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MSS - MSK Exam 3 > Organization of the Lower Limb > Flashcards

Organization of the Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

lower limb joint?

A

acetabulum

-less mobility, more stability

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2
Q

capsule of hip joint?

A

limits extension and abduction

does little to inhibit flexion

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3
Q

what allows for actions of climbing and running?

A

modified hinge at knee and flexion at hip

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4
Q

fibula role?

A

little to add stability and strength

-mainly for muscle attachments

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5
Q

ankle allows?

A

hinge joint to jump and run coupled with muscles strong enough to elevate the entire body mass

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6
Q

multiple joints in feet allow?

A

spring needed for cushioned landing and for negotiating uneven surfaces

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7
Q

tela subcutanea

A

superficial fascia of lower limb

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8
Q

two layers of superficial fascia ?

A

fatty and membranous layer

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9
Q

whats between fatty and membranous layer?

A

inguinal lymph nodes

subQ blood vessels and nerves

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10
Q

deep fascia of lower limb?

A

stocking like investment

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11
Q

attachments of deep fascia?

A

above to most of the inferior aspect of bony pelvis and attached to bony prominences at knee and ankle

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12
Q

fascia lata

A

continuity of deep fascia

  • most superior portion of deep fascia
  • surrounds thigh and portion of gluteal region
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13
Q

gluteal aponeurosis

A

thickened portion of fascial lata
-extends inferiorly from posterior portion of iliac crest and forms an incomplete intermuscular septa between gluteus maximus and medius

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14
Q

what muscles is gluteal aponeurosis between?

A

gluteus maximus

gluteus medius

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15
Q

intramuscular septa

A

lateral and medial when part of fascia lata

inward projections of fascia lata which extend to femur and delineate muscular compartments

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16
Q

iliotibial tract

A

lateral thickening of fascia lata
-serves as tendon for tensor facia lata and gluteus maximus

attaches inferiorly to tibia, head of fibula and blends with capsule of knee joint

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17
Q

saphenous vein opening

A

circular opening in superior anteromedial portion of the fascia lata below the inguinal ligament

-transmits the great saphenous vein

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18
Q

falciform margin

A

sickle shaped and part of saphenous vein opening

underlain with fascia cribrosa

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19
Q

crural fascia

A

extension of fascia lata below knee

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20
Q

intermuscular septa

A

anterior and posterior (when part of crural fascia)
-attach as inward extensions of crural fascia to fibula

-delineate anterior and lateral crural compartments

transverse

  • attaches between tibia and fibula posteriorly
  • delineate superior and deep posterior compartments
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21
Q

retinacula

A

thickening of crural fascia at ankle which prevents tendons from bowstringing

  • superior and inferior extensor retinacula (anterior)
  • superior and inferior fibular retinacula (lateral)
  • flexor retinacula - posteromedial
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22
Q

fascia of dorsum of foot?

A

continous with extensor retinacula

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23
Q

plantar fascia

A

continuation of fascia of dorsum of foot onto the sole

thickened central portion - plantar aponeurosis

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24
Q

plantar aponeurosis

A

thickened central portion of plantar fascia

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25
Q

anterior femoral compartment

A

quads and sartorious

-flex thigh and/or extend leg

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26
Q

artery and nerve in anterior femoral compartment?

A

femoral artery and nerve

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27
Q

femoral triangle

A

transitional space between abdominopelvic region and the lower limb

bounded by inguinal ligament, sartorious, adductor longus muscles, and covered by fascia lata

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28
Q

contents of femoral triangle?

A

femoral vein, artery, nerve, and deep inguinal lymph nodes

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29
Q

medial femoral compartment?

A

muscles within this compartment flex, adduct, and rotate the thigh

branches of obturator artery and nerve distribute within this compartment

30
Q

adductor canal

A

canal connecting femoral triangle with popliteal fossa

-bounded by adductor musculature, vastus medialis, and sartorious

31
Q

contents of adductor canal?

A

femoral artery and vein, saphenous vein and nerve to vastus medialis

32
Q

gluteal compartment

A

subdivided into superficial and deep compartments

33
Q

superficial compartment of gluteal?

A

muscles which mimic deltoid

-abduct, flex, and medially rotates, extends and laterally rotates the thigh

34
Q

deep compartment of gluteal?

A

muscles that abduct and laterally rotate thigh

35
Q

innervation of gluteal compartment?

A

branches of superior and inferior gluteal arterie and nerves

36
Q

sciatic nerve

A

passes between these compartments to gain posterior thigh

37
Q

posterior femoral compartment

A

muscles are hamstrings
-flex leg and extend thigh

-branches of deep femoral artery and vein

sciatic nerve traverses entire length of this compartment and provides innervation to all musculature

38
Q

popliteal fossa

A

area posterior of knee

transitional zone and pathway for structures passing from thigh into leg

39
Q

bounds of popliteal fossa

A 
semimembranosus
semitendinosus
biceps femoris
gastrocnemius
covered by fascia lata
40
Q

contents of popliteal fossa

A

popliteal artery and branches
popliteal vein and tributaries
bifurcation of sciatic nerve into common fibular and tibial branches

41
Q

posterior crural compartment

A

superficial and deep compartments

superficial - gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris
-flex leg and plantar flex foot

deep - muscles that plantar flex and invert foot

42
Q

innervation of posterior crural compartment?

