Nervous And Endocrine Flashcards
What are the primary roles of the parasympathetic nervous system
Conveys energy
Slows heart rate
Increases intestinal and glad activity
Known as the ‘rest and digest’ system
What is the name of the cell which is the basic functional unit of the nervous system
A neuron (also called neurone or nerve cell)
What does a neuron do
It’s a cell that carries electrical impulses and is the basic (functional and structural) unit of the nervous system
Which part of the nervous system includes the brain and spine
Central nervous system
Which part of the nervous system includes to sensory and motor neurones
Peripheral nervous system
What is the correct order to represent a reflex arc
Receptor
Sensory neuron
Motor neuron
Effector
What are the principal ions involved in the generation of action potential in nerve cells
Sodium and potassium
What is part of the peripheral nervous system conducts nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscle to allow voluntary movement
Somatic
Is the duration of action of a nerve impulse brief unless neuronal activity continues
Yes
What is the chemical messenger that allows transmission of a signal from one neuron to another across a synapse
Neurotransmitter
What connects the nervous and endocrine system together
The hypothalamus
What are hormones
Chemical messengers
How are hormones secreted into the circulatory system
Via glands
What cells do hormones act on
Specific target cells
What do hormones bind with
A specific receptor of the target cells
Where are receptors for lipid based hormones
Inside the cell
Where are receptors for peptide based hormones
On the cell membrane
What are lipid based hormones
Steroids
Thyroid hormones
What are peptide hormones
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Insulin and glucagon
What do hormones do
Speed things up, slow things down or maintain things
what mechanisms are hormones controlled with
Negative and positive depending on the hormone
What do hormones have a link with
Nervous system control (via the hypothalamus)
How are hormones influenced
By the levels of other substances in the blood (blood glucose levels influencing action of insulin and glucagon)
What is the receptor
Detects the change
What’s the effector
Makes the change
Order of negative feedback mechanism
Receptor
Control centre
Effector
What are the main endocrine glands in the body
Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Thymus glad Adrenal gland Testes Ovaries
What does the pineal gland do
Produces hormones called melatonin
What does the pituitary gland do
control centre, regulates secretion of all hormones in body
What does the thyroid gland do
Regulates metabolism, regulates calcium levels
What does the thymus gland do
Plays a role in immune response
What does the adrenal gland do
Produce adrenaline and noradrenaline
What do ovaries do
Produce oestrogen
What do testes do
Produce testosterone
What is the difference in the nervous system and endocrine system in cells
Nervous - neurones
Endocrine - epithelial and others
What is the difference in the nervous system and endocrine system in chemical signals
Nervous -neurotransmitter
Endocrine - hormone
What is the difference in the nervous system and endocrine system in specificity of response
Nervous - receptors on postsynaptic cell
Endocrine - receptors on target cell
What is the difference in the nervous system and endocrine system in speed of onset
Nervous - seconds
Endocrine - seconds to hours
What is the difference in the nervous system and endocrine system in duration of action
Nervous - very brief unless neuronal activity continues
Endocrine- may be brief or last days even if secretion ceases
What are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland
Anterior lobe and posterior lobe
Difference between anterior and posterior lobe
Both have a connection to the nervous system through the hypothalamus
Anterior can act in its own rights, posterior is under nervous control
What is the endocrine gland surrounded by
Surrounded by a network of capillaries
What does the endocrine gland do
Allows a diffuse blood supply around the gland to allow hormones to diffuse directly into the blood stream
How is homeostasis maintained in hormones
Automatic nervous system and endocrine system
What does autonomic nervous system do
Rapid change
Usually limited target region
What happens in the endocrine system
Slower change
May have systemic effect
What hormones are produced in the posterior gland
Anti diuretic hormone - important in regulating fluid balance
Where are the adrenal glands situated
Air ontop of kidneys
What do the kidneys, hypothalamus and a dental glands play an important role in
Regulating blood pressure and water balance
What do alpha, beta and delta cells do in the pancreas
Alpha cells - secrete glucagon
Beta cells -secrete insulin
Delta cells - secrete somatostatin
What does insulin do
Decrease blood glucose levels
Binds to insulin receptors on the cell membrane
What does glucagon do
Increases blood glucose levels
Converts glycogen to glucose
What does somatostatin do
Inhibits secretion of both insulin and glucagon
What organs make up the endocrine system
Heart
Kidneys
Stomach
Adipose tissue
What is the central nervous system
Brain and spine
What do dendrites
Takes the message in and take it to the cell body and leaves down the axon the takes it away from the cell body to create an effect
What does the nervous system do
Detect and respond to changes inside and outside the body
What does the endocrine and nervous system do together
Controls important aspects of body function and maintains homeostasis
What’s the nervous system consist of
brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves
What is the nervous system grouped as
The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
What is the peripheral nervous system
Consisting of all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
What are the two functional parts of the peripheral nervous system
The sensory devision (afferent)
The motor devision (efferent)
What activities is the motor division involved in
Voluntary - the somatic nervous system
Involuntary - the autonomic nervous system (has 2 parts) - sympathetic and parasympathetic
What are the cells that make up the nervous system
Neurones - supported by a connective tissue called neuroglia
What are nerves
Bundles of axons bound together
Can neurones divide?
