Organisations Of The Human Body Flashcards
True or false
The structure of a body part is related to its function
True
What is the level of organisation of the human body from simplest form to most complex?
Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism
What does a human require to maintain life (5)
Pressure Heat Food Oxygen Water
What means a body part is above another part of the body?
Superior
What means a body part is below another body part?
Inferior
What means the body part is toward the sides and away from the midline?
Lateral
What term refers to when a given body part is further away from a point of attachment than the other body part?
Distal
What term refers to something on the body being toward the back
Posterior
What term refers to something situated near the surface of the body?
Superficial
What term describes part of the human body which is more internal than other, superficial parts of the body?
Deep
What term refers to the imaginary line that divides the body into equal left and right halves?
Medial
What term refers to structures that are paired abs there is one each side of the midline of the body?
Bilateral
What term means towards the front of the body
Anterior
What term means that a body part is towards the side and away from the midline
Lateral
What is the name of the cavity that houses the brain?
Cranial cavity
Which cavity contains the terminal portion of the large intestines, the reproductive organs and the bladder?
Pelvic cavity
What cavity would you find the lungs?
Thoracic cavity
Where would you find the mediastinum?
Within the thoracic cavity
What cavity would you find the heart?
Abdominal cavity
Where would you find the diaphragm?
Between the thoracic and abdominal cavity
Which body parts can be found in the axial portion of the body?
Head, neck and trunk
What term refers to the process of maintaining a stable internal environment in the human body?
Homeostasis
What are the 3 mains components of homeostatic mechanisms
Receptor
Effector
Set point
What is the term for homeostatic mechanism that returns a deviation detected by the receptors back to the set point?
Negative feedback
What type of feedback is sweating on a hot day and the release of insulin by the pancreas after consuming a meal?
Negative feedback
What is a positive feedback mechanism?
A process that moves conditions away from the normal state
Within a homeostatic mechanism, what is the name of the component that provides specific information (stimuli) regarding the internal environment?
Receptor
Within a homeostatic mechanism what part of the process tells what a particular value should be?
Set point
Within a homeostatic mechanism, what part of the process brings about the changes that alters conditions in the internal environment?
Effector
True or false
Most feedback mechanism in the human body are negative?
True
What is the most common type of cell division in the human body?
Mitosis
What is the name of the type of cell division which is part of gametogenesis?
Meiosis
The process that forms egg cells in the female and sperm cells in the male
What is the name given to o the types of cell division that increases cel number and is vital for growth and development?
Mitosis
What is the name given to the process by which cell death occurs abs is a normal part of development
Apoptosis
What cell type do human beings comprise of?
Eukaryotic cells
What are the function of stem cells?
The provide new cells for growth and tissue repair
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology
Anatomy is the study of the structure
Physiology is the study of the function
How many pairs or chromosomes does a human cell have?
23
What does eukaryotic cell have that prokaryotic cell doesn’t
Multicellular life
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum
What are organs
A collection of different types of tissues to carry out a specific function
What cavity are the eyes found in?
Orbital cavity
What cavity is the brain found in
Cranial cavity
What cavity is the stomach found in
Abdominal cavity
What cavity are the sinuses found in
Nasal cavity
What is a negative feedback system?
Work against the change - bringing body back to balance
What bloody do arteries carry?
Oxygenated
What blood do veins carry?
Deoxygenated
What blood do pulmonary veins carry?
Oxygenated blood
What bloody does pulmonary arteries carry?
Deoxygenated
The heart is _____ to the brain
Inferior
What cavity is the liver in?
Abdominal cavity
What cavity is the spleen in?
Abdominal cavity
What cavity is the gall bladder in,
Abdominal cavity
What cavity are the kidneys in
Abdominal cavity
What cavity is most of the small and large intestines in?
Abdominal cavity
What cavity is the spinal cord in?
Vertebral canal
What cavity is the end of t
Last he intestine in?
Pelvic cavity
What cavity is the bladder in
Pelvic cavity
What cavity is the reproductive organs in?
Pelvic cavity
What 3 cavity’s are viscera found in
Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic
What cavity is the teeth in
Oral cavity
What cavity is the tongue in
Oral cavity
What cavity is the eyes in
Orbital cavities
What cavity is the nerves in
Orbital cavities
What cavity is the muscles in
Orbital cavities
What cavity is the middle ear bone in
Middle ear cavities
What does superior mean
Above another part
What does inferior mean
Below another part
What does anterior (ventral) mean
Towards the front
What does posterior (dorsal) mean?
Towards the back
What does median mean?
