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Uni Biology > Organisations Of The Human Body > Flashcards

Organisations Of The Human Body Flashcards

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1
Q

True or false

The structure of a body part is related to its function

A

True

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2
Q

What is the level of organisation of the human body from simplest form to most complex?

A 
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule 
Organelle 
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
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3
Q

What does a human require to maintain life (5)

A 
Pressure
Heat
Food
Oxygen
Water
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4
Q

What means a body part is above another part of the body?

A

Superior

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5
Q

What means a body part is below another body part?

A

Inferior

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6
Q

What means the body part is toward the sides and away from the midline?

A

Lateral

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7
Q

What term refers to when a given body part is further away from a point of attachment than the other body part?

A

Distal

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8
Q

What term refers to something on the body being toward the back

A

Posterior

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9
Q

What term refers to something situated near the surface of the body?

A

Superficial

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10
Q

What term describes part of the human body which is more internal than other, superficial parts of the body?

A

Deep

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11
Q

What term refers to the imaginary line that divides the body into equal left and right halves?

A

Medial

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12
Q

What term refers to structures that are paired abs there is one each side of the midline of the body?

A

Bilateral

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13
Q

What term means towards the front of the body

A

Anterior

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14
Q

What term means that a body part is towards the side and away from the midline

A

Lateral

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15
Q

What is the name of the cavity that houses the brain?

A

Cranial cavity

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16
Q

Which cavity contains the terminal portion of the large intestines, the reproductive organs and the bladder?

A

Pelvic cavity

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17
Q

What cavity would you find the lungs?

A

Thoracic cavity

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18
Q

Where would you find the mediastinum?

A

Within the thoracic cavity

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19
Q

What cavity would you find the heart?

A

Abdominal cavity

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20
Q

Where would you find the diaphragm?

A

Between the thoracic and abdominal cavity

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21
Q

Which body parts can be found in the axial portion of the body?

A

Head, neck and trunk

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22
Q

What term refers to the process of maintaining a stable internal environment in the human body?

A

Homeostasis

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23
Q

What are the 3 mains components of homeostatic mechanisms

A

Receptor
Effector
Set point

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24
Q

What is the term for homeostatic mechanism that returns a deviation detected by the receptors back to the set point?

A

Negative feedback

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25
Q

What type of feedback is sweating on a hot day and the release of insulin by the pancreas after consuming a meal?

A

Negative feedback

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26
Q

What is a positive feedback mechanism?

A

A process that moves conditions away from the normal state

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27
Q

Within a homeostatic mechanism, what is the name of the component that provides specific information (stimuli) regarding the internal environment?

A

Receptor

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28
Q

Within a homeostatic mechanism what part of the process tells what a particular value should be?

A

Set point

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29
Q

Within a homeostatic mechanism, what part of the process brings about the changes that alters conditions in the internal environment?

A

Effector

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30
Q

True or false

Most feedback mechanism in the human body are negative?

A

True

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31
Q

What is the most common type of cell division in the human body?

A

Mitosis

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32
Q

What is the name of the type of cell division which is part of gametogenesis?

A

Meiosis

The process that forms egg cells in the female and sperm cells in the male

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33
Q

What is the name given to o the types of cell division that increases cel number and is vital for growth and development?

A

Mitosis

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34
Q

What is the name given to the process by which cell death occurs abs is a normal part of development

A

Apoptosis

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35
Q

What cell type do human beings comprise of?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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36
Q

What are the function of stem cells?

A

The provide new cells for growth and tissue repair

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37
Q

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology

A

Anatomy is the study of the structure

Physiology is the study of the function

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38
Q

How many pairs or chromosomes does a human cell have?

A

23

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39
Q

What does eukaryotic cell have that prokaryotic cell doesn’t

A

Multicellular life

Mitochondria
Nucleus
Golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum

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40
Q

What are organs

A

A collection of different types of tissues to carry out a specific function

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41
Q

What cavity are the eyes found in?

A

Orbital cavity

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42
Q

What cavity is the brain found in

A

Cranial cavity

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43
Q

What cavity is the stomach found in

A

Abdominal cavity

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44
Q

What cavity are the sinuses found in

A

Nasal cavity

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45
Q

What is a negative feedback system?

A

Work against the change - bringing body back to balance

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46
Q

What bloody do arteries carry?

A

Oxygenated

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47
Q

What blood do veins carry?

A

Deoxygenated

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48
Q

What blood do pulmonary veins carry?