No, they need a continuous supply of oxygen and glucose
Neurones can synthesise chemical energy (ATP) only from glucose
What are the physiological units of the nervous system
Nerve impulses or action potentials
What are neurones actively involved in
Conducting nerve impulses
What do neurones have the characteristics of
Irritability and conductivity
What does irritability mean
The ability to initiate nerve impulses in response to stimuli from outside or inside the body
What does conductivity mean
The ability to transmit an impulse
What are the 3 parts in a neuron
Cell bodies
Axon
Dendrites
How does information travel between neurones
Through the release of chemical substances into the space between the axon and the dendrites
What Is the difference between autonomic and peripheral nervous system
Peripheral - consist of nerves and ganglia outside the brain
Autonomic - acting involuntary, without conscious control
Where is the sensory reception of something picked up
Peripheral nervous system - conveys motor command to the central nervous system and back out to voluntary muscles
What happens when the sensory information is received
The response is generated
What’s referred pain
Confused the body to where the pain actually is
Why do the endocrine and nervous system work together
To control and coordinate the other systems of the body
What’s the hypothalamus
The portion of the brain that maintains the body’s homeostasis and is a direct link between the endocrine and nervous system
What’s the hypothalamus do
Produces releasing and inhibiting hormones which stop and start the production of other hormones throughout the body
Receives info from Nearly all parts of the nervous system
What are the functions of the endocrine system
Cells to cell communication Chemical signals Regulate metabolic functions Control chemical reactions Transport substances across membranes Regulate water + electrolyte balance Reproduction, development + growth
How do hormones work
Glands release hormones (chemical messengers) into the blood stream in response to triggers, they bind to interact with target cells for a response
How is hormone secretion controlled in the body
Hypothalamus
Nervous system
Some glands respond directly to changes in the internal environment
How does hypothalamus play a role in hormone secretion
Receives information about the internal environment, regulates release of hormones from the anterior pituitary
How’s the nervous system play a role in hormone secretion
Stimulates some glands directly
What’s the function of the motor neurones
Carry signals from the Central nervous system to the effectors
What’s the function of the sensory neurones
Carry signals from receptors to the spinal cord and brain
What’s the function of the relay neurones (interneurons)
Carry messages from one part of the central nervous system to another
What’s the sequence of a simple reflex action in order
Stimulus Receptor Sensory neurone Relay neurone Motor neurone Effector
Name the different sensory receptors and their sensitivities
Chemical - chemoreceptor
Sensory- pain receptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors
What’s meant by sensory adaption
Nervous system becomes less responsive to a maintained stimulus
May result from receptors become unresponsive or inhibiting alone the central nervous system pathway
Why are some fibres that conduct pain impulses fast and some slow
Fast are myelinated and are associated with immediate sharp pain and localised
Slow are unmyelinated and produce a slow, full aching sensation that can be more diffuse and difficult to point out
How does pain referred arise
Due to merging common nerve pathways and the cerebral cortex incorrectly interprets the source of the pain
