Organisations Of The Human Body Flashcards
1
Q
True or false
The structure of a body part is related to its function
A
True
2
Q
What is the level of organisation of the human body from simplest form to most complex?
A
Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism
3
Q
What does a human require to maintain life (5)
A
Pressure Heat Food Oxygen Water
4
Q
What means a body part is above another part of the body?
A
Superior
5
Q
What means a body part is below another body part?
A
Inferior
6
Q
What means the body part is toward the sides and away from the midline?
A
Lateral
7
Q
What term refers to when a given body part is further away from a point of attachment than the other body part?
A
Distal
8
Q
What term refers to something on the body being toward the back
A
Posterior
9
Q
What term refers to something situated near the surface of the body?
A
Superficial
10
Q
What term describes part of the human body which is more internal than other, superficial parts of the body?
A
Deep
11
Q
What term refers to the imaginary line that divides the body into equal left and right halves?
A
Medial
12
Q
What term refers to structures that are paired abs there is one each side of the midline of the body?
A
Bilateral
13
Q
What term means towards the front of the body
A
Anterior
14
Q
What term means that a body part is towards the side and away from the midline
A
Lateral
15
Q
What is the name of the cavity that houses the brain?
A
Cranial cavity
16
Q
Which cavity contains the terminal portion of the large intestines, the reproductive organs and the bladder?
A
Pelvic cavity
17
Q
What cavity would you find the lungs?
A
Thoracic cavity
18
Q
Where would you find the mediastinum?
A
Within the thoracic cavity
19
Q
What cavity would you find the heart?
A
Abdominal cavity
20
Q
Where would you find the diaphragm?
A
Between the thoracic and abdominal cavity
21
Q
Which body parts can be found in the axial portion of the body?
A
Head, neck and trunk
22
Q
What term refers to the process of maintaining a stable internal environment in the human body?
A
Homeostasis
23
Q
What are the 3 mains components of homeostatic mechanisms
A
Receptor
Effector
Set point
24
Q
What is the term for homeostatic mechanism that returns a deviation detected by the receptors back to the set point?
A
Negative feedback
25
What type of feedback is sweating on a hot day and the release of insulin by the pancreas after consuming a meal?
Negative feedback
26
What is a positive feedback mechanism?
A process that moves conditions away from the normal state
27
Within a homeostatic mechanism, what is the name of the component that provides specific information (stimuli) regarding the internal environment?
Receptor
28
Within a homeostatic mechanism what part of the process tells what a particular value should be?
Set point
29
Within a homeostatic mechanism, what part of the process brings about the changes that alters conditions in the internal environment?
Effector
30
True or false
Most feedback mechanism in the human body are negative?
True
31
What is the most common type of cell division in the human body?
Mitosis
32
What is the name of the type of cell division which is part of gametogenesis?
Meiosis
| The process that forms egg cells in the female and sperm cells in the male
33
What is the name given to o the types of cell division that increases cel number and is vital for growth and development?
Mitosis
34
What is the name given to the process by which cell death occurs abs is a normal part of development
Apoptosis
35
What cell type do human beings comprise of?
Eukaryotic cells
36
What are the function of stem cells?
The provide new cells for growth and tissue repair
37
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology
Anatomy is the study of the structure
| Physiology is the study of the function
38
How many pairs or chromosomes does a human cell have?
23
39
What does eukaryotic cell have that prokaryotic cell doesn’t
Multicellular life
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum
40
What are organs
A collection of different types of tissues to carry out a specific function
41
What cavity are the eyes found in?
Orbital cavity
42
What cavity is the brain found in
Cranial cavity
43
What cavity is the stomach found in
Abdominal cavity
44
What cavity are the sinuses found in
Nasal cavity
45
What is a negative feedback system?
Work against the change - bringing body back to balance
46
What bloody do arteries carry?
Oxygenated
47
What blood do veins carry?
Deoxygenated
48
What blood do pulmonary veins carry?