A

Oxygenated blood

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49
Q

What bloody does pulmonary arteries carry?

A

Deoxygenated

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50
Q

The heart is _____ to the brain

A

Inferior

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51
Q

What cavity is the liver in?

A

Abdominal cavity

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52
Q

What cavity is the spleen in?

A

Abdominal cavity

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53
Q

What cavity is the gall bladder in,

A

Abdominal cavity

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54
Q

What cavity are the kidneys in

A

Abdominal cavity

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55
Q

What cavity is most of the small and large intestines in?

A

Abdominal cavity

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56
Q

What cavity is the spinal cord in?

A

Vertebral canal

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57
Q

What cavity is the end of t

Last he intestine in?

A

Pelvic cavity

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58
Q

What cavity is the bladder in

A

Pelvic cavity

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59
Q

What cavity is the reproductive organs in?

A

Pelvic cavity

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60
Q

What 3 cavity’s are viscera found in

A

Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic

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61
Q

What cavity is the teeth in

A

Oral cavity

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62
Q

What cavity is the tongue in

A

Oral cavity

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63
Q

What cavity is the eyes in

A

Orbital cavities

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64
Q

What cavity is the nerves in

A

Orbital cavities

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65
Q

What cavity is the muscles in

A

Orbital cavities

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66
Q

What cavity is the middle ear bone in

A

Middle ear cavities

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67
Q

What does superior mean

A

Above another part

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68
Q

What does inferior mean

A

Below another part

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69
Q

What does anterior (ventral) mean

A

Towards the front

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70
Q

What does posterior (dorsal) mean?

A

Towards the back

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71
Q

What does median mean?

A

Closer to the midline (middle)

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72
Q

What does lateral mean

A

Toward the side

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73
Q

What does bilateral mean

A

Both sides/paired structures with one on each side

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74
Q

What does ipsilateral mean

A

Structures on the same side

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75
Q

What does contralateral mean

A

Structures on the opposite sides

76
Q

What does proximal mean

A

Closer to the point of attachment of another references body part

77
Q

What does distal mean

A

Further from the point of attachment of another referenced body part

78
Q

What does superficial mean

A

Near the surface; peripheral - outward or near the surface

79
Q

What does deep mean

A

More internal

80
Q

Which kidney is lower

A

Right kidney is lower than the left

81
Q

How many lobes does each lung have

A

Right has 3 lobes

Left has 2 lobes (cause of heart)

82
Q

What feedback is bloody clotting

A

Positive

83
Q

Where is the appendix in the quadrant

A

Lower right

84
Q

Why is air pressure important

A

To get oxygen in

85
Q

What is mitosis

A

Cell division- happening all the time, part of cell development and cell growth

86
Q

What is meiosis

A

Creating sperm and egg, part of reproduction

87
Q

What tissue forms the walls of the heart?

A

Myocardium

88
Q

What does the coronary arteries do?

A

Supply blood to the heart

89
Q

What is systolic pressure

A

Maximum pressure during ventricular contraction

90
Q

What is the cardiac conduction system? (Correct order)

A

SA node
AV node
AV bundle
Purkinje fibres

91
Q

What muscle makes up myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle

92
Q

What is cardiac muscle

A

Involuntary

Multi-branched with intercalated discs

93
Q

What is hypercapnia

A

High carbon dioxide levels

94
Q

What is alveoli

A

Airfilled sacs for gas exchange

95
Q

What decreases when the diaphragm moves downwards during inspiration

A

Interathiratic pressure

96
Q

Which muscle is used during forced respiration

A

Internal intercostal muscles

97
Q

What is an atom

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen

98
Q

What is a molecule

A

H20 or co2

99
Q

How is a molecule made

A

2 or more atoms compromise a molecule

100
Q

What is a macromolecule

A

Biologically important molecules inside cells

101
Q

What are organelles

A

Aggregates of macromolecules used to carry out a specific function in the cell

102
Q

What are cells

A

The basic units of structure and function for living things

103
Q

What are tissues

A

Groups of cells functioning together

104
Q

What are organs

A

Groups of tissues form organs that have specialised functions

105
Q

What are organ systems

A

Groups of organs function together as organ systems

Organ systems functions together to form an organism

106
Q

What is the nucleus

A

Command centre of the cell

107
Q

What does the mitochondria do

A

Receives power through adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

108
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do

A

Help make proteins

109
Q

What does lysosomes do

A

Play a role in helping to break down big proteins and molecule and digest worn out cell components

110
Q

What builds up and breaks down the body

A

Metabolism

Composed of anabolism and catabolism

111
Q

What is anabolism (anabolic reaction)

A

Reactions that build things up (proteins and other biological molecules)

112
Q

What does anabolic reaction (anabolism) need to proceed?

