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Uni Biology > Nervous And Endocrine > Flashcards

Nervous And Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary roles of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Conveys energy
Slows heart rate
Increases intestinal and glad activity
Known as the ‘rest and digest’ system

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2
Q

What is the name of the cell which is the basic functional unit of the nervous system

A

A neuron (also called neurone or nerve cell)

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3
Q

What does a neuron do

A

It’s a cell that carries electrical impulses and is the basic (functional and structural) unit of the nervous system

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4
Q

Which part of the nervous system includes the brain and spine

A

Central nervous system

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5
Q

Which part of the nervous system includes to sensory and motor neurones

A

Peripheral nervous system

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6
Q

What is the correct order to represent a reflex arc

A

Receptor
Sensory neuron
Motor neuron
Effector

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7
Q

What are the principal ions involved in the generation of action potential in nerve cells

A

Sodium and potassium

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8
Q

What is part of the peripheral nervous system conducts nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscle to allow voluntary movement

A

Somatic

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9
Q

Is the duration of action of a nerve impulse brief unless neuronal activity continues

A

Yes

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10
Q

What is the chemical messenger that allows transmission of a signal from one neuron to another across a synapse

A

Neurotransmitter

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11
Q

What connects the nervous and endocrine system together

A

The hypothalamus

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12
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical messengers

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13
Q

How are hormones secreted into the circulatory system

A

Via glands

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14
Q

What cells do hormones act on

A

Specific target cells

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15
Q

What do hormones bind with

A

A specific receptor of the target cells

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16
Q

Where are receptors for lipid based hormones

A

Inside the cell

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17
Q

Where are receptors for peptide based hormones

A

On the cell membrane

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18
Q

What are lipid based hormones

A

Steroids

Thyroid hormones

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19
Q

What are peptide hormones

A

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Insulin and glucagon

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20
Q

What do hormones do

A

Speed things up, slow things down or maintain things

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21
Q

what mechanisms are hormones controlled with

A

Negative and positive depending on the hormone

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22
Q

What do hormones have a link with

A

Nervous system control (via the hypothalamus)

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23
Q

How are hormones influenced

A

By the levels of other substances in the blood (blood glucose levels influencing action of insulin and glucagon)

