Carbon substrates are ______ to ___ Carbon substrates
  • Coupled to the _____ _____ ______
A
  • glycolysis
  • G6P
  • Radiolabels
  • Sucrose; glucose
  • G6P
  • Substrate Level; Substrate Level; organic
  • 6; oxidized; 3
  • Pentose Phosphate Pathway
18
Q

EMP Pathway Steps
1. _________ Stage
-______ or other forms of active transport where glucose is converted to _______
-Phosphorylation of _______-__-_____ to ______ ,-___________ uses 1 ATP
2. _________ Reaction
-_________ ,-________ is split into 2 Glyceraldehyde 3-diphosphates
3. ________ ________ Stage
Produces:
-2 _________
-2 _________
-4 ________, net formation of __ however since ___ equivalents are used

A
  1. Phosphorylation
    - PTS; G6P
    - Fructose 6-phosphate; Fructose 1,6-Diphosphate
  2. Splitting
    - Fructose 1,6-Diphosphate
  3. Oxidation Reduction
    - Pyruvates
    - NADHs
    - ATPs; 2; 2
19
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)
-Linked to the ____ Pathway
-Glucose 6-Phosphate is converted to __-___________
-A series os steps produces _______-__-______, which can form _____ ____ after numerous steps
-Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate is formed by losing ______ _______ (2C)
-NO _____ reaction
Summary:
-1 _____ is used
-2 moles of ______ are synthesized
-Net synthesis of 1 _____
-1 mole of _____ is reduced to _______
-1 mole of _____ is reduced to _______
-Supplies intermediates for ___ ___ synthesis

A
  • EMP
  • 6-Phosphogluconolactone
  • Ribulose 5-Phosphate; nucleic acids
  • Acetyl Phosphate
  • splitting
  • PEP
  • ATP
  • ATP
  • NAD+; NADH
  • NADP+; NADPH
  • nucleic acid
20
Q

Fate of Pyruvic Acid Made in the EMP Pathway
Anaerobic Bacteria:
-_____ ____ ______: Oxidation of NADH to NAD+ converts Pyruvate to Lactate. Common in bacteria responsible for dental ______ like ____________ ______
-___________ _______: Decarboxylation of Pyruvate to acetylaldehyde which is then converted to ethanol by oxidizing NADH to NAD+
-_________ does not generates ATP
-Having unique _______ products allows for the end products to be used as _________ tools

A
  • Lactic Acid Fermentation; caries; Staphylococcus mutans
  • Alcoholic Fermentation
  • Fermentation
  • fermentation; diagnostic
21
Q

Practical Applications of Fermentation

  • Propionibacterium produces ______ and ______ ______ used to make Swiss Cheese
  • Aspergillus, Lactobacillus, and Streptococcus species produce ____ ___ for cheddar cheese, yogurt, and soy sauce
  • Saccharomyces produces _____ and ______ for wine and beer
  • Clostridium produces ______ and _______ for nail polish remover and rubbing alcohol
  • Escherichia and Acetobacter species produce ______ _____ in vinegar
A
  • CO2; propionic acid
  • lactic acid
  • CO2; ethanol
  • acetone; isopropanol
  • acetic acid
22
Q
  • _____ ______: Majority of the product is lactic acid

- ______ _______: Additional types of acids are produced along with lactic acid

A
  • Homolactic Fermentation

- Heterolactic Fermentation

23
Q

Aerobic Growth/Respiration
-_____ ______ Kreb won a Nobel Prize
TCA/Krebs Cycle
-Pathway followed by _______ _____, pyruvate produced in the _____ Pathway is converted to ____ ____ which then enters the cycle
-________ pathway under ideal representations
-More ______ is formed in addition to that generated in the _____ Pathway
-No ______ is synthesized, _____ is however
-4C, 5C, and 6C intermediates are made along with the reduction of both ____ and ____
Major Purposes:
-Production of intermediates for ____ ____ biosynthesis
-Additional synthesis of reduced coenzymes _______ and _______ that can go to the ETC where they get oxidized back to _____ and ____
ETC
-Takes place within the _________ membrane

