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OMC 1 > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Antimicrobial Agents

  • ________: Chemical agents applied to non-living objects with the objective of reducing the number of bacteria, NOT _________ them
  • ________: Chemical agents applied to living skin or tissue with the objective of reducing the chance of infection
  • _______: Naturally occurring and man-made organic compounds that are used to systematically inhibit or kill bacteria
  • ________: General term for antiseptics or antibiotics that have a well-proven ability to inhibit or kill bacteria
A
  • Disinfectants; killing
  • Antiseptics
  • Antibiotics
  • Antibacterials
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2
Q

Antibiotics: Organic Compounds That Inhibit or Kill Microbes

  • ________: Any substance produced by a microorganism that is antagonistic to the growth of other microbes in high dilution
  • _______ ______ (1888-1973): First lab at Rutgers with a milestone site and was awarded the 1952 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for discovering __________
A
  • Antibiotic

- Selman Waksman; streptomycin

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3
Q

General Characteristics of Antibiotics

  • _______: Kill microbes
  • ________: Inhibits growth
  • Antibiotics are either ________ or _________, NEVER both
  • ______ _______: Effective against both Gram Negative and Positive bacteria
  • ______ ______ ______(___): Concentration at which the bacteria stop growing and can be measured using a series of tubes with varying [______] added in serial dilution. Is identified in the first tube where bacteria are no longer _________ and appears ________
  • ______-_____ _______: Allows for using different [antibiotic] on different plates that can all be used on the same ______ plate. Measure antibiotic effectiveness by measuring the _____ of ______
A
  • Bactericidal
  • Bacteriostatic
  • bactericidal; bacteriostatic
  • Broad Spectrum
  • Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
  • [antibiotic]; growing; clear
  • Kirby-Bauer Method; agar; zone of inhibition
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4
Q

-_______ ______: Impacting and targeting the microorganism specifically without harming the host. Best bacterial target is the cell wall composed of ________

A

-Selective Toxicity; peptidoglycan

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5
Q

Classification of Antibiotics Based on Their Mechanism of Action

  1. ___________ of cell wall biosynthesis
  2. Disruption of _____ _______
  3. Inhibition of _____ _____ biosynthesis/DNA _________
  4. Inhibition of ________ synthesis, the ________ group of antibiotics
A
  1. Inhibition
  2. cell membranes
  3. nucleic acid; replication
  4. protein; largest
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6
Q

Inhibition of Cell Wall Biosynthesis: Cytoplasm Stage

  • General Precursor: ____-_-_______ ____, the carrier for the compounds that serve as substrates
  • The first 3 peptides are added to ___-_-_______ _____, then a dipeptide of -___--_______ is added
  • ____-_-_______ is added forming a disaccharide-pentapeptide, this is the basic building block of ___________
A
  • UDP-N-Acetylmuramic Acid
  • UDP-N-Acetylmuramic Acid
  • D-Alanyl-D-Alanine
  • UDP-N-Acetylglucosamine; peptidoglycan
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7
Q

Inhibition of Cell Wall Biosynthesis: Cytoplasm Stage
Steps:
1. Addition of -_________, -______ ___, and ____-____ to UDP-N-Acetylmuramic Acid
2. Conversion of _-______ to _-______ which forms the dipeptide _-____--_____ that gets added
3. ____--________ gets added forming the disaccharide-pentapeptide
Antibiotics:
-__-_____ is inhibitory to peptidoglycan since it’s a structural analog of D-Alanine and prevents the addition of -___--______ so no peptidogylcan is synthesized

A
  1. L-Alanine; D-Glutamic Acid; meso-DAP
  2. L-Alanine; D-Alanine; D-Alanyl-D-Alanine
  3. UDP-N-Acetylglucosamine
    - D-Cycloserine; D-Alanyl-D-Alanine
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8
Q

Inhibition of Cell Wall Biosynthesis: Membrane Stage
-The ________-________ complex is very water soluble and cannot cross the hydrophobic membrane on its own
-Addition of a _____ _____ to DAP (amino acid position ___)
-_____ ______: Greater than 50C long and are very large __________ hydrophobic molecules that carry the peptidoglycan precursor _______ the membrane, by attaching to the phosphates on ____-_-_______ ____ .
-Crossing the membrane results in the loss of 2 _________ from the _______-_______ complex, since they remain attached to the ______ _______ Carrier, will lose 1 _______ and then get ______ to be used again
Antibiotics:
-_______: Prevents the recycling of the lipid carrier inhibiting ________ synthesis in Gram Positive and Negative bacteria, but additionally prevents _________(___) biosynthesis in Gram Negative bacteria.
-________: Physically blocks the movement of the lipid carrier with the disaccharide-pentapeptide complex from crossing the membrane

A
  • disaccharide-pentapeptide
  • cross bridge; 3
  • Isoprenoid Molecules; phosphorylated; across; UDP-N-Acetylmuramic Acid
  • phosphates; disaccharide-pentapeptide; Isoprenoid Lipid; phosphate; recycled
  • Bacitracin; peptidoglycan; Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
  • Vancomycin
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9
Q

Inhibition of Cell Wall Biosynthesis: Membrane Surface Stage
-A _____ strand must be opened for the disaccharide to be inserted
-The _____ ____ end must be free to be attached to a side chain on another _____ strand. This requires the removal of the terminal __-_______ by _________, AKA Penicillin Binding Protein (PBP)
Antibiotics:
-_______/________ ______: Structural analog of D-alanyl-D-Alanine and will bind to _______/PBPs preventing them from cross-linking ____ strands via amino acid _____-______. This ______ the peptidoglycan causing the cell to ______. Only effective against Gram _______ bacteria

