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OMC 1 > DNA Viruses > Flashcards

DNA Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

Basic Virus Features

  • _____, _____, ________ intracellular parasites
  • Genome is either ______ or _____, never both
  • ______: Outer protein shell that provides protection from the environment
  • _______: Smaller repeating units that comprise the capsid
  • ________ ______: Make pieces (nucleic acid and proteins) to make a whole virus
A
  • Small; infectious; obligate
  • DNA; RNA
  • Capsid
  • Capsomere
  • Subunit Replication
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2
Q

-Viruses are named based on where they’re _______

A

-Isolated

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3
Q
  • _______: Virus outbreak across numerous continents
  • _______: Virus outbreak impacting the ENTIRE world
  • _______: Contained within a continent
A
  • Epidemic
  • Pandemic
  • Endemic
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4
Q

Zika

  • Was an ________ in the world 55 years ago
  • Came to the US from people returning from _______ Islands, only _____ home grown cases however
  • ____, Zika, and _____ are from the same family of viruses that can be carried by ______ simultaneously
A
  • Epidemic
  • Caribbean; 2
  • Chik; Dengue; mosquito
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5
Q

West Africa: Ebola Hemorrhagic Outbreak

  • Ebola is a _______ disease
  • ________ are NOT the natural host/_______ for Ebola
  • Survivors will still have Ebola in the fluids of their ____ and _____ so it can spread easily during intercourse. The _____ are immune-privileged so Ebola will never leave and can cause ______
  • The Ebola ______ in 2016 was the largest
A
  • regional
  • Humans; reservoir
  • eyes; semen; eyes; blindness
  • epidemic
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6
Q

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)

  • Derives from a ________
  • Spread through close contact with ______
A
  • Coronovirus

- camels

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7
Q

Mortality

  • _____ is 50-90% lethal depending on the strain
  • ______ is 23-90% lethal
  • _____ Fever is 50% lethal
  • ______ are how you sequester infections
A

-Ebola
-Marburg
-Lassa
Quarantines

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8
Q

Number of Viruses

  • At least __________ viruses exist in mammals alone
  • _____ _____: Found completely new viruses in humans and animals by examining fecal matter. ___% of new viral genomes are unknown viruses
  • _____ to ____ viruses can cause human disease
A
  • 320,000
  • Viral Metagenomics; 99%
  • 600-700
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9
Q

Viral History

  • Zur Hausen won a Nobel Prize for finding that _____ _____ _____(___) is a major cause of oral cancer
  • Montagnier and Barre-Sinoussie discovered ____ and won a Nobel Prize in 20008
  • First cure for a viral disease was for ______-_ in 2015
A
  • Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
  • HIV
  • Hepatitis-C
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10
Q

Capsid Symmetry

  • ______: Crystalline-like structure where the protein in the capsid determines the size and pattern. Composed of 20 ______ faces and the final product looks _______
  • Can have ______ capsids too that are only found in _____ viruses
  • _______: No symmetry. Seen with the ____ virus that causes Smallpox, molluscem contagiosum, and animal cowpox
A
  • Icosahedral; triangular; spherical
  • Helical; RNA
  • Complex; Pox
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11
Q

Properties of Capsids and Envelopes

  • ______ protect the nucleic acid from the environment, like the enzymes _______ and _______
  • ___-________ viruses contain cell attachment proteins that allow for the ______ and ______ of specific receptors to certain target tissues
  • ________ viruses contain a lipid envelope that contains glycoproteins used for attachment. The ______ membrane is sensitive and susceptible to ______ and _______, not true for ____-________ viruses
  • Capsids can have ______, ______ or ______ symmetry
A
  • Capsids; DNAse; RNAse
  • Non-enveloped; targeting; uptake
  • Enveloped; lipid; detergents; bleach; non-enveloped
  • helical; icosahedral; complex
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12
Q

-The smaller the viral ______ the less proteins it ______ and the more ________ it is on the host to replicate

A

-genome; encodes; dependent

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13
Q

Viral Genomes

  • Can be _____ or ______
  • Can be _____, ______, or _____ in shape
  • Can be _______ or _____ stranded
  • ________ sense or _____ sense (antisense)
A
  • DNA; RNA
  • linear; circular; segmented
  • single; double
  • Positive; negative
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14
Q