Oxygenated blood
49
What bloody does pulmonary arteries carry?
Deoxygenated
50
The heart is _____ to the brain
Inferior
51
What cavity is the liver in?
Abdominal cavity
52
What cavity is the spleen in?
Abdominal cavity
53
What cavity is the gall bladder in,
Abdominal cavity
54
What cavity are the kidneys in
Abdominal cavity
55
What cavity is most of the small and large intestines in?
Abdominal cavity
56
What cavity is the spinal cord in?
Vertebral canal
57
What cavity is the end of t
| Last he intestine in?
Pelvic cavity
58
What cavity is the bladder in
Pelvic cavity
59
What cavity is the reproductive organs in?
Pelvic cavity
60
What 3 cavity’s are viscera found in
Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic
61
What cavity is the teeth in
Oral cavity
62
What cavity is the tongue in
Oral cavity
63
What cavity is the eyes in
Orbital cavities
64
What cavity is the nerves in
Orbital cavities
65
What cavity is the muscles in
Orbital cavities
66
What cavity is the middle ear bone in
Middle ear cavities
67
What does superior mean
Above another part
68
What does inferior mean
Below another part
69
What does anterior (ventral) mean
Towards the front
70
What does posterior (dorsal) mean?
Towards the back
71
What does median mean?
Closer to the midline (middle)
72
What does lateral mean
Toward the side
73
What does bilateral mean
Both sides/paired structures with one on each side
74
What does ipsilateral mean
Structures on the same side
75
What does contralateral mean
Structures on the opposite sides
76
What does proximal mean
Closer to the point of attachment of another references body part
77
What does distal mean
Further from the point of attachment of another referenced body part
78
What does superficial mean
Near the surface; peripheral - outward or near the surface
79
What does deep mean
More internal
80
Which kidney is lower
Right kidney is lower than the left
81
How many lobes does each lung have
Right has 3 lobes
| Left has 2 lobes (cause of heart)
82
What feedback is bloody clotting
Positive
83
Where is the appendix in the quadrant
Lower right
84
Why is air pressure important
To get oxygen in
85
What is mitosis
Cell division- happening all the time, part of cell development and cell growth
86
What is meiosis
Creating sperm and egg, part of reproduction
87
What tissue forms the walls of the heart?
Myocardium
88
What does the coronary arteries do?
Supply blood to the heart
89
What is systolic pressure
Maximum pressure during ventricular contraction
90
What is the cardiac conduction system? (Correct order)
SA node
AV node
AV bundle
Purkinje fibres
91
What muscle makes up myocardium
Cardiac muscle
92
What is cardiac muscle
Involuntary
| Multi-branched with intercalated discs
93
What is hypercapnia
High carbon dioxide levels
94
What is alveoli
Airfilled sacs for gas exchange
95
What decreases when the diaphragm moves downwards during inspiration
Interathiratic pressure
96
Which muscle is used during forced respiration
Internal intercostal muscles
97
What is an atom
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen
98
What is a molecule
H20 or co2
99
How is a molecule made
2 or more atoms compromise a molecule
100
What is a macromolecule
Biologically important molecules inside cells
101
What are organelles
Aggregates of macromolecules used to carry out a specific function in the cell
102
What are cells
The basic units of structure and function for living things
103
What are tissues
Groups of cells functioning together
104
What are organs
Groups of tissues form organs that have specialised functions
105
What are organ systems
Groups of organs function together as organ systems
| Organ systems functions together to form an organism
106
What is the nucleus
Command centre of the cell
107
What does the mitochondria do
Receives power through adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
108
What does the Golgi apparatus do
Help make proteins
109
What does lysosomes do
Play a role in helping to break down big proteins and molecule and digest worn out cell components
110
What builds up and breaks down the body
Metabolism
| Composed of anabolism and catabolism
111
What is anabolism (anabolic reaction)
Reactions that build things up (proteins and other biological molecules)
112
What does anabolic reaction (anabolism) need to proceed?
