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Uni Biology > Nervous And Endocrine > Flashcards

Nervous And Endocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the primary roles of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Conveys energy
Slows heart rate
Increases intestinal and glad activity
Known as the ‘rest and digest’ system

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2
Q

What is the name of the cell which is the basic functional unit of the nervous system

A

A neuron (also called neurone or nerve cell)

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3
Q

What does a neuron do

A

It’s a cell that carries electrical impulses and is the basic (functional and structural) unit of the nervous system

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4
Q

Which part of the nervous system includes the brain and spine

A

Central nervous system

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5
Q

Which part of the nervous system includes to sensory and motor neurones

A

Peripheral nervous system

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6
Q

What is the correct order to represent a reflex arc

A

Receptor
Sensory neuron
Motor neuron
Effector

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7
Q

What are the principal ions involved in the generation of action potential in nerve cells

A

Sodium and potassium

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8
Q

What is part of the peripheral nervous system conducts nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscle to allow voluntary movement

A

Somatic

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9
Q

Is the duration of action of a nerve impulse brief unless neuronal activity continues

A

Yes

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10
Q

What is the chemical messenger that allows transmission of a signal from one neuron to another across a synapse

A

Neurotransmitter

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11
Q

What connects the nervous and endocrine system together

A

The hypothalamus

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12
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical messengers

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13
Q

How are hormones secreted into the circulatory system

A

Via glands

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14
Q

What cells do hormones act on

A

Specific target cells

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15
Q

What do hormones bind with

A

A specific receptor of the target cells

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16
Q

Where are receptors for lipid based hormones

A

Inside the cell

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17
Q

Where are receptors for peptide based hormones

A

On the cell membrane

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18
Q

What are lipid based hormones

A

Steroids

Thyroid hormones

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19
Q

What are peptide hormones

A

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Insulin and glucagon

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20
Q

What do hormones do

A

Speed things up, slow things down or maintain things

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21
Q

what mechanisms are hormones controlled with

A

Negative and positive depending on the hormone

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22
Q

What do hormones have a link with

A

Nervous system control (via the hypothalamus)

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23
Q

How are hormones influenced

A

By the levels of other substances in the blood (blood glucose levels influencing action of insulin and glucagon)

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24
Q

What is the receptor

A

Detects the change

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25
Q

What’s the effector

A

Makes the change

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26
Q

Order of negative feedback mechanism

A

Receptor
Control centre
Effector

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27
Q

What are the main endocrine glands in the body

A 
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Thymus glad
Adrenal gland
Testes
Ovaries
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28
Q

What does the pineal gland do

A

Produces hormones called melatonin

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29
Q

What does the pituitary gland do

A

control centre, regulates secretion of all hormones in body

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30
Q

What does the thyroid gland do

A

Regulates metabolism, regulates calcium levels

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31
Q

What does the thymus gland do

A

Plays a role in immune response

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32
Q

What does the adrenal gland do

A

Produce adrenaline and noradrenaline

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33
Q

What do ovaries do

A

Produce oestrogen

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34
Q

What do testes do

A

Produce testosterone

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35
Q

What is the difference in the nervous system and endocrine system in cells

A

Nervous - neurones

Endocrine - epithelial and others

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36
Q

What is the difference in the nervous system and endocrine system in chemical signals

A

Nervous -neurotransmitter

Endocrine - hormone

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37
Q

What is the difference in the nervous system and endocrine system in specificity of response

A

Nervous - receptors on postsynaptic cell

Endocrine - receptors on target cell

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38
Q

What is the difference in the nervous system and endocrine system in speed of onset

A

Nervous - seconds

Endocrine - seconds to hours

39
Q

What is the difference in the nervous system and endocrine system in duration of action

A

Nervous - very brief unless neuronal activity continues

Endocrine- may be brief or last days even if secretion ceases

40
Q

What are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland

A

Anterior lobe and posterior lobe

41
Q

Difference between anterior and posterior lobe

A

Both have a connection to the nervous system through the hypothalamus

Anterior can act in its own rights, posterior is under nervous control

42
Q

What is the endocrine gland surrounded by

A

Surrounded by a network of capillaries

43
Q

What does the endocrine gland do

A

Allows a diffuse blood supply around the gland to allow hormones to diffuse directly into the blood stream

44
Q

How is homeostasis maintained in hormones

A

Automatic nervous system and endocrine system

45
Q

What does autonomic nervous system do

A

Rapid change

Usually limited target region

46
Q

What happens in the endocrine system

A

Slower change

May have systemic effect

47
Q

What hormones are produced in the posterior gland

A

Anti diuretic hormone - important in regulating fluid balance

48
Q

Where are the adrenal glands situated

A

Air ontop of kidneys

49
Q

What do the kidneys, hypothalamus and a dental glands play an important role in

A

Regulating blood pressure and water balance

50
Q

What do alpha, beta and delta cells do in the pancreas

A

Alpha cells - secrete glucagon
Beta cells -secrete insulin
Delta cells - secrete somatostatin