Virus Detection, Quantification, and Diagnosis

  • ______ ______ is the “gold standard”
  • _____ ____ for virion quantification, this determines if something has a viral infection
  • Direct observation via _______ _____(__)
  • ________ via ELISA or immunofluorescence
  • Can use _____ of viral nucleic acid if it cannot be seen with EM or typical CPE
A
  • Virus Isolation
  • Plaque Assay
  • Electron Microscopy (EM)
  • Antibodies
  • PCR
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15
Q

Plaque Assay: Time Course

  • Grow ______ cells and then add the virus
  • Incubate for days and observe the ______ _____(__): the virus kills the cells. Can detect this by using _____ Stain with dye, only _____ cells are stained.
  • The holes are _______, each one representing 1 virus infecting 1 cell
A
  • mammalian
  • cytopathic effect (CPE); CPE; live
  • plaques
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16
Q 
Viral Replication Cycle: Generic Virus
Steps:
1. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
3. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the capsid
4. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of early mRNA
5. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of early proteins
6. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the viral genome
7. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of late mRNA
8. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of late proteins
9. Assembly of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
10. \_\_\_\_\_\_
A
  1. Attachment
  2. Penetration
  3. Uncoating
  4. Transcription
  5. Translation
  6. Replication
  7. Transcription
  8. Translation
  9. virions
  10. Release
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17
Q

Viral Entry into Cells

  1. _____-_____ fusion at the plasma membrane
    - _________ help to open the plasma membrane, allowing for the entry of the ______ _____ in to the cell while leaving the ________ embedded in the cell’s plasma membrane
    - Fusion of the _______ allows for entry into the cell where the virus uses the cell’s _______ to travel to the ______ membrane where the viral _____ is injected through nuclear _____
  2. Infusion via ________
    - _________ take in the virus and the _____ decreases allowing for the release of the viral _____ into the cytoplasm
    - ________ can take a naked virus in, which will then lyse the ________, and then dock onto the ________ membrane where it will insert its _______
    - Viruses and ______ use _________ to travel in the host cell
A
  1. Lipid-lipid
    - Glycoproteins; nucleic acid; glycoproteins
    - Envelope; microtubules; nuclear; DNA; pores
  2. Endocytosis
    - Endosomes; pH; genome
    - Endosomes; endosome; nuclear; genome
    - endosomes; microtubules
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18
Q

Herpes Viruses
-____ viruses
-__DNA that is ~____ genes
-________ capsid with a lipid envelope
-__-____ with their host, well adjusted pathogens
-________, can effect all ______ and _______ species
-______ infections are a hallmark of herpes viruses, meaning herpes is _________
8 Human Herpes Viruses:
1. _____: Oral cold sores
2. ______: Genital herpes
3. ______: Chicken pox and shingles
4. _______: CMV retinitis and retardation
5/6. _____/_: Beta
7. ____: Mononucleosis and cancer
8. _____: Kaposi’s sarcoma and other cancers

A

-DNA
-dsDNA; 100
-Icosahedral
-Co-evolve
-Ubiquitous; vertebrates, invertebrate
-Latent; FOREVER
1. HSV1
2. HSV2
3. VZV
4. CMV
5/6. HHV6/7
7. EBV
8. HHV8

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19
Q

Herpes Envelope

  • Contains 12 _______ in the envelope, ____ are involved in ____ into the cell. _______ C and B are involved in _______ to the cell
  • Binds to cell receptors: ____ and ____-1
  • Binding of glycoprotein ___ to the cell receptor initiates entry
  • Glycoproteins __, ___/___ are essential for fusing 2 membranes. ____ is the fusogen
  • The remaining ones are involved in ____ regulation
A
  • glycoproteins; 5; entry; Glycoproteins; adsorption
  • HVEM; Nectin-1
  • D
  • B; H/L;B
  • immune
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20
Q

Synthetic Stage for Herpes Proteins and DNA
-______ occurs in the cytoplasm
3 Viral Proteins:
1. ________ _____ Proteins: First formed viral proteins that will assemble in the cytoplasm and return back to the nucleus to control viral DNA ______ and inhibit cell _______, set the stage for DNA ______
2. ______ Proteins: Second formed proteins that supply the enzymes (DNA polymerases for instance) that increase the rate of viral DNA synthesis, since ______ proteins and enzymes won’t work
3. ____ Proteins: Responsible for the production/assembly of the structural proteins inside the _______ so the virus can be assembled
-All the viral _____ leaves the nucleus to go to the cytoplasm to be ________, and the resulting _______ return to the nucleus to function