A

tibial nerve and posterior tibial artery distribute

43
Q

lateral crural compartment?

A

contains muscles which plantar flex and evert foot

-branches of superficial fibular nerve and fibular artery distribute here

44
Q

anterior crural compartment and dorsum of foot

A

muscles that dorsi flex and invert foot, extend toes and assist in eversion of foot

deep fibular nerve and anterior tibial artery distribute here

45
Q

plantar foot

A

4 compartments

  • medial
  • lateral
  • central
  • interosseous
46
Q

hallux

A

great toe

47
Q

digiti minimi

A

small toe

48
Q

posterior tibial artery

A

bifurcates to lateral and medial plantar artery

-distributes to plantar foot compartments

49
Q

tibial nerve

A

bifurcates and forms lateral and medial plantar nerves

share innervation of plantar foot compartments

50
Q

lower limb artery?

A

femoral

exits abdominopelvic cavity deep to inguinal ligament to enter femoral triangle

51
Q

femoral artery in triangle?

A

major branches to hip joint, anterior and posterior thigh

52
Q

course of femoral artery?

A

through triangle

  • enters adductor canal to gain posterior of lower limb (popliteal fossa)
  • becomes popliteal artery when escapes adductor canal, and provides branches to knee joint

-upon exiting the popliteal fossa, bifurcates to form anterior and posterior popliteal arteries

53
Q

posterior tibial artery

A

circulation to posterior and lateral compartments
-via fibular artery

also to plantar surface of foot

54
Q

major anastomoses of lower limb?

A

hip, knee, ankle, foot

55
Q

deep veins in lower limb?

A

named for arteries with which they travel

56
Q

distal veins?

A

doubled, located lateral and medial to artery with which they travel

57
Q

superficial veins?

A

great saphenous vein

lesser saphenous vein

58
Q

greater saphenous vein

A

begins on medial side of dorsum of foot (dorsal venous arch)

ascends medially along leg and thigh

  • anterior to medial malleolus at ankle
  • posterior to medial condyle of femur

parallels course of saphenous nerve in leg

receives superficial venous drainage from upper thigh and lower abdomen prior to joining femoral vein

empties into femoral vein
-after passing through the saphenous vein opening of fascia lata

59
Q

lesser saphenous vein

A

begins on lateral side of dorsum of foot (dorsal venouns arch)

ascends laterally behind lateral malleolus and along midline of calf parrallening sural nerve

pierces crural fascia to join popliteal vein

60
Q

superficial veins?

A

contain valves

  • due to increased black flow - venous congestion
  • can form varicosities (tortuous, incompetent veins)

used in coronary bypass surgeries**

61
Q

popliteal nodes

A

lymph nodes in popliteal fossa

62
Q

superficial inguinal nodes

A

located inferior to inguinal ligament, within superficial fascial layer

assume shape of a T

  • horizontal portion located parallel and inferior to inguinal ligament
  • vertical portion located over saphenous vein opening
63
Q

deep inguinal nodes

A

located deep to fascia lata within femoral triangle, medial to femoral vein

64
Q

iliac nodes

A

external, internal, and common

located along paths of those vessels

65
Q

lymph drainage?

A

superficial - lymphatic channels that parallel course of superficial veins
-from subQ areas of of entire lower limb, deep inguinal nodes, gluteal region, and perineum

deep - lymphatic channels parallel to deep vessels
-deep inguinal lymph nodes receive lymph from muscles, tendons, joint capsules of entire lower limb

66
Q

motor innervation of lower limb?

A

spinal cord segments (L2-4)

-via femoral and obturator nerves and L4-S3 from sacral plexus via sciatic nerve and its branches

67
Q

femoral nerve

A

L 2,3,4

  • enters femoral triangle deep to inguinal ligament
  • provides motor and sensory branches while in triangle
  • innervates anterior femoral musculature and skin of anterior thigh, medial leg, and medial foot
68
Q

obturator nerve

A

L 2,3,4

  • enters thigh via obturator canal
  • provides motor innevation to adductor muscles of thigh and cutaneous to medial surface of thigh
69
Q

sciatic nerve

A

L 4,5 S 1,2,3
exits pelvis via greater sciatic foramen

  • courses through posterior thigh to bifurcate
  • in popliteal fossa into tibial and common fibular nerve

innervates all posterior thigh, leg, and plantar musculature as well as specific cutaneous areas of corresponding regions

70
Q

sensory innervation of lower limb?

A

cutaneous innervation from branches of lumbar and sacral plexus and dorsal rami of spinal nerves L1-3 and S1-3

71
Q

sacral plexus?

A

ventral rami of L1-S2

72
Q

dermatomes of lower limb?

A

involved spinal cord levels L1-S2
-spiral around limb from lateral to medial in barber pole fashion

L4 dermatome located anterior to greater trochanter, overlays the patella, medial malleolus and great toe

S1,2 descends middle and posterior thigh and leg

S1 overlays lateral malleolus
S2 located on medial plantar surface of heel

L4 and S1 cross dorsum and plantar surface of foot from medial to lateral

MSS - MSK Exam 3 (16 decks)

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