Energy
113
What is catabolism
Reactions that break things down (digestive enzymes)
114
What does catabolism produce?
Energy
115
What are the requirements of life
```
Water
Food
Oxygen
Heat
Pressure
```
116
What is water a requirement of life
The most abundant chemical in the body
Required for many metabolic processes
Regulates body temp
Makes up intercellular and cardio extra cellular fluid compartments
117
Why is food a requirement of life
Provides body with needed nutrients
Needed for energy
Raw building materials for growth and repair
To regulate chemical reactions
118
Why is heat a requirement of life
Product of metabolic reactions that controls reaction rate
119
Why is pressure a requirement of life
Atmospheric pressure is needed for breathing
| Hydrostatic pressure is needed to move blood through vessels
120
What is a stressor
Any factor internal or external that can act upon the body
121
What provides stability
Homeostasis
122
What do stressors do
Disturb body function but also stimulate adaption
123
What can long term stressors lead to?
Homeostatic imbalance abs then I’ll health
124
What is homeostasis
The body’s systems all work together to achieve a controlled environment for the body’s cells
Keep body levels within normal range
125
What control system does homeostasis use
Receptor
Set point
Effector
126
What does the receptor do in homeostasis
Monitors change
127
What does the set point do in homeostasis
The normal value or range of values
Controlled by the control centre - making change through the effector
128
What does the effector do in homeostasis
Muscles or glands that respond to changes to return to stability
129
What is negative feedback
Responses move in the opposite direction from the change
Reduces the amount of change from the set point
Includes most control mechanisms in the body
Brings things back to its original state
130
What is positive feedback
Responses move further away from the set point (original state)
Change from set point gets larger
Many positive feedback mechanisms produce unstable conditions in the body
131
What type of feedback is uterine contractions during child birth
Positive
132
What type of feedback is breast feeding
Positive
133
Pancreas endocrine function
Releases hormones called insulin and glucose which help to regulate blood sugar
Either increasing or decreasing it, depending on the individual
134
What happening is mitosis?
Cell grows then divides to form 2 daughter cells (which may grow, divide and specialise)
135
What do telomeres do?
Know when to stop diving (protective measure)
136
What’s happening in interphase
Cell isn’t dividing but is getting ready to potentially divide (one cell visible)
137
What happens if the cells aren’t able to divide in mitosis?
Either nothing happens of any apoptosis happens (cell death)
138
What happens in phrophase ?
DNA gets organised into chromosomes
139
What happens at metaphase
Chromosomes line up into middle of the cell
140
What happens in anaphase
Chromosomes get pulled apart
141
What happens at telophase
Separate cell membranes
142
What happens at cytokinesis
Divide into 2 separate cells
143
What are somatic stem cells in the body
```
Brain
Skin
Heart
Skeletal muscle
Peripheral blood
Gut
Liver
Bone marrow
Blood vessels
Teeth
```
144
What is genetics
The study of heredity
145
What is a chromosome
Structure inside a cell nucleus that contains tightly compacted DNA
146
What is a gene
A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes fro a specific trait
147
What is an allele
Alternative forms of a gene for each variation of a trait of an organism (one from mum one from dad)
148
What is heterozygous
When there are 2 different alleles for that trait (Bb)
149
What is homozygous
When there are 2 identical alleles for a trait (BB, bb)
150
How do 2 brown eyes people have a blue eyes baby
Because of the action of dominant and recessive genes
151
How many pairs of chromosomes in meiosis
23 pairs
22 pairs are called autosomes (do not determine sex)
1 pair of sex chromosomes (xx/xy)
152
How will Huntington’s disease come up in a child
If either parent has a dominant allele
153
How does cystic fibrosis come up in a child?