A
  • Uncoating
    1. Immediate Early; synthesis; function; replication
    2. Early; host
    3. Late; nucleus
  • mRNA; translated; proteins
21
Q

-The ideal drug inhibits virus _______

A

-replication

22
Q

Herpesvirus Capsid Assembly

  • Capsid assembly occurs in the ____
  • The __________ step occurs outside of the _______
  • _______ organize the capsomere components into units, and will be degraded by viral _______ once the capsid is formed allowing for the _____ to be inserted
  • A ______ helps to insert the _____ into the virus. _______: Capsid containing nucleic acid
  • The virus synthesizes and releases ______ to modify the _____ ____ of the nuclear membrane. ______ were being developed on the _____ ______ of the nuclear membrane and get attached once the capsid buds forming the ________ Envelope.
  • The _______ Envelope buds with the _______ ______ being modified with _______ Proteins and the glycoproteins are removed
  • _______ Proteins allow the virion to bud with the _____ and obtain the final _______ needed to become a fully _______ and _______ virion
  • Become active and live ______ once they bud from the ________ membrane
A
  • nucleus
  • maturation; nucleus
  • Scaffolds; proteases; DNA
  • pump; DNA; Nucleocapsid
  • proteins; inner leaflet; Glycoproteins; outer leaflet; Primary
  • Primary; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Tegument
  • Tegument; Golgi; glycoproteins; functional; infectious
  • viruses; cellular
23
Q

HSV Infection: Multi-nucleated Giant Cells Syncytia

  • Viral glycoproteins can ____ cells together to make a massive cell with many _____ containing active virions
  • The ______ of the infected cell has all of its ____ degraded so it only interacts with viral ______
  • _________ will fuse together and viruses will stabilize active ________ to ensure they can generate enough energy for viral _________
A
  • fuse; vesicles
  • nucleus; DNA; DNA
  • Mitochondria; mitochondria; replication
24
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infections

  • _____ many types of cells
  • ___ entry glycoproteins
  • ___ protein receptors on cells
  • 2 _____ of entry
  • _____ _____: First exposure to the virus that will effect the _____, _____, and ____. _____ 1: Above the naval and is 60% of all cases, and _____ ______ 2: below the naval
  • ________: Virus moves up the axons through the __________ Ganglia (V1, V2, and V3) as a piece of ______ DNA in the neurons. ______ inserted into the genome, and is reactivated by a ________. ____ 1: impacts the Trigeminal Nerve, and _____ 2: is sacral
  • _______ ______: Reactivation of the disease typically where it first occurred. Appears as a ______ sore, _______: Viral blindness, and _____ ______: Was a problem in dentistry where dentists would get infected, decreased because of gloves
A
  • Infects
  • 4
  • 2
  • pathways
  • Primary Infection; mouth; skin; eyes; Type I; Genital Type
  • Latent; Trigeminal; circular; NOT; stimulus; Type 1; Type 2
  • Recurrent Infection; cold; keratitis; Whitlow’s Finger
25
Q

Latent, Recurrent Infections

  • _______: No symptoms
  • People with _____ and _____ lesions are constantly secreting virus
  • Initial ____ infection followed by quiescence
  • Host ____ ____ clears most of the virus but some will persist, often in immunologically ____ sites
  • ______: Immune suppression that reactivates latent virus, may or may not produce ________
A
  • Shedding
  • oral; genital
  • acute
  • immune response; protected
  • Stress; symptoms
26
Q

Controlling Viral Diseases

  • _______: Provide enough protein particles so an individual can present an immune response to combat the disease
  • Using _____
A
  • Vaccines

- drugs

27
Q

Mechanism of Neutralization: Ab to Glycoprotein D
1. _______ can bind to surface receptors of the cell and virus, this prevents viral _____
2. Subunit ________ __ Vaccine creates antibodies that will aggregate viruses into _____ the body can recognize and remove
3. __________ cell lysis (______ Immune System) recognizes the antibody interaction between a virus and cell, the ____ gets destroyed
Methods of Viral Evasion
-Production of ____-________ proteins
-Counter measures exist for every _____ _____