A

Energy

113
Q

What is catabolism

A

Reactions that break things down (digestive enzymes)

114
Q

What does catabolism produce?

A

Energy

115
Q

What are the requirements of life

A 
Water
Food
Oxygen 
Heat 
Pressure
116
Q

What is water a requirement of life

A

The most abundant chemical in the body
Required for many metabolic processes
Regulates body temp
Makes up intercellular and cardio extra cellular fluid compartments

117
Q

Why is food a requirement of life

A

Provides body with needed nutrients
Needed for energy
Raw building materials for growth and repair
To regulate chemical reactions

118
Q

Why is heat a requirement of life

A

Product of metabolic reactions that controls reaction rate

119
Q

Why is pressure a requirement of life

A

Atmospheric pressure is needed for breathing

Hydrostatic pressure is needed to move blood through vessels

120
Q

What is a stressor

A

Any factor internal or external that can act upon the body

121
Q

What provides stability

A

Homeostasis

122
Q

What do stressors do

A

Disturb body function but also stimulate adaption

123
Q

What can long term stressors lead to?

A

Homeostatic imbalance abs then I’ll health

124
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The body’s systems all work together to achieve a controlled environment for the body’s cells

Keep body levels within normal range

125
Q

What control system does homeostasis use

A

Receptor
Set point
Effector

126
Q

What does the receptor do in homeostasis

A

Monitors change

127
Q

What does the set point do in homeostasis

A

The normal value or range of values

Controlled by the control centre - making change through the effector

128
Q

What does the effector do in homeostasis

A

Muscles or glands that respond to changes to return to stability

129
Q

What is negative feedback

A

Responses move in the opposite direction from the change
Reduces the amount of change from the set point
Includes most control mechanisms in the body
Brings things back to its original state

130
Q

What is positive feedback

A

Responses move further away from the set point (original state)
Change from set point gets larger
Many positive feedback mechanisms produce unstable conditions in the body

131
Q

What type of feedback is uterine contractions during child birth

A

Positive

132
Q

What type of feedback is breast feeding

A

Positive

133
Q

Pancreas endocrine function

A

Releases hormones called insulin and glucose which help to regulate blood sugar

Either increasing or decreasing it, depending on the individual

134
Q

What happening is mitosis?

A

Cell grows then divides to form 2 daughter cells (which may grow, divide and specialise)

135
Q

What do telomeres do?

A

Know when to stop diving (protective measure)

136
Q

What’s happening in interphase

A

Cell isn’t dividing but is getting ready to potentially divide (one cell visible)

137
Q

What happens if the cells aren’t able to divide in mitosis?

A

Either nothing happens of any apoptosis happens (cell death)

138
Q

What happens in phrophase ?

A

DNA gets organised into chromosomes

139
Q

What happens at metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up into middle of the cell

140
Q

What happens in anaphase

A

Chromosomes get pulled apart

141
Q

What happens at telophase

A

Separate cell membranes

142
Q

What happens at cytokinesis

A

Divide into 2 separate cells

143
Q

What are somatic stem cells in the body

A 
Brain
Skin
Heart
Skeletal muscle
Peripheral blood
Gut
Liver
Bone marrow
Blood vessels 
Teeth
144
Q

What is genetics

A

The study of heredity

145
Q

What is a chromosome

A

Structure inside a cell nucleus that contains tightly compacted DNA

146
Q

What is a gene

A

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes fro a specific trait

147
Q

What is an allele

A

Alternative forms of a gene for each variation of a trait of an organism (one from mum one from dad)

148
Q

What is heterozygous

A

When there are 2 different alleles for that trait (Bb)

149
Q

What is homozygous

A

When there are 2 identical alleles for a trait (BB, bb)

150
Q

How do 2 brown eyes people have a blue eyes baby

A

Because of the action of dominant and recessive genes

151
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes in meiosis

A

23 pairs
22 pairs are called autosomes (do not determine sex)
1 pair of sex chromosomes (xx/xy)

152
Q

How will Huntington’s disease come up in a child

A

If either parent has a dominant allele

153
Q

How does cystic fibrosis come up in a child?

