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OMC 1 > Genetic Exchange Among Concepts > Flashcards

Genetic Exchange Among Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotic Genome

  • Bacteria have evolved the capacity to exchange ______ _______ among members of the same and different species
  • ____-_________ elements (_____ not part of the chromosome) have the greatest capacity for the exchange of genetic information between bacteria due to their ______ nature
A
  • genetic information

- Extra-chromosomal; genes; mobile

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2
Q

Characteristics of the Bacterial Chromosome

  • Single _______ DNA molecule (500-5,000 kbp)
  • ________ ________ DNA
  • Linear array of ______ genes, _____ copy of each gene
  • ________ of genes
  • ______: Functionally related genes that exist naturally
  • _______ _______: Virulence-related genes that encode for proteins that are virulence factors. Are ______ regions compared to operons and can be _______
A
  • Circular
  • Double stranded
  • haploid; single
  • Clustering
  • Operons
  • Pathogenicity Islands; larger; acquired
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3
Q

Genetic Map of the Chromosome

  • Set gene ________ of the chromosome
  • ____: Gene for the origin of replication
  • ____: Gene for the termination of the replication of the entire chromosome
A
  • order
  • oriC
  • ter
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4
Q

Chromosomal Replication

  • Occurs in ____ directions in the bacterial chromosome
  • ________ occurs in the 5’ –> 3’ direction
  • _____ ____: Responsible for the easing the strain caused by supercoiling
A
  • 2
  • Synthesis
  • DNA Gyrase
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5
Q
  • _____/______ ____ ______: Process in which a microorganism incorporates genetic material from another microorganism without an offspring being produced
  • Mechanism for attaining _________ plasticity in bacteria, and is an ________ for evolution
  • Process discovered in _____ in 1959
  • Suggested by _____ ____ that the genetic ______ of all modern organisms is derived through ____ ____ ______
A
  • Horizontal/lateral Gene Transfer
  • phenotypic; implication
  • Japan
  • Carl Woese; heritage; horizontal gene transfer
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6
Q

Consequences of Horizontal Gene Transfer

  • Formation of _____ species results in _______
  • Ability to ______ host defense mechanisms
  • Acquire resistance to ________ agents
A
  • new; evolution
  • evade
  • antimicrobial
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7
Q 
Mobile Genetic Elements
Types:
1. \_\_\_\_\_\_: Circular dsDNA that are much smaller than chromosomes and are never composed of \_\_\_\_\_.  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_: Mobile plasmids that can carry genes from one bacterial cell to another
2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
3. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A
  1. Plasmids; Conjugative Plasmids
  2. Transposons
  3. Bacteriophages
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8
Q

-_______ are not integrated into the chromosome

A
  • plasmids
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9
Q

Plasmids: General Properties

  • ______ dsDNA
  • ______ molecule
  • Several to many _____, varies from plasmid to plasmid
  • _________ copy number, helpful for cloning
  • Bacteria will make additional ________ of the plasmid when ______ in order to spread them to the population
A
  • Always
  • Circular
  • genes
  • Characteristic
  • copies; dividing
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10
Q

Plasmid Classification

  • ____ _____/_ _____: Carry resistance against 1 or more antibiotics, multiple can exist in a bacterial cell, and was the ______ plasmid discovered
  • ______ ______: Codes for small protein that is bactericidal for select species of bacteria, and ONLY effects _______
  • ______/____ ______: Codes for proteins necessary for conjugation including genes for the __ pilus
  • ______ ______: Codes for some bacterial toxins (______) or surface antigens such as capsules or pili. Effects _____/______ cells not ________
  • ______ ______: Codes for enzymes involved in catabolism that allows bacteria to acquire the necessary proteins to metabolize sugars it normally wouldn’t
  • _______ ________: Constructed plasmids used for transferring specific genes into the cell in a laboratory. Formed by taking pieces of ______ ______ plasmids and putting them together for the desired ______, and are used to make ______
  • _____ ______: Encoded functions that have not yet been identified
A
  • Drug Resistance/R Factors; first
  • Bacteriocinogenic Factor; bacteria
  • Fertility/Sex Factor; F
  • Toxinogenic Factor; exotoxins; host/eukaryotic; bacteria
  • Metabolic Factor
  • Cloning Vector; naturally occurring; properties; drugs
  • Cryptic Plasmid
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11
Q