Closer to the midline (middle)
What does lateral mean
Toward the side
What does bilateral mean
Both sides/paired structures with one on each side
What does ipsilateral mean
Structures on the same side
What does contralateral mean
Structures on the opposite sides
What does proximal mean
Closer to the point of attachment of another references body part
What does distal mean
Further from the point of attachment of another referenced body part
What does superficial mean
Near the surface; peripheral - outward or near the surface
What does deep mean
More internal
Which kidney is lower
Right kidney is lower than the left
How many lobes does each lung have
Right has 3 lobes
Left has 2 lobes (cause of heart)
What feedback is bloody clotting
Positive
Where is the appendix in the quadrant
Lower right
Why is air pressure important
To get oxygen in
What is mitosis
Cell division- happening all the time, part of cell development and cell growth
What is meiosis
Creating sperm and egg, part of reproduction
What tissue forms the walls of the heart?
Myocardium
What does the coronary arteries do?
Supply blood to the heart
What is systolic pressure
Maximum pressure during ventricular contraction
What is the cardiac conduction system? (Correct order)
SA node
AV node
AV bundle
Purkinje fibres
What muscle makes up myocardium
Cardiac muscle
What is cardiac muscle
Involuntary
Multi-branched with intercalated discs
What is hypercapnia
High carbon dioxide levels
What is alveoli
Airfilled sacs for gas exchange
What decreases when the diaphragm moves downwards during inspiration
Interathiratic pressure
Which muscle is used during forced respiration
Internal intercostal muscles
What is an atom
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen
What is a molecule
H20 or co2
How is a molecule made
2 or more atoms compromise a molecule
What is a macromolecule
Biologically important molecules inside cells
What are organelles
Aggregates of macromolecules used to carry out a specific function in the cell
What are cells
The basic units of structure and function for living things
What are tissues
Groups of cells functioning together
What are organs
Groups of tissues form organs that have specialised functions
What are organ systems
Groups of organs function together as organ systems
Organ systems functions together to form an organism
What is the nucleus
Command centre of the cell
What does the mitochondria do
Receives power through adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
What does the Golgi apparatus do
Help make proteins
What does lysosomes do
Play a role in helping to break down big proteins and molecule and digest worn out cell components
What builds up and breaks down the body
Metabolism
Composed of anabolism and catabolism
What is anabolism (anabolic reaction)
Reactions that build things up (proteins and other biological molecules)
What does anabolic reaction (anabolism) need to proceed?
Energy
What is catabolism
Reactions that break things down (digestive enzymes)
What does catabolism produce?
Energy
What are the requirements of life
Water Food Oxygen Heat Pressure
What is water a requirement of life
The most abundant chemical in the body
Required for many metabolic processes
Regulates body temp
Makes up intercellular and cardio extra cellular fluid compartments
Why is food a requirement of life
Provides body with needed nutrients
Needed for energy
Raw building materials for growth and repair
To regulate chemical reactions
Why is heat a requirement of life
Product of metabolic reactions that controls reaction rate
Why is pressure a requirement of life
Atmospheric pressure is needed for breathing
Hydrostatic pressure is needed to move blood through vessels
What is a stressor
Any factor internal or external that can act upon the body
What provides stability
Homeostasis
What do stressors do
Disturb body function but also stimulate adaption
What can long term stressors lead to?
Homeostatic imbalance abs then I’ll health
What is homeostasis
The body’s systems all work together to achieve a controlled environment for the body’s cells
Keep body levels within normal range
What control system does homeostasis use
Receptor
Set point
Effector
What does the receptor do in homeostasis
Monitors change
What does the set point do in homeostasis
The normal value or range of values
Controlled by the control centre - making change through the effector
What does the effector do in homeostasis
Muscles or glands that respond to changes to return to stability
What is negative feedback
Responses move in the opposite direction from the change
Reduces the amount of change from the set point
Includes most control mechanisms in the body
Brings things back to its original state
What is positive feedback
Responses move further away from the set point (original state)
Change from set point gets larger
Many positive feedback mechanisms produce unstable conditions in the body
What type of feedback is uterine contractions during child birth
Positive
What type of feedback is breast feeding
Positive
Pancreas endocrine function
Releases hormones called insulin and glucose which help to regulate blood sugar
Either increasing or decreasing it, depending on the individual
What happening is mitosis?
Cell grows then divides to form 2 daughter cells (which may grow, divide and specialise)
What do telomeres do?
Know when to stop diving (protective measure)
What’s happening in interphase
Cell isn’t dividing but is getting ready to potentially divide (one cell visible)
What happens if the cells aren’t able to divide in mitosis?
Either nothing happens of any apoptosis happens (cell death)
What happens in phrophase ?