A
  1. Antibodies; entry
  2. Glycoprotein D; complexes
  3. Complement; Innate; cell
    - anti-complement
    - immune response
28
Q

Antiviral: 3 Classes of Drugs for herpes

  1. ________ Analogues
  2. ______ Inhibitor of DNA Synthesis
  3. _______ Inhibitors
    - Requires _______ _______ to avoid harming the host
A
  1. Nucleoside
  2. Acyclovir
  3. Protease
    - selective toxicity
29
Q

Targets for Drug Intervention

  • Prevent viral ______ into cells
  • Prevent virus _____
  • Prevent virus exit from the _____
  • Degradation of the virus in the _____
  • Can _______ the virus once it leaves
A
  • entry
  • replication
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • aggregate
30
Q

Nucleoside Analogues

  • An _____ copy of a nucleoside
  • Prevents ______ of DNA or RNA when incorporated
  • Can take the place of _______ nucleosides, _____ the completion of a viral DNA chain during infection of a new cell by _____
  • Can alter the _____ or add a ______ group
  • ________: A triple fluorine derivative that is the best analog
A
  • artificial
  • replication
  • natural; blocking; HIV
  • sugar; prosthetic
  • Trifluorothymidine
31
Q
  • _________: only used in the eye to treat HSV since the cells of the eye are quiescent
  • Analogues must be uptaken in the eye since no ____ ______ occurs
A
  • Trifluridine

- cell division

32
Q

-______ Used to decrease the pain, and will speed up the healing of sores in those with HSV. Prevents outbreaks of ______ herpes (may not stop the ______ however) and is a _______ analogue. Prevents ______ of HSV by preventing it from spreading

A

-Acyclovir; genital; spread; nucleoside; recurrence

33
Q

Mechanism of Acyclovir

  • ______ _____: A viral specific enzyme used in viral DNA synthesis and is not _______ by the host
  • Inhibits viral DNA _________
  • Virus evades inhibition by mutating ______ ______ so Acyclovir isn’t incorporated by it
A
  • Thymidine Kinase; recognized
  • Polymerase
  • Thymidine Kinase
34
Q

Protease Inhibitors

-Stop viral _________ by preventing ______ ____ from being incorporated into the virion

A

-replication; nucleic acids

35
Q

Adenovirus
-Typically the viral _____ for gene delivery
-Insert the _____ genes so the virus will replicate them and _______ them to specific ______
-___-_______ DNA virus that is persistant
-Cause of ___/____-like respiratory disease
Problems with Viral Vectors:
-_____ _____ will make it difficult for the virus to enter the cell without it being eliminated
Solutions:
-Use a _____- version of the virus so the primate receptors are recognized, and since it’s new to us no ______ immune response has been built against it

A
  • vector
  • desired; deliver; targets
  • Non-enveloped
  • eye/cold
  • Immune response
  • chimp; prior
36
Q

Adenovirus Capisd Structure
- Roughly ___kb
-________ symmetry, with projecting _____ that interact with cell receptors
Genome:
-Single ____ molecule of dsDNA that encodes for ____ proteins

A

-36
-Icosahedral; fibers
-linear
40

37
Q

Adenovirus Entry and Uncoating

  • ______ bind cell receptor ____-cell adhesion proteins
  • _____ base binds integrin receptors (__ receptors)
  • Virus enters an _____ where the _____ and ____ are removed, losing its infectivity
  • Capsid docks at the nuclear ____, where DNA is inserted and the virus gets assembled in the _____
  • Entire process takes ___ minutes
A
  • Fibers; CAR
  • Penton; 2
  • Endosome; fibers; pentons
  • pore; nucleus
  • 30
38
Q

Adenovirus Capsid Assembly

  • Proteins ___ and ___ form the penton
  • Protein ___ forms the Hexon Trimer
  • _______ are required to form the capsid, but the DNA is inserted before the ______ are degraded
  • __________ inhibitors are ideal for stopping its replication, the virion won’t _______ this way, but the ___ still dies
A
  • 4; 3
  • 2
  • Scaffolds; scaffolds
  • Protease; mature; cell
39
Q