Multiple Drug Resistance (MDR) Plasmid

  • Discovered in 1959 in Japan by _____ _____ during a large epidemic of _____ caused by Shigella dysenteriae
  • Contained genes for both ________ and drug ________
A
  • Kiyoshi Shiga; dysentery

- conjugation; resistance

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12
Q

Bacteriocins Produced by Oral Bacteria

  • ________: Plasmids used to kill other bacteria species that are closely related to each other. This is due to ________ for nutrients since they prefer to live in similar ______
  • ______ _____: Used to test for the presence of bacteriocins by looking for _____ of _______ that are produced
  • _______ _____: Contains the gene that has the bacteriocin that will kill the susceptible bacteria
  • Bacteriocins form ________ channels in the membrane of other bacteria, causing _______ to flow out of the cell resulting in death
  • _______: Found specifically in E. coli
A
  • Bacteriocins; competition; environments
  • Indicator Strain; zones of inhibition
  • Producer Strain
  • Calcium; calcium
  • Colicins
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13
Q

Fertility/Sex Factor

  • Genes regulate the______ of genetic information from 1 bacteria to another
  • Donor strain directs the process of __________
A
  • transfer

- conjugation

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14
Q

Transposons
-Most recently identified _____ ______, and found by American geneticist ____ ______ in maize
General Properties
-Always _______ like plasmids
-________ molecules, difference from _______
-Composed of ______ genetic regions
-Several to many genes in ______ region. Can have _________ repeats, carry genes for ______ and ______, and be of many ______.
-Undergo a lot of ________ making them difficult to _______
-Move by non-___________ recombination, allowing it to be inserted into many different _________
Unique Property:
-Can be inserted into other _______ ______ or into the _________ itself

A
  • mobile element; Barbara McClintock
  • dsDNA
  • Linear; plasmids
  • distinct
  • core; inverted; virulence; resistance; sizes
  • variability; classify
  • non-homologous; sequences
  • mobile elements; chromosome
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15
Q

Transposons: Transposition
-Very __________ and can move around easily
-___________ enzyme will cut in a specific position and the __________ will insert itself into that region
-Can be identified in region of _______ repeats that _______ their sequence
-_________ ______: Contain all the genes necessary for their own transfer
Result of Transposition:
-Creation of gene ______
-_______
-_______
-______ repeats will ______ the transposon

A
  • promiscuous
  • Restriction; transposon
  • direct; sandwich
  • Conjugative Transposons
  • insertions
  • Deletions
  • Translocation
  • Direct; sandwich
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16
Q

Bacteriophages
-Viruses that specifically attack _______
-Most are comprised of a _____ coat that has a geometric structure
-Some are _____
-_______ _____: Process that uses bacteriophages to control oral plaque ______
General Properties:
- Contain either ____ or ____, but never both
-____ can be double or single stranded, ____ is typically single stranded
-____ or _____ is always in a ______ coat
-Have a ____ host range

A
  • bacteria
  • protein
  • filamentous
  • Phage Theory; biofilms
  • DNA; RNA
  • DNA; RNA
  • DNA; RNA; protein
  • limited
17
Q

Bacteriophages Structure
Head:
-_________: Contains proteins that will self assemble into a specific structure and contains the _____ _____
-_________: Protein subunits that make up the nucleocapsid
Tail:
-______ ______: Protein surrounding the core that may or may not be present
-_____ plate
-_____: Where the nucleic acid flows through
-____ ______: Give bacteriophages their specificity that recognize receptors on the surface. Can recognize _____, ______, and other surface Ag

A
  • Nucleocapsid; nuclear material
  • Capsomeres
  • Contractile Sheath
  • Core
  • Tail Fibers; pili; fimbriae
18
Q