A
  • Hans Adolf
  • Obligate Aerobes; EMP; Acetyl CoA
  • Cyclic
  • NADH; EMP
  • ATP; GTP
  • NAD+; FAD
  • amino acid
  • NADH; FADH2; NAD+; FAD
  • cytoplasmic
24
Q

ATP Synthesis Through the ETC

  • ________ ________: ATP synthesis in respiring cells comes from the movement of protons forming an electrochemical gradient across the membrane using the energy of ______ formed from the breakdown of energy rich molecules such as sugars. Due to ________ Coupling
  • ____ ______: Activity is coupled with that of a proton gradient in generating ATP, the gradient produces _____ ___ ____. ______ in the sense that it’s the flow of ____ across the membrane
  • Occurs in mitochondria further supporting the ________ Theory
  • Found by Peter _______ (1920-1992)
A
  • Chemiosmotic Hypothesis; NADH; Chemiosmotic
  • ATP Synthase; Proton Motive Force
  • Endosymbiotic
  • Mitchell
25
Q

Fermentation vs Respiration
Facultative Bacteria:
-_________: Either organic or reduced inorganic compounds serve as electron donors and molecular oxygen serves as the ultimate electron acceptor. __________ Phosphorylation NOT _______ ______ Phosphorylation. Much more efficient in that if produces more _____ from 1 glucose molecule
-Contain the enzymes for both _________ and ________. ______ ______: Will always carry out respiration rather than fermentation when Oxygen is available
-If forced to go to __________ they’ll produce more ATP than if they were an _______ bacteria
-_____ ATP is the maximum value produced that varies from bacteria to bacteria

A
  • Respiration; Oxidative; Substrate Level; ATP
  • respiration; fermentation; Pasteur Effect
  • Fermentation; anaerobic
  • 38
26
Q

Respiration in E. coli

  • Is a ______ anaerobe
  • Only undergoes _____ of the TCA Cycle, since it lacks the necessary enzymes
  • ________ is delivered to the Vitamin _____ to add CO2 to Pyruvate to produce ________, this is catalyzed by _________ _____ ________
  • _________ is the single Carbon compound and the Carbon source
A
  • facultative
  • half
  • Bicarbonate; Biotin; Oxaloacetate; Phosphoenol Pyruvate Carboxylase
  • Bicarbonate
27
Q

Changes in the TCA Cycle When E. coli Grows Anaerobically

  • _________ ______: α-Ketoglutarate is the final product where NADH is produced and CO2 is lost
  • _______ _______: Succinyl CoA is the final product where 2 NAD+’s are produced, not part of the original TCA Cycle and different enzymes are needed
  • _________ ______: Turned off under anaerobic conditions so α-ketoglutarate isn’t converted to Succinyl CoA , allowing for the Oxidative Branch to proceed
A
  • Reductive Branch
  • Oxidative Branch
  • α-Ketoglutarate Oxidase
28
Q

Pathway for Heterotrophic CO2 Fixation in Some Bacteria

  • ________ __ _______: Bacteria requiring CO2 for growth, but it doesn’t serve as the only source for Carbon like in Autotrophs for bacteria growing _________
  • Atmospheric CO2 is used to convert ____ to Oxaloacetate. Catalyzed by ________ ______ ________
  • Similar to the _______ Branch in E. coli
  • Conversion of Pyruvate to ________ generates 1 ______ and 1 ______
  • Modified TCA Cycle regenerates _____ and synthesizes ______
A
  • Heterotrophic CO2 Fixation; anaerobically
  • PEP; Phosphoenol Pyruvate Carboxylase
  • Oxidative
  • Acetate; NADH; ATP
  • NAD+; ATP

OMC 1 (12 decks)

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