51
Q

What does insulin do

A

Decrease blood glucose levels

Binds to insulin receptors on the cell membrane

52
Q

What does glucagon do

A

Increases blood glucose levels

Converts glycogen to glucose

53
Q

What does somatostatin do

A

Inhibits secretion of both insulin and glucagon

54
Q

What organs make up the endocrine system

A

Heart
Kidneys
Stomach
Adipose tissue

55
Q

What is the central nervous system

A

Brain and spine

56
Q

What do dendrites

A

Takes the message in and take it to the cell body and leaves down the axon the takes it away from the cell body to create an effect

57
Q

What does the nervous system do

A

Detect and respond to changes inside and outside the body

58
Q

What does the endocrine and nervous system do together

A

Controls important aspects of body function and maintains homeostasis

59
Q

What’s the nervous system consist of

A

brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves

60
Q

What is the nervous system grouped as

A

The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

61
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system

A

Consisting of all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

62
Q

What are the two functional parts of the peripheral nervous system

A

The sensory devision (afferent)

The motor devision (efferent)

63
Q

What activities is the motor division involved in

A

Voluntary - the somatic nervous system

Involuntary - the autonomic nervous system (has 2 parts) - sympathetic and parasympathetic

64
Q

What are the cells that make up the nervous system

A

Neurones - supported by a connective tissue called neuroglia

65
Q

What are nerves

A

Bundles of axons bound together

66
Q

Can neurones divide?

A

No, they need a continuous supply of oxygen and glucose

Neurones can synthesise chemical energy (ATP) only from glucose

67
Q

What are the physiological units of the nervous system

A

Nerve impulses or action potentials

68
Q

What are neurones actively involved in

A

Conducting nerve impulses

69
Q

What do neurones have the characteristics of

A

Irritability and conductivity

70
Q

What does irritability mean

A

The ability to initiate nerve impulses in response to stimuli from outside or inside the body

71
Q

What does conductivity mean

A

The ability to transmit an impulse

72
Q

What are the 3 parts in a neuron

A

Cell bodies
Axon
Dendrites

73
Q

How does information travel between neurones

A

Through the release of chemical substances into the space between the axon and the dendrites

74
Q

What Is the difference between autonomic and peripheral nervous system

A

Peripheral - consist of nerves and ganglia outside the brain

Autonomic - acting involuntary, without conscious control

75
Q

Where is the sensory reception of something picked up

A

Peripheral nervous system - conveys motor command to the central nervous system and back out to voluntary muscles

76
Q

What happens when the sensory information is received

A

The response is generated

77
Q

What’s referred pain

A

Confused the body to where the pain actually is

78
Q

Why do the endocrine and nervous system work together

A

To control and coordinate the other systems of the body

79
Q

What’s the hypothalamus

A

The portion of the brain that maintains the body’s homeostasis and is a direct link between the endocrine and nervous system

80
Q

What’s the hypothalamus do

A

Produces releasing and inhibiting hormones which stop and start the production of other hormones throughout the body
Receives info from Nearly all parts of the nervous system

81
Q

What are the functions of the endocrine system

A 
Cells to cell communication 
Chemical signals 
Regulate metabolic functions
Control chemical reactions
Transport substances across membranes 
Regulate water + electrolyte balance 
Reproduction, development + growth
82
Q

How do hormones work

A

Glands release hormones (chemical messengers) into the blood stream in response to triggers, they bind to interact with target cells for a response

83
Q

How is hormone secretion controlled in the body

A

Hypothalamus
Nervous system
Some glands respond directly to changes in the internal environment

84
Q

How does hypothalamus play a role in hormone secretion

A

Receives information about the internal environment, regulates release of hormones from the anterior pituitary

85
Q

How’s the nervous system play a role in hormone secretion

A

Stimulates some glands directly

86
Q

What’s the function of the motor neurones

A

Carry signals from the Central nervous system to the effectors

87
Q

What’s the function of the sensory neurones

A

Carry signals from receptors to the spinal cord and brain

88
Q

What’s the function of the relay neurones (interneurons)

A

Carry messages from one part of the central nervous system to another

89
Q

What’s the sequence of a simple reflex action in order

A 
Stimulus
Receptor 
Sensory neurone
Relay neurone
Motor neurone
Effector
90
Q

Name the different sensory receptors and their sensitivities

A

Chemical - chemoreceptor

Sensory- pain receptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors

91
Q

What’s meant by sensory adaption

A

Nervous system becomes less responsive to a maintained stimulus
May result from receptors become unresponsive or inhibiting alone the central nervous system pathway

92
Q

Why are some fibres that conduct pain impulses fast and some slow

A

Fast are myelinated and are associated with immediate sharp pain and localised
Slow are unmyelinated and produce a slow, full aching sensation that can be more diffuse and difficult to point out

93
Q

How does pain referred arise

A

Due to merging common nerve pathways and the cerebral cortex incorrectly interprets the source of the pain

Uni Biology (8 decks)

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