Bacteriophage Classification
-Based on _____ and ____ ____ composition, aka _______ properties
Bradley’s Bacteriophage Groups
dsDNA:
-_____ __: Tails are contractible
-_____ __: Tails are long and non-contractible
-_____ __: Tails are short and non-contractible
ssDNA:
-_____ __: No tails and have large capsomeres
-_____ __: Filamentous
ssRNA:
-_____ __: No tails and small capsomeres

A 
-structure; nucleic acid
dsDNA;
-Group A
-Group B
-Group C
ssDNA:
-Group D
-Group F
ssRNA:
-Group E
19
Q

Mechanisms of Genetic Exchange

  • ________: Genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake, incorporation, and expression of ________ genetic material. Requires _____ pieces of DNA that are ______, _____, and ___DNA. Must be _____ and _____ to bind to the several sites where the DNA binding proteins on bacteria are located, must be ______ so the ______-______ proteins can bind, must be ____ to bind, and the cells must be _______ to participate
  • ________: Transfer of genetic material (_____) between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between 2 cells. Requires a _______ plasmid or ________ transposon, and this process can be used to map the bacterial __________
  • _______: Process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage
A
  • Transformation; exogenous; long; naked; linear; dsDNA
  • long; linear; naked; competence-specific; dsDNA; competent
  • Conjugation; plasmids; conjugative; conjugative; chromosome
  • Transduction
20
Q

Transformation: F. W. Griffith Experiment

  • Involved using ________ _______
  • ______/__ ______: Contained a capsule making it virulent
  • ______/__ ______: Lacked a capsule making it non-virulent
  • Determined that there was a ______ ______ responsible for the ____ strain transforming the ___ strain into becoming virulent
  • Bacteria must be ______ to replicate this process of transformation
A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Smooth/S Strain
  • Rough/R Strain
  • transforming principle; S; R
  • alive
21
Q

Mechanism of Genetic Transformation in Gram-Positive Bacteria
Development of Competence:
-Competence ______ must be secreted for the bacteria to become competent to undergo _________. With very ______ populations the competence _____ can bind to other cells, making them _________ dependent
Steps:
1. Binding of ______ ______ with cell surface receptors
2. _______: Synthesis of _______-________ proteins
3. _________ exposes DNA-binding protein and _______ by chewing away at the ______ membrane
Transformation Process:
1. Fragment of ______ is bound to the cell surface at several sites where ____-______ protein are located
2. Bound DNA is nicked and cut by the _____, and the other strand is ________
3. Association of remaining DNA strand with ______-_____ proteins that coat the DNA, to eliminate the ______ charge. The ______ charge would be repelled by the ______ charge of the _____ membrane
4. Entry into the cell and replacement of one _______ DNA strand by the _____ DNA
-Can only take place while the bacterial cell is _________ so the uptaken DNA can be ______. The single strand only goes to a ____ bacterial cell, the _______ strand or the _____ strand, never both

A

Development of Competence
-factors; transformation; dense; factors; concentration
1. competence factors
2. Autolysin; competence-specific
3. Autolysin; nuclease; cell
Transformation Process:
1. dsDNA; DNA-binding
2. nuclease; degraded
3. competence-specific; negative; negative; negative; cell
4. endogenote; inserted; single; original; daughter

22
Q

Conjugation

  • Identified by __ _____ and __ _____ who won the 1958 Nobel Prize for Physiology in Medicine
  • Occurs while both the ______ and _____ are replicating
  • ___ ____: The donor cell that contains the F factor plasmid, this encodes for the ____ pilus. The tip of the _____ pilus is recognized by the __ ____. Will retain a copy of the _____ since it’s being replicated
  • __ ____: Lacks the conjugative plasmid and is the recipient cell
  • ______ _________ ______(__): Occurs when the F plasmid DNA becomes integrated into the chromosome of the ________ cells. The ________ cell becomes considered a ____ and is also now a donor cell. The ____ plasmid DNA is the last segment to be transferred. Very ____ process
A
  • J. Lederbergy; E. Tatum
  • chromosome; plasmid
  • F+ Cell; sex; sex; F- Cell; plasmid
  • F- Cell
  • High Frequency Recombinant (Hfr); recipient; recipient; Hfr; F
23
Q

