Extra

Question 1

What does the AV bundle, bundle branches and purkinje fibres do

Answer 1

Convey electrical impulses from the av node to the apex of the myocardium where the wave of ventricular contraction begins, then sweeps upwards and outwards, pumping blood into the pulmonary artery and the aorta

Question 2

Where is the SA node located

Answer 2

This small mass of specialised cells is in the wall or the right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava

Question 3

Where is the AV node located

Answer 3

This small mass of neuromuscular tissue is situated in the wall of the atrial septum near the atrioventricular valves

Question 4

What’s the name of the inner layer of the wall of the heart

Answer 4

Endocardium

Question 5

What’s the name of the membranous sac which encloses the heart

Answer 5

Pericardium

Question 6

What’s the name of the thick muscle layer of the heart

Answer 6

Myocardium

Question 7

What hormones are produced in the posterior gland

Answer 7

Anti direct hormone - import for regulating fluid balance

Question 8

What for alpha, beta and delta cells do

Answer 8

Alpha - secrete glucagon
Beta - secrete insulin
Delta - secrete somatostatin

Question 9

What takes up around 25% of the volume of the nucleus. The structure is made up of proteins and ribonucleic acid. Its main function is to re-write ribosomal RNA and combine it with proteins

Answer 9

The nucleolus

Question 10

What is a mass of genetic material composed of DNA and proteins that condensed to form chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division

Answer 10

Chromatin

Question 11

What has a large complex of proteins that allow small molecules and irons to freely pass, or defuse, into or out of the nucleus

Answer 11

Nuclear pore

Question 12

What keeps DNA inside the nucleus and protects it from materials in the cytoplasm

Answer 12

Nuclear envelope/nuclear membrane

Question 13

What is the major collection and dispatch station of protein products received from the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 13

Golgi apparatus

Question 14

What are minute cylindrical organelles near the nucleus in animal cells, involved in the development of spindle fibres and cell division

Answer 14

Centriole

Question 15

What is a membranous organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Its main function are the synthesis of lipids, steroid hormones, the detoxification of harmful metabolic byproducts and the storage and metabolism of calcium ions within the cell

Answer 15

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 16

What is an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degenerative enzymes enclosed in a membrane

Answer 16

Lysosome

Question 17

What is the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus

Answer 17

Cytoplasm

Question 18

What is the organelle found in large numbers in those cells, in which the biochemical process of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner part being folded inwards from layers

Answer 18

Mitochondria

Question 19

What are the three necessary components of all homeostatic mechanisms

Answer 19

Receptor, setpoint, effector 

Question 20

What is meant by negative feedback

Answer 20

These mechanisms change the variable back to its original state or set point.  the negative imbalance is picked up which triggers a cascade to reset to the start point

Question 21

What is meant by positive feedback

Answer 21

It does not maintain homeostasis but rather moves away from the set point

Question 22

What colours there in aligning of cavities and lines hollow organs and killed by a basement membrane. Lots of blood vessels and get nutrients by diffusion from underlying connective tissue

Answer 22

Epithelial tissue

Question 23

What binds structures and provides protection, fill spaces, store fat, have good blood supply and are well nourished. Contain a variety of cell types such as fibroblasts, macrophages and mast cells

Answer 23

Bone

Question 24

What are specialised to their role

Answer 24

Muscle tissue

Question 25

What conduct electrical impulses along axons, communicate with other cells such as nerves, muscle and glands

Answer 25

Nervous tissue

Question 26

This is the rebound of the long tissues after having been stretched by inspiration

Answer 26

Elastic recoil

Question 27

This is the gaseous product that is normally expel through the lungs

Answer 27

Carbon dioxide

Question 28

What are the folds of tissue located in the larynx that vibrate when air passes over them producing the sound waves associated with talking

Answer 28

Vocal chords

Question 29

The force around us which provides the force that moves air into the lungs

Answer 29

Atmospheric pressure

Question 30

What is the dome shaped sheet of internal skeletal muscle that extends across the bottom of the thoracic cavity

Answer 30

Diaphragm

Question 31

Serous membrane that firmly covers the surface of each lung into the fissures between the lungs

