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MSS - MSK Exam 3 > Energy Metabolism in Muscle > Flashcards

Energy Metabolism in Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

main fuel in exercising muscles?

A

glycogen, glucose, free fatty acids

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2
Q

energy at rest?

A

predominantly fatty acids

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3
Q

high intensity isometric exercise energy?

A

anaerobic glycolysis and creatine kinase

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4
Q

submaximal exercise, low intensity?

A

blood glucose and free fatty acid

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5
Q

submaximal, high intensity?

A

more from glycogen and glucose

-glycogen main source

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6
Q

fatigue?

A

when glucose and glycogen stores are depleted

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7
Q

first hour of mild, low intensity?

A

glucose, glucagon and free fatty acids

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8
Q

one to four hours mild to moderate prolonged exercise?

A

free fatty acids increase substantially

**after four hours, free fatty acids main source

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9
Q

what maintains ATP levels?

A 
glycogen and glucose metabolism
oxidative phosphorylation
creating kinase
purine nucleotide synthesis
lipid metabolism
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10
Q

anaerobic glycolysis

A

high intensity, isometric activity

results in fatigue - increasead lactate - acidification

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11
Q

aerobic glycolysis

A

dynamic isotonic exercise

pyruvate > acetyl CoA > TCA Cycle

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12
Q

rate limiting step in glycolysis?

A

fructose 6 P to fructose 1,6 BP

-enzyme: PFK

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13
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

18x more ATP than glycolysis alone

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14
Q

phosphocreatine pathway

A

enzyme: creatine kinase

phosphocreatine + ADP > ATP + creatine

duration of reaction is very small
-first 2-7 seconds

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15
Q

where is creatinephosphate synthesized?

A

liver and transported to muscle cells via bloodstream

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16
Q

location of creatine kinase?

A

skeletal muscle, heart, brain

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17
Q

CK 1

A

CK BB in brain, smooth muscles of lungs

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18
Q

CK 2

A

CK MB in heart

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19
Q

CK 3

A

CK MM in skeletal muscle

20
Q

CK in blood tests?

A 
elevation can indicate:
MI
rhabdomyolysis
muscular dystrophy
acute renal failure
drugs
21
Q

purine nucleotide cycle

A

intensely exercising muscle can generate ATP over a short period using adenylate reaction

two ADP into ATP and AMP

22
Q

fate of AMP

A

deaminated to IMP

enzyme: myoadenylate deaminase
- produced ammonia

higher in type 2 fast muscle fibers**

23
Q

AMP deaminase?

A

AMP > IMP

releases ammonia

24
Q

exercise induced myopathy and most common cause of metabolic myopathy?

A

deficiency in AMP deaminase

25
Q

beta oxidation

A

of fatty acids

at rest - main energy substrate for muscles

26
Q

what fatty acids can cross membrane?

A

less than 10 carbons

  • can cross inner and outer mito membranes
  • undergo beta oxidation
27
Q

what happens with long chain fatty acids?

A

cannot cross mito membrane

activated by long chain acyl CoA synthetase
-to CoA thioester which crosses outer membrane

28
Q

palmitoylcarnitine

A

transferred across inner mito membrane

-carnitine:acylcarnitine translocase

converted back to free acyl-CoA and carntine
-enzyme: CPT II

29
Q

CPT I

A

combines acyl-CoA with carnitine

acylcarnitine can then be transferred across inner membrane

30
Q

how does acylcarnitine get across inner membrane?

A

carnitine:acylcarnitine translocase

converted back to acyl-CoA (carnitine recycled outside)

acyl-CoA then is beta-oxidized

31
Q

omega oxidation

A

of fatty acids

during prolonged fasting
-in liver peroxisome

forms DCAs which go through mitochondrial beta-oxidation

32
Q

difference between beta ox and peroxisome ox

A

beta two separate enzymes

peroxisome ox one multifunction enzyme protein

33
Q

zellweger syndrome

A

accumulation of long chain fatty acids

peroxisomal disorder

34
Q

aderenoleukodystrophy

A

accumulation of long chain fatty acids

peroxisomal disorder

35
Q

indicatin of omega ox?

A

DCAs in urine

36
Q

inborn errors of fatty acid oxidation?

A

DCAs and acylglycine in urine

acylcarnitine derivatives in serum

37
Q

cori cycle

A

recycles lactic acid

more efficient when muscle activity stops
oxygen debt can be made up

lactate > liver
-converted to pyruvate then to glucose (requires ATP)

38
Q

what favors lactate production in skeletal muscle?

A

high NADH/NAD + ratio

intense exercise, increased lactate

drop in pH
-cramps

39
Q

lactic acidosis sign of what?

A

MI
pulmonary embolism
uncontrolled embolism
uncontrolled hemorrhage

**any time we can’t get blood to tissue

40
Q

regeneration of NAD+

A

done by lactate formation (anaerobic glycolysis)

41
Q

primary carnitine deficiency syndrome

A

lack of carnitine within cell (carnitine transporter mutation)
-lipid myopathy

fatty acid oxidation significantly reduced**

42
Q

secondary carnitine deficiency syndrome

A

carnitine sequestered in form of acyl-carnitine
-carnitine cannot be removed from acyl group

defect in ACT II

elevated levels of acyl carnitine

fatty acid oxidation significantly reduced**

43
Q

fatty acid transport defects

A

CPT I
CPT II
carnitine:acylcarnitine translocase

44
Q

mitochondrial defects

A

defects of beta-oxidation enzymes

myopathic symptomes that are usually progressive

45
Q

oxidative phosphorylation system

A

main source of energy in muscles and other cells

46
Q

fasting?

A

omega oxidation (DCA production)

MSS - MSK Exam 3 (16 decks)

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