Crossing an Hfr and a F- Cell:
-__ ____: Result of the cross where the plasmid has come out of the chromosome in the _______ cell, which now contains a piece of _________ DNA attached to the __ plasmid. This is how new genes are transferred in _________. Now considered a _____ cell

A

-F’ Cell; recipient; chromosomal; F; conjugation; donor

24
Q

Conjugation: Application to Gene Mapping

  • Used ____ strains to map bacterial chromosomes
  • Stop the process via ______ after certain time intervals, and that the __ ____ was always last
  • ___________ maps were depicted in the ____ it took to transfer the DNA, not the ______ of the chromosomal DNA
  • First bacteria with its chromosome fully mapped was __ ____ _-___
A
  • Hfr
  • lysing; F plasmid
  • Chromosomal; time; length; E. coli K-12
25
Q

Quantifying Bacteriophages by Counting Plaques
-_______: Clear area on an agar plate
Steps:
1. Grow lawn of bacteria that are _______ to the bacteriophage
2. _______ of a bacteriophage suspension is added
3. Bacteria become _____ with the bacteriophage
4. Infected bacteria ___ releasing new ____ which infects neighboring cells
5. Infection and ____ continues to spread
-Each individual ______ came from an individual cell that ____due to infection by a ____

A
  • Plaques
    1. sensitive
    2. Dilution
    3. infected
    4. lyse; phage
    5. lysis
  • plaque; lysed; phage
26
Q

Bacteriophage Multiplication: Bacteriophage 1-Step Growth Curve

  • _____ ______: Initial period where nothing is happening in terms of growth. Bacteriophage _____ are being made by the cell
  • _____ _____: No bacteriophage particles have been released. Phage particles have begun to be _______ inside the cell and the number of particles _________ inside the cell too
  • _____ ____: Final number of bacteriophage particles produced. New phage particles have fully ______ causing the cells to ____ releasing newly formed phages
  • Considered a __-____ process since the phage particles are only seen outside the cells until it’s almost all at once
A
  • Eclipse Period; particles
  • Latent Period; assembled; increases
  • Burst Size; matured; lyse
  • 1-step
27
Q

Bacteriophage Assembly

  1. ____ Region
  2. _____ Region
  3. Long ___ ____
  4. ______ Phage gets released when the cell is lysed
A
  1. Head
  2. Tail
  3. Long tail fibers
  4. Competed
28
Q

Transduction: 2 Types of Bacteriophages

  • Identified by ________ and ______
  • 2 types of phages:
    1. ______ Phages
    2. ______ Phages
A
  • Lederberg; Zinder
    1. Virulent
    2. Temperate
29
Q

_______ Cycle and the Virulent Phage

  1. _________ into the host cell
  2. _______ of DNA into the host
  3. _______ replication
  4. ________: New phage assembly
  5. Phage _______ leading to bacteria cell death
  6. ________ of new host cells
    - End result is cell ______
A
  • Lytic
    1. Absorption
    2. Injection
    3. Phage
    4. Maturation
    5. release
    6. Infection
  • death
30
Q

_______ Cycle and Temperate Phages

  1. ________ to host cell
  2. ________ of DNA into host cells
  3. _________ integrates into the bacterial chromosome
  4. ________ replication occurs with the bacterial chromosome. _________ genes in the _____ chromosome prevent the ______ genome from being expressed. The bacteria is considered a ________ ________
  5. __________ Phages can be ______ to become virulent by some type of ______
A
  • Lysogenic
    1. Absorption
    2. Injection
    3. Prophage
    4. Prophage; Suppressor; phage; phage; Lysogenic Bacterium
    5. Temperate; induced; stimulus
31
Q

-________ plasmids and transposons are how ________ resistance genes are passed on. ____________ transposons are more likely to occur and represent the most _________ process, since they’re very _________. This gives them the greatest potential impact on the future of clinical treatment of _______ disease

A

-Conjugative; antibiotic; Conjugative; frequent; promiscuous; infectious

OMC 1 (12 decks)

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