Requires 2 copies of the recessive allele to allow the condition to manifest itself
Which is why some people can be carriers and it can skip generations
154
How does haemophilia A come up in a child
Impact on men specifically
Where the gene is on the x chromosome
155
What happens in puberty (female)
Maturation of uterus, urine tubes and ovaries
Development abs enlargement of breasts
Growth of pubic hair
Increased height and widening of pelvis
Increased fat depositions in subcutaneous tissue
156
What happens in puberty (male)
Growth of muscle and bone and a marked increased hight and weight
Enlargement of the larynx and deepening of the voice
Growth of hair on face, axillae, chest, abdomen and pubis
Enlargement of penis, scrotum and prostate gland
Maturation of seminiferous tubules and production of spermatozoa
Thickening of skin which becomes oilier
157
What are the affects of ageing
Puts people at risk of not maintaining their health and well being
Not Able to maintain homeostatic mechanisms
If you have a disease or injury - it might take you longer to overcome it and could be prone to secondary complications
158
Why does ageing happen
Longevity genes -telomere shortening and each division
159
What is passive ageing
```
Structure break down on molecular level
Slowing function
Elastin and collagen degenerate
Gene instructions become faulty
Free radicals damage cells
```
160
What is active ageing
Normal growth and development
| Also ties into autoimmunity- our bodies may start to attack themselves
161
What is apoptosis
International cell death/programmed cell death
162
What is neurosis
A result of tissue damage and injury
163
What are the risks of ageing
Immune systems may become less able to manage infection
Vessels and colonary arteries become less able to flex and stretch -effects cardiovascular health
Less able to heal and repair
164
What does the epithelial tissue do
Covers inner lining of cavities and line hollow organs, anchored by a basement membrane
Lacks blood vessels and gets nutrients by diffusion from underlying connective tissue
165
What does connective tissue do
Bind structures and provide protection, fill spaces, store fat, have good blood supply and we’ll nourished
Contains a variety of cell types such as fibroblasts, macrophages and and mast cells
166
What do muscle tissues do
Specialised to their role
167
What so nervous tissue do
Conduction of electrical impulses along axons, communicating with other cells such as nerve, muscle and glands
168
What are the different types of connective tissue
```
Loose
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
Dense
Cartridge
Bone
```
169
What are the different types of muscle tissue
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
170
What are the different types of nervous tissue
Neurones
| Neuroglia
171
What are ribosomes
Makes up protein
| Protein in needed for repairing damage or directing chemical processes
172
Where are ribosomes found
Floating within the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
173
What is the round endoplasmic reticulum
An organelle found in eukaryotic cells
Produce proteins
Made up of cisternae, tubules and vesicles
The cesternae are made up of flattered membrane discs which are involved in the modification process of proteins
174
What is cell/plasma membrane
Found in all cells
| Separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment
175
What is the cell coat
Act mechanically, protecting the plasma membrane
| Participate on n the filtration and diffusion process
176
What is the nucleus
The command centre of the cell
177
What is the nucleolus
Takes up 25% of the volume of the nucleus
Made up of proteins and ribonucleic acids (RNA)
Rewrites ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and combine it with proteins
178
What is the chromatin
Genetic material composed of DNA and proteins that condense to from chromosomes during eukaryotic cell devision
179
What’s a nuclear pore
A large complex of proteins that allow small molecules and ions to freely pass or diffuse into or out of the nucleus
180
What is the nuclear envelope
Keeps DNA inside the nucleus and protects it from materials in the cytoplasm
181
What is the Golgi apparatus
A major collection and dispatch station of protein products received from the endoplasmic reticulum.
Proteins synthesised in the ER are packed into vesicles which then fuse with the Golgi apparatus
182
What is the centriole
Each pair or minute cylindrical organelles near the nucleus in animal cells, involved in the development of spindle fibres in cell division
183
What is smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Synthesis of lipids
Synthesis of steroid hormones
Detoxification is of harmful metabolic products
Storage and metabolism of calcium ions within the cell
184
What is the lysosome
Contains degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane
185
What is a cytoplasm
The material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding nucleus
186
What is the mitochondria
Where The biochemical process of respiration and energy production occur
Has a double membrane
