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Uni Biology > Extra > Flashcards

Extra Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the AV bundle, bundle branches and purkinje fibres do

A

Convey electrical impulses from the av node to the apex of the myocardium where the wave of ventricular contraction begins, then sweeps upwards and outwards, pumping blood into the pulmonary artery and the aorta

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2
Q

Where is the SA node located

A

This small mass of specialised cells is in the wall or the right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava

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3
Q

Where is the AV node located

A

This small mass of neuromuscular tissue is situated in the wall of the atrial septum near the atrioventricular valves

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4
Q

What’s the name of the inner layer of the wall of the heart

A

Endocardium

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5
Q

What’s the name of the membranous sac which encloses the heart

A

Pericardium

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6
Q

What’s the name of the thick muscle layer of the heart

A

Myocardium

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7
Q

What hormones are produced in the posterior gland

A

Anti direct hormone - import for regulating fluid balance

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8
Q

What for alpha, beta and delta cells do

A

Alpha - secrete glucagon
Beta - secrete insulin
Delta - secrete somatostatin

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9
Q

What takes up around 25% of the volume of the nucleus. The structure is made up of proteins and ribonucleic acid. Its main function is to re-write ribosomal RNA and combine it with proteins

A

The nucleolus

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10
Q

What is a mass of genetic material composed of DNA and proteins that condensed to form chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division

A

Chromatin

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11
Q

What has a large complex of proteins that allow small molecules and irons to freely pass, or defuse, into or out of the nucleus

A

Nuclear pore

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12
Q

What keeps DNA inside the nucleus and protects it from materials in the cytoplasm

A

Nuclear envelope/nuclear membrane

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13
Q

What is the major collection and dispatch station of protein products received from the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Golgi apparatus

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14
Q

What are minute cylindrical organelles near the nucleus in animal cells, involved in the development of spindle fibres and cell division

A

Centriole

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15
Q

What is a membranous organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Its main function are the synthesis of lipids, steroid hormones, the detoxification of harmful metabolic byproducts and the storage and metabolism of calcium ions within the cell

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

What is an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degenerative enzymes enclosed in a membrane

A

Lysosome

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17
Q

What is the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus

A

Cytoplasm

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18
Q

What is the organelle found in large numbers in those cells, in which the biochemical process of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner part being folded inwards from layers

A

Mitochondria

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19
Q

What are the three necessary components of all homeostatic mechanisms

A

Receptor, setpoint, effector 

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20
Q

What is meant by negative feedback

A

These mechanisms change the variable back to its original state or set point.  the negative imbalance is picked up which triggers a cascade to reset to the start point

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21
Q

What is meant by positive feedback

A

It does not maintain homeostasis but rather moves away from the set point

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22
Q

What colours there in aligning of cavities and lines hollow organs and killed by a basement membrane. Lots of blood vessels and get nutrients by diffusion from underlying connective tissue

A

Epithelial tissue

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23
Q

What binds structures and provides protection, fill spaces, store fat, have good blood supply and are well nourished. Contain a variety of cell types such as fibroblasts, macrophages and mast cells

A

Bone

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24
Q

What are specialised to their role

A

Muscle tissue

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25
Q

What conduct electrical impulses along axons, communicate with other cells such as nerves, muscle and glands

A

Nervous tissue

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26
Q

This is the rebound of the long tissues after having been stretched by inspiration

A

Elastic recoil

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27
Q

This is the gaseous product that is normally expel through the lungs

A

Carbon dioxide

28
Q

What are the folds of tissue located in the larynx that vibrate when air passes over them producing the sound waves associated with talking

A

Vocal chords

29
Q

The force around us which provides the force that moves air into the lungs

A

Atmospheric pressure

30
Q

What is the dome shaped sheet of internal skeletal muscle that extends across the bottom of the thoracic cavity

A

Diaphragm

31
Q

Serous membrane that firmly covers the surface of each lung into the fissures between the lungs

A

Visceral pleura

32
Q

These projections line the trachea And help filter incoming air that entrap inhaled unwonted particles

A

Cilia

33
Q

This response in the lungs is part of the fight or flight response triggered by sympathetic nervous system

A

Bronchodilation

34
Q

The passageway for food moving from the oral cavity to the oesophagus and the air passing between the nasal cavity and the larynx

A

Pharynx

35
Q

This is a tube like portion of the respiratory tract that connects the larynx with the bronchial parts of the lungs

A

Trachea

36
Q

This consists of branched airways leading from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs in the lungs

A

Bronchial tree

37
Q

This is colourless gas essential for respiration which binds with haemoglobin

A

Oxygen

38
Q

This is the movement of air into and out of the lungs via inhalation and exhalation

A

Pulmonary ventilation

39
Q

This is the volume of air that is inspired and then expired in a single breath or respiratory cycle and measures approximately 500 ML

A

Tidal volume

40
Q

This is a double layered serious membrane found in the thoracic cavity. The outer layer is called the Parietal pleura and the inner layer is the versicle pleura. What do you both make up

A

Pleural membrane

41
Q

space between the visceral and parietal pleura

A

Pleural cavity

42
Q

The substance made from the combination of oxygen and haemoglobin

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

43
Q

This helps regulate the depth of breathing using stretch receptors and prevents overinflation of the lungs during forceful breathing

A

Inflation reflex

44
Q

This is part of the respiratory tract between the pharynx and the trachea, it also contains the vocal chords

A

Larynx

45
Q

This  located in the medulla oblongata and pons, it receives of neural, chemical and hormonal nature and controls the rate and depth of respiratory movements

A

Respiratory centre

46
Q

This is an increased amount of carbon dioxide in the blood

A

Hypercapnia

47
Q

This is a range of cartilage that surrounds the trachea

A

Cricoid cartridge

48
Q

This is a lower than normal concentration of oxygen in arterial blood

A

Hypoxia

49
Q

This is the matter coughed up and is a mixture of saliva, mucus and foreign material

A

Sputum 

50
Q

This is the process of oxygen utilisation and carbon dioxide production at the cellular level

A

Cellular respiration

51
Q

These are tiny airfield sacks arranged in clusters in the lungs, in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place

A

Alveoli

52
Q

This part of the respiratory system includes the trachea, bronchial tree and the lungs

A

Lower respiratory tract

53
Q

The membrane across which gas exchange occurs made up of epithelial walls of the alveoli and capillary walls

A

Respiratory membrane

54
Q

The gas exchange between the blood and air in the lungs

A

External respiration

55
Q

composed of lipoprotein that is secreted by the alveolar cells of the lungs and helps reduce their tendency to collapse in on themselves

A

surfactant

56
Q

The gas exchange between the blood and the cells

A

Internal respiration

57
Q

This part of the respiratory system includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx and larynx

A

Upper respiratory tract

58
Q

This separates the left and right lungs medially

A

Mediastinum

59
Q

What term describes blood cell formation in the bone marrow

A

Haemopiesis

60
Q

What is heamostasis

A

A process that stops bleeding (blood clotting)

61
Q

What is haemoptsis

A

A term of coughing up bloody from lungs or bronchial tree

62
Q

What are principal ions involved in the generation of action potential in nerve cells

A

Sodium and potassium

63
Q

What is metabolised in the liver

A

Opioids

64
Q

What is the purpose of villi in the small intestine

A

Provides surface area for nutrient absorption

65
Q

Electrolytes release which ion

A

Hydrogen

66
Q

What genetic disorder comes up when the gene is on the X chromosome

A

Haemophilia A

67
Q

What genetic disorder comes up when the gene is on the dominant allele

A

Huntington’s disease

Uni Biology (8 decks)

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