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24
Q

What is the receptor

A

Detects the change

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25
What’s the effector
Makes the change
26
Order of negative feedback mechanism
Receptor Control centre Effector
27
What are the main endocrine glands in the body
``` Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Thymus glad Adrenal gland Testes Ovaries ```
28
What does the pineal gland do
Produces hormones called melatonin
29
What does the pituitary gland do
control centre, regulates secretion of all hormones in body
30
What does the thyroid gland do
Regulates metabolism, regulates calcium levels
31
What does the thymus gland do
Plays a role in immune response
32
What does the adrenal gland do
Produce adrenaline and noradrenaline
33
What do ovaries do
Produce oestrogen
34
What do testes do
Produce testosterone
35
What is the difference in the nervous system and endocrine system in cells
Nervous - neurones | Endocrine - epithelial and others
36
What is the difference in the nervous system and endocrine system in chemical signals
Nervous -neurotransmitter | Endocrine - hormone
37
What is the difference in the nervous system and endocrine system in specificity of response
Nervous - receptors on postsynaptic cell | Endocrine - receptors on target cell
38
What is the difference in the nervous system and endocrine system in speed of onset
Nervous - seconds | Endocrine - seconds to hours
39
What is the difference in the nervous system and endocrine system in duration of action
Nervous - very brief unless neuronal activity continues | Endocrine- may be brief or last days even if secretion ceases
40
What are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland
Anterior lobe and posterior lobe
41
Difference between anterior and posterior lobe
Both have a connection to the nervous system through the hypothalamus Anterior can act in its own rights, posterior is under nervous control
42
What is the endocrine gland surrounded by
Surrounded by a network of capillaries
43
What does the endocrine gland do
Allows a diffuse blood supply around the gland to allow hormones to diffuse directly into the blood stream
44
How is homeostasis maintained in hormones
Automatic nervous system and endocrine system
45
What does autonomic nervous system do
Rapid change | Usually limited target region
46
What happens in the endocrine system
Slower change | May have systemic effect
47
What hormones are produced in the posterior gland
Anti diuretic hormone - important in regulating fluid balance
48
Where are the adrenal glands situated
Air ontop of kidneys
49
What do the kidneys, hypothalamus and a dental glands play an important role in
Regulating blood pressure and water balance
50
What do alpha, beta and delta cells do in the pancreas
Alpha cells - secrete glucagon Beta cells -secrete insulin Delta cells - secrete somatostatin
51
What does insulin do
Decrease blood glucose levels | Binds to insulin receptors on the cell membrane
52
What does glucagon do
Increases blood glucose levels | Converts glycogen to glucose
53
What does somatostatin do
Inhibits secretion of both insulin and glucagon
54
What organs make up the endocrine system
Heart Kidneys Stomach Adipose tissue
55
What is the central nervous system
Brain and spine
56
What do dendrites
Takes the message in and take it to the cell body and leaves down the axon the takes it away from the cell body to create an effect
57
What does the nervous system do
Detect and respond to changes inside and outside the body
58
What does the endocrine and nervous system do together
Controls important aspects of body function and maintains homeostasis
59
What’s the nervous system consist of
brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves
60
What is the nervous system grouped as
The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
61
What is the peripheral nervous system
Consisting of all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
62
What are the two functional parts of the peripheral nervous system
The sensory devision (afferent) | The motor devision (efferent)
63
What activities is the motor division involved in
Voluntary - the somatic nervous system | Involuntary - the autonomic nervous system (has 2 parts) - sympathetic and parasympathetic
64
What are the cells that make up the nervous system
Neurones - supported by a connective tissue called neuroglia
65
What are nerves
Bundles of axons bound together
66
Can neurones divide?
No, they need a continuous supply of oxygen and glucose Neurones can synthesise chemical energy (ATP) only from glucose
67
What are the physiological units of the nervous system
Nerve impulses or action potentials
68
What are neurones actively involved in
Conducting nerve impulses
69
What do neurones have the characteristics of
Irritability and conductivity
70
What does irritability mean
The ability to initiate nerve impulses in response to stimuli from outside or inside the body
71
What does conductivity mean
The ability to transmit an impulse
72
What are the 3 parts in a neuron
Cell bodies Axon Dendrites
73
How does information travel between neurones
Through the release of chemical substances into the space between the axon and the dendrites
74
What Is the difference between autonomic and peripheral nervous system
Peripheral - consist of nerves and ganglia outside the brain | Autonomic - acting involuntary, without conscious control
75
Where is the sensory reception of something picked up
Peripheral nervous system - conveys motor command to the central nervous system and back out to voluntary muscles
76
What happens when the sensory information is received
The response is generated
77
What’s referred pain
Confused the body to where the pain actually is
78
Why do the endocrine and nervous system work together
To control and coordinate the other systems of the body
79
What’s the hypothalamus
The portion of the brain that maintains the body’s homeostasis and is a direct link between the endocrine and nervous system
80
What’s the hypothalamus do
Produces releasing and inhibiting hormones which stop and start the production of other hormones throughout the body Receives info from Nearly all parts of the nervous system
81
What are the functions of the endocrine system
``` Cells to cell communication Chemical signals Regulate metabolic functions Control chemical reactions Transport substances across membranes Regulate water + electrolyte balance Reproduction, development + growth ```
82
How do hormones work
Glands release hormones (chemical messengers) into the blood stream in response to triggers, they bind to interact with target cells for a response
83
How is hormone secretion controlled in the body
Hypothalamus Nervous system Some glands respond directly to changes in the internal environment
84
How does hypothalamus play a role in hormone secretion
Receives information about the internal environment, regulates release of hormones from the anterior pituitary
85
How’s the nervous system play a role in hormone secretion
Stimulates some glands directly
86
What’s the function of the motor neurones
Carry signals from the Central nervous system to the effectors
87
What’s the function of the sensory neurones
Carry signals from receptors to the spinal cord and brain
88
What’s the function of the relay neurones (interneurons)
Carry messages from one part of the central nervous system to another
89
What’s the sequence of a simple reflex action in order
``` Stimulus Receptor Sensory neurone Relay neurone Motor neurone Effector ```
90
Name the different sensory receptors and their sensitivities
Chemical - chemoreceptor | Sensory- pain receptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors
91
What’s meant by sensory adaption
Nervous system becomes less responsive to a maintained stimulus May result from receptors become unresponsive or inhibiting alone the central nervous system pathway
92
Why are some fibres that conduct pain impulses fast and some slow
Fast are myelinated and are associated with immediate sharp pain and localised Slow are unmyelinated and produce a slow, full aching sensation that can be more diffuse and difficult to point out
93
How does pain referred arise
Due to merging common nerve pathways and the cerebral cortex incorrectly interprets the source of the pain

Uni Biology (8 decks)

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