DNA gets organised into chromosomes
What happens at metaphase
Chromosomes line up into middle of the cell
What happens in anaphase
Chromosomes get pulled apart
What happens at telophase
Separate cell membranes
What happens at cytokinesis
Divide into 2 separate cells
What are somatic stem cells in the body
Brain Skin Heart Skeletal muscle Peripheral blood Gut Liver Bone marrow Blood vessels Teeth
What is genetics
The study of heredity
What is a chromosome
Structure inside a cell nucleus that contains tightly compacted DNA
What is a gene
A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes fro a specific trait
What is an allele
Alternative forms of a gene for each variation of a trait of an organism (one from mum one from dad)
What is heterozygous
When there are 2 different alleles for that trait (Bb)
What is homozygous
When there are 2 identical alleles for a trait (BB, bb)
How do 2 brown eyes people have a blue eyes baby
Because of the action of dominant and recessive genes
How many pairs of chromosomes in meiosis
23 pairs
22 pairs are called autosomes (do not determine sex)
1 pair of sex chromosomes (xx/xy)
How will Huntington’s disease come up in a child
If either parent has a dominant allele
How does cystic fibrosis come up in a child?
Requires 2 copies of the recessive allele to allow the condition to manifest itself
Which is why some people can be carriers and it can skip generations
How does haemophilia A come up in a child
Impact on men specifically
Where the gene is on the x chromosome
What happens in puberty (female)
Maturation of uterus, urine tubes and ovaries
Development abs enlargement of breasts
Growth of pubic hair
Increased height and widening of pelvis
Increased fat depositions in subcutaneous tissue
What happens in puberty (male)
Growth of muscle and bone and a marked increased hight and weight
Enlargement of the larynx and deepening of the voice
Growth of hair on face, axillae, chest, abdomen and pubis
Enlargement of penis, scrotum and prostate gland
Maturation of seminiferous tubules and production of spermatozoa
Thickening of skin which becomes oilier
What are the affects of ageing
Puts people at risk of not maintaining their health and well being
Not Able to maintain homeostatic mechanisms
If you have a disease or injury - it might take you longer to overcome it and could be prone to secondary complications
Why does ageing happen
Longevity genes -telomere shortening and each division
What is passive ageing
Structure break down on molecular level Slowing function Elastin and collagen degenerate Gene instructions become faulty Free radicals damage cells
What is active ageing
Normal growth and development
Also ties into autoimmunity- our bodies may start to attack themselves
What is apoptosis
International cell death/programmed cell death
What is neurosis
A result of tissue damage and injury
What are the risks of ageing
Immune systems may become less able to manage infection
Vessels and colonary arteries become less able to flex and stretch -effects cardiovascular health
Less able to heal and repair
What does the epithelial tissue do
Covers inner lining of cavities and line hollow organs, anchored by a basement membrane
Lacks blood vessels and gets nutrients by diffusion from underlying connective tissue
What does connective tissue do
Bind structures and provide protection, fill spaces, store fat, have good blood supply and we’ll nourished
Contains a variety of cell types such as fibroblasts, macrophages and and mast cells
What do muscle tissues do
Specialised to their role
What so nervous tissue do
Conduction of electrical impulses along axons, communicating with other cells such as nerve, muscle and glands
What are the different types of connective tissue
Loose Areolar Adipose Reticular Dense Cartridge Bone
What are the different types of muscle tissue
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
What are the different types of nervous tissue
Neurones
Neuroglia
What are ribosomes
Makes up protein
Protein in needed for repairing damage or directing chemical processes
Where are ribosomes found
Floating within the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
What is the round endoplasmic reticulum
An organelle found in eukaryotic cells
Produce proteins
Made up of cisternae, tubules and vesicles
The cesternae are made up of flattered membrane discs which are involved in the modification process of proteins
What is cell/plasma membrane
Found in all cells
Separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment
What is the cell coat
Act mechanically, protecting the plasma membrane
Participate on n the filtration and diffusion process
What is the nucleus
The command centre of the cell
What is the nucleolus
Takes up 25% of the volume of the nucleus
Made up of proteins and ribonucleic acids (RNA)
Rewrites ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and combine it with proteins
What is the chromatin
Genetic material composed of DNA and proteins that condense to from chromosomes during eukaryotic cell devision
What’s a nuclear pore
A large complex of proteins that allow small molecules and ions to freely pass or diffuse into or out of the nucleus
What is the nuclear envelope
Keeps DNA inside the nucleus and protects it from materials in the cytoplasm
What is the Golgi apparatus
A major collection and dispatch station of protein products received from the endoplasmic reticulum.
Proteins synthesised in the ER are packed into vesicles which then fuse with the Golgi apparatus
What is the centriole
Each pair or minute cylindrical organelles near the nucleus in animal cells, involved in the development of spindle fibres in cell division
What is smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Synthesis of lipids
Synthesis of steroid hormones
Detoxification is of harmful metabolic products
Storage and metabolism of calcium ions within the cell
What is the lysosome
Contains degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane
What is a cytoplasm
The material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding nucleus
What is the mitochondria
Where The biochemical process of respiration and energy production occur
Has a double membrane