A

Requires 2 copies of the recessive allele to allow the condition to manifest itself

Which is why some people can be carriers and it can skip generations

154
Q

How does haemophilia A come up in a child

A

Impact on men specifically

Where the gene is on the x chromosome

155
Q

What happens in puberty (female)

A

Maturation of uterus, urine tubes and ovaries
Development abs enlargement of breasts
Growth of pubic hair
Increased height and widening of pelvis
Increased fat depositions in subcutaneous tissue

156
Q

What happens in puberty (male)

A

Growth of muscle and bone and a marked increased hight and weight
Enlargement of the larynx and deepening of the voice
Growth of hair on face, axillae, chest, abdomen and pubis
Enlargement of penis, scrotum and prostate gland
Maturation of seminiferous tubules and production of spermatozoa
Thickening of skin which becomes oilier

157
Q

What are the affects of ageing

A

Puts people at risk of not maintaining their health and well being
Not Able to maintain homeostatic mechanisms
If you have a disease or injury - it might take you longer to overcome it and could be prone to secondary complications

158
Q

Why does ageing happen

A

Longevity genes -telomere shortening and each division

159
Q

What is passive ageing

A 
Structure break down on molecular level
Slowing function
Elastin and collagen degenerate 
Gene instructions become faulty 
Free radicals damage cells
160
Q

What is active ageing

A

Normal growth and development

Also ties into autoimmunity- our bodies may start to attack themselves

161
Q

What is apoptosis

A

International cell death/programmed cell death

162
Q

What is neurosis

A

A result of tissue damage and injury

163
Q

What are the risks of ageing

A

Immune systems may become less able to manage infection
Vessels and colonary arteries become less able to flex and stretch -effects cardiovascular health
Less able to heal and repair

164
Q

What does the epithelial tissue do

A

Covers inner lining of cavities and line hollow organs, anchored by a basement membrane

Lacks blood vessels and gets nutrients by diffusion from underlying connective tissue

165
Q

What does connective tissue do

A

Bind structures and provide protection, fill spaces, store fat, have good blood supply and we’ll nourished

Contains a variety of cell types such as fibroblasts, macrophages and and mast cells

166
Q

What do muscle tissues do

A

Specialised to their role

167
Q

What so nervous tissue do

A

Conduction of electrical impulses along axons, communicating with other cells such as nerve, muscle and glands

168
Q

What are the different types of connective tissue

A 
Loose
Areolar 
Adipose
Reticular
Dense
Cartridge 
Bone
169
Q

What are the different types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

170
Q

What are the different types of nervous tissue

A

Neurones

Neuroglia

171
Q

What are ribosomes

A

Makes up protein

Protein in needed for repairing damage or directing chemical processes

172
Q

Where are ribosomes found

A

Floating within the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

173
Q

What is the round endoplasmic reticulum

A

An organelle found in eukaryotic cells
Produce proteins
Made up of cisternae, tubules and vesicles
The cesternae are made up of flattered membrane discs which are involved in the modification process of proteins

174
Q

What is cell/plasma membrane

A

Found in all cells

Separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment

175
Q

What is the cell coat

A

Act mechanically, protecting the plasma membrane

Participate on n the filtration and diffusion process

176
Q

What is the nucleus

A

The command centre of the cell

177
Q

What is the nucleolus

A

Takes up 25% of the volume of the nucleus
Made up of proteins and ribonucleic acids (RNA)
Rewrites ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and combine it with proteins

178
Q

What is the chromatin

A

Genetic material composed of DNA and proteins that condense to from chromosomes during eukaryotic cell devision

179
Q

What’s a nuclear pore

A

A large complex of proteins that allow small molecules and ions to freely pass or diffuse into or out of the nucleus

180
Q

What is the nuclear envelope

A

Keeps DNA inside the nucleus and protects it from materials in the cytoplasm

181
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus

A

A major collection and dispatch station of protein products received from the endoplasmic reticulum.
Proteins synthesised in the ER are packed into vesicles which then fuse with the Golgi apparatus

182
Q

What is the centriole

A

Each pair or minute cylindrical organelles near the nucleus in animal cells, involved in the development of spindle fibres in cell division

183
Q

What is smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesis of lipids
Synthesis of steroid hormones
Detoxification is of harmful metabolic products
Storage and metabolism of calcium ions within the cell

184
Q

What is the lysosome

A

Contains degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane

185
Q

What is a cytoplasm

A

The material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding nucleus

186
Q

What is the mitochondria

A

Where The biochemical process of respiration and energy production occur
Has a double membrane

Uni Biology (8 decks)

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