Adenovirus: Persistent Infection
-________ is inapparent
-Remains with the host for prolonged ______ or for life
-Transmission is ______, meaning it’s only passed from population members, and not _______
-Virus _______ reintroduces the virus into a new population
Other Persistent DNA Viruses:
-_______
-_____ _
-_____ (CMV and EBV), HSV is latent and never leaves so it too is technically “persistent”

A
  • Infection
  • periods
  • horizontal; genetically
  • shedding
  • Papillomavirus
  • Hepatitis B
  • Herpes
40
Q

Papova Viruses

  • Stands for: _______, _____, ______ vacuolating viruses
  • No ____ relationship
  • All are small _____ icosahedral viruses
  • _______ dsDNA
  • All replicate in the _____
A
  • Papilloma; Polyoma; Simian
  • genomic
  • naked
  • Circular
  • nucleus
41
Q

Papilloma Viruses

  • Cause _______ lesions, aka warts
  • Target _______ epithelial cells
  • Viral DNA persists in tissues as an ________, not integrated into the chromosome
  • Gene expression only in ________ _____ cells of the epidermis
  • Major causative agent for human ______ and ____ and _____ cancers
A
  • proliferative
  • squamous
  • episome
  • terminally differentiated
  • cervical; head; neck
42
Q

Papilloma Virus Replication

  • Requires cell ________ to replicate
  • Virus infection takes place at the layer just above the _______ _______
  • Virion assembly occurs in ______ ________ keratinocytes, the cells are ______ so they result in the build up of keratinized dead skin cells
  • Requires _______ cells to replicate
A
  • differentiation
  • basal lamina
  • terminally differentiated; hypoplastic
  • differentiating
43
Q

-_________ and ______ cancers are more likely to impact men over women

A

-Head; neck

44
Q

Human Papilloma Vaccine
-_____ ___: Major capsid protein used as an antigen for immunization
-___ protein is expressed in yeast or insect cells using recombinant technology, and they ____-_____ into virus-like particles (VLP)
Virus-like Particles:
-______-_____ _ Vaccine: Defends against 18 HPV strains including strains _ and __ which cause 90% of _______ warts, and strains 18 and 16 that are linked to cancer
-___-______ Vaccine: Defends against strains 16 and 18 along with a few lesser culprits
-________ Vaccine: Example of another vaccine defending against numerous strains of a virus

A
  • HPV L1
  • L1; self-assemble
  • Merck-Gardasil 9; 6; 11; genital
  • GSK-Cervarix
  • Pneumacoccal
45
Q

Types of Hepatitis Viruses

  • ____ _: Can only be obtained by eating fecal matter, huge ____ in the US now
  • ____ _/__: Both are serum based and spread through serum transmission and ________ transmission
  • _____: Non-A non-B hepatitis
  • Medication to cure Hepatitis __
  • Chronic infection for Hep __, ___, and __
A
  • Hep A; epidemic
  • Hep B/D; sexual
  • NANB
  • C
  • B; C; D
46
Q

Hepatitis B Virus Modes of Transmission

  • ______: Sex workers and homosexuals are particularly at risk
  • _______: Health workers are at an increased risk
  • ______: Mothers who are positive are likely to transmit it to their offspring, the _____ mean of Hep B transmission
  • Infection can result in a short term, _____ infection that is self-limiting, or a ______ life-time infection
A
  • Sexual
  • Parenteral
  • Perinatal; main
  • acute; chronic
47
Q

Hepatitis Structure

-Hep B vaccines introduce ___ antigen

A

-HBs

48
Q

Hepatitis B

  • A DNA virus with a ______ for its lifecycle that creates a _______ RNA which gets transcribed to DNA serving as a template
  • A DNA virus acting like a __________
A
  • Transcriptase; pregenome

- retrovirus

49
Q

Drug Treatment for Hep B

  • _______ Hep B infections are short-lived and go away on their own
  • _______ Hep B infections are treated to reduce the risk of _____ disease and prevent transmission
  • ________: Helps fight the infection and slow liver damage
  • ______ transplant if the ____ is severely damaged
A
  • Acute
  • Chronic; liver
  • Lamivudine
  • Liver; liver

OMC 1 (12 decks)

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