Answer 31

Visceral pleura

Question 32

These projections line the trachea And help filter incoming air that entrap inhaled unwonted particles

Answer 32

Cilia

Question 33

This response in the lungs is part of the fight or flight response triggered by sympathetic nervous system

Answer 33

Bronchodilation

Question 34

The passageway for food moving from the oral cavity to the oesophagus and the air passing between the nasal cavity and the larynx

Answer 34

Pharynx

Question 35

This is a tube like portion of the respiratory tract that connects the larynx with the bronchial parts of the lungs

Answer 35

Trachea

Question 36

This consists of branched airways leading from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs in the lungs

Answer 36

Bronchial tree

Question 37

This is colourless gas essential for respiration which binds with haemoglobin

Answer 37

Oxygen

Question 38

This is the movement of air into and out of the lungs via inhalation and exhalation

Answer 38

Pulmonary ventilation

Question 39

This is the volume of air that is inspired and then expired in a single breath or respiratory cycle and measures approximately 500 ML

Answer 39

Tidal volume

Question 40

This is a double layered serious membrane found in the thoracic cavity. The outer layer is called the Parietal pleura and the inner layer is the versicle pleura. What do you both make up

Answer 40

Pleural membrane

Question 41

space between the visceral and parietal pleura

Answer 41

Pleural cavity

Question 42

The substance made from the combination of oxygen and haemoglobin

Answer 42

Oxyhaemoglobin

Question 43

This helps regulate the depth of breathing using stretch receptors and prevents overinflation of the lungs during forceful breathing

Answer 43

Inflation reflex

Question 44

This is part of the respiratory tract between the pharynx and the trachea, it also contains the vocal chords

Answer 44

Larynx

Question 45

This  located in the medulla oblongata and pons, it receives of neural, chemical and hormonal nature and controls the rate and depth of respiratory movements

Answer 45

Respiratory centre

Question 46

This is an increased amount of carbon dioxide in the blood

Answer 46

Hypercapnia

Question 47

This is a range of cartilage that surrounds the trachea

Answer 47

Cricoid cartridge

Question 48

This is a lower than normal concentration of oxygen in arterial blood

Answer 48

Hypoxia

Question 49

This is the matter coughed up and is a mixture of saliva, mucus and foreign material

Answer 49

Sputum 

Question 50

This is the process of oxygen utilisation and carbon dioxide production at the cellular level

Answer 50

Cellular respiration

Question 51

These are tiny airfield sacks arranged in clusters in the lungs, in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place

Answer 51

Alveoli

Question 52

This part of the respiratory system includes the trachea, bronchial tree and the lungs

Answer 52

Lower respiratory tract

Question 53

The membrane across which gas exchange occurs made up of epithelial walls of the alveoli and capillary walls

Answer 53

Respiratory membrane

Question 54

The gas exchange between the blood and air in the lungs

Answer 54

External respiration

Question 55

composed of lipoprotein that is secreted by the alveolar cells of the lungs and helps reduce their tendency to collapse in on themselves

Answer 55

surfactant

Question 56

The gas exchange between the blood and the cells

Answer 56

Internal respiration

Question 57

This part of the respiratory system includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx and larynx

Answer 57

Upper respiratory tract

Question 58

This separates the left and right lungs medially

Answer 58

Mediastinum

Question 59

What term describes blood cell formation in the bone marrow

Answer 59

Haemopiesis

Question 60

What is heamostasis

Answer 60

A process that stops bleeding (blood clotting)

Question 61

What is haemoptsis

Answer 61

A term of coughing up bloody from lungs or bronchial tree

Question 62

What are principal ions involved in the generation of action potential in nerve cells

Answer 62

Sodium and potassium

Question 63

What is metabolised in the liver

Answer 63

Opioids

Question 64

What is the purpose of villi in the small intestine

Answer 64

Provides surface area for nutrient absorption

Question 65

Electrolytes release which ion

Answer 65

Hydrogen

Question 66

What genetic disorder comes up when the gene is on the X chromosome

Answer 66

Haemophilia A

Question 67

What genetic disorder comes up when the gene is on the dominant allele

Answer 67

Huntington’s disease