A
  • glycan
  • cross bridge; glycan; D-Alanine; transpeptidases
  • Penicillin/Penicillanic Acid; transpeptidases; glycan; cross-bridge; weakens; lyse; Positive
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10
Q

The Penicillin β-lactam Family of Antibiotics
-_____ ______(1881-1995) was awarded the 1945 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his findings of penicillin
-Penicillin created a zone of inhibition on an agar plate streaked with _________ _____
-The __-_____ ring and the __-_____ bond (connects the _______ and Nitrogen in the ring) are essential to all __-_______ and allows them to act as _______ ______ to D-Alanyl-D-Alanine
-Can modify the __ groups to make the antibiotic more effective at protecting the __-_____ ring and __-____ bond from hydrolysis
Antibiotics:
-______ and _____ have a dihydrothiazine ring and 2 R groups
-_________: Has been modified to where it’s now degraded by acid so can no longer be taken orally
-_______: Modified penicillin with an Amino group attached that makes it now a _______ _______ antibiotic that can target both Gram Positive and Negative bacteria

A
  • Alexander Fleming
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • β-lactam; β-lactam; Carbonyl; β-lactams; structural analogs
  • R; β-lactam; β-lactam
  • Cephalosporins; Cephamycins
  • Benzypenicillin
  • Ampicillin; broad spectrum
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11
Q

Common Properties of Antibiotics the Inhibit Peptidoglycan Biosynthesis

  • All are _________
  • Only effective on actively ______ bacteria by inhibiting the _________ matrix
  • Most ______/_____ _____ class of antibiotics
A
  • bactericidal
  • growing; peptidoglycan
  • potent/selectively toxic
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12
Q

Antibiotics That Disrupt the Cell Membrane
-________: Alter permeability by insertion into the cell membrane through interactions with simple phospholipids, meaning they must too be _______. Are more effective against _______ and are considered bactericidal
-______: Alter permeability by insertion in cell membranes through interactions with sterols. Are more effective against ________ cells like _____ and _____.
Includes both _____ and _______ __

A
  • Polymyxins; amphipathic; bacteria

- Polyenes; eukaryotic; fungi; yeast; Nystatin; Amphotericin B

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13
Q

Antibiotics that Inhibit Nucleic Acid Biosynthesis/DNA Replication
-________: Inhibit DNA replication by binding to and inhibiting DNA Gyrase. The _____ group.
______ binding to subunit A of DNA Gyrase:
-________ ___
-________
-________
-Both _____ and _____ have attached fluorine groups that makes them more effective and considered ____________
_______ binding to subunit B of DNA Gyrase:
-_______

A
  • Quinolones; largest
  • Quinolones
  • Nalidixic Acid
  • Ciprofloxacin
  • Norfloxacin
  • Ciprofloxacin; Norfloxacin; fluoroquinolones
  • Quinolones
  • Novobiocin
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14
Q

Antibiotics that Inhibit Nucleic Acid Biosynthesis/DNA Replication

  • ___________: Inhibit DNA replication by producing free radicals and is very effective in _________ treatment since ROS are very effective at killing ________ bacteria
  • __________: Inhibit transcription by binding to the B subunit of RNA Polymerase, _____/______ is an example
  • ________: Inhibit the synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid by inactivating enzymes in nucleic acid synthesis that form it. Selectively toxic since humans cannot synthesize ____ ____ (Vitamin B9 or M)
A
  • Metronidazole; periodontal; anaerobic
  • Rifamycins; Rifampicin/Rifampin
  • Sulfonamides; folic acid
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15
Q

Antibiotics Effecting Protein Synthesis
30S Subunit Antibiotics
-________: Bind to the 30S and interfere with binding of tRNA to the ribosomal complex. Discovered by _____ ____ _____ (1872-1956), a total of __ R groups allows for many different derivates and is thought to have originated from _____
-_________: Bind to the 30S and cause the mRNA codon to be misread, interfering with the initiation complex of the 30S and 50S with mRNA.
50S Subunit Antibiotics:
-__________: Binds to the 50S and inhibits formation of peptide bonds
-________/________: Block the polypeptide E site on the 50S preventing the elongation of the polypeptide chain

A
  • Tetracycline; Benjamin Minge Duggar; 4; beer
  • Aminoglycosides
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Macrolides/Clindamycin
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16
Q 
The Aminoglycosides
-Large group of Gram \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ antibacterial therapeutic agents that inhibit \_\_\_\_\_ synthesis and contain an amino-modified glycoside
Source:
-Many have been isolated from species in the bacterial genus \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Antibiotics:
-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A
  • Negative; protein
  • Streptomyces
  • Streptomycin
  • Kanamycin
  • Gentamicin
17
Q

The Macrolides (_______)
- Large group of antibiotics that inhibit ______ synthesis and contain a ________ ring (____ sugars attached to a macrocyclic ______)
Source:
-Some have been isolated from species in the bacterial genus _________ and others are _________ modified forms of the natural product
Antibiotics:
-_________ (older version)
-__________ (newer version)

A
  • Azalides
  • protein; macrolide; deoxy; lactone
  • Streptomyces; chemically
  • Erythromycin
  • Azithromycin
18
Q

Inhibition of Acid-Fast Bacteria
-Prime example is of _______ _______
Antibiotics inhibiting ______ _____ biosynthesis:
-_______(___)/Ethionamide
-__________(___)
-____________(___)
Inhibition of the Proton Pump for ATP Synthase:
-__________, resembles the basic structure of fluoroquinolones

A
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • mycolic acid
  • Isoniazid (INH)
  • Pyrazinamide (PZA)
  • Ethambutol (EMB)

OMC 1 (12 decks)

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