Extra Flashcards
What does the AV bundle, bundle branches and purkinje fibres do
Convey electrical impulses from the av node to the apex of the myocardium where the wave of ventricular contraction begins, then sweeps upwards and outwards, pumping blood into the pulmonary artery and the aorta
Where is the SA node located
This small mass of specialised cells is in the wall or the right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava
Where is the AV node located
This small mass of neuromuscular tissue is situated in the wall of the atrial septum near the atrioventricular valves
What’s the name of the inner layer of the wall of the heart
Endocardium
What’s the name of the membranous sac which encloses the heart
Pericardium
What’s the name of the thick muscle layer of the heart
Myocardium
What hormones are produced in the posterior gland
Anti direct hormone - import for regulating fluid balance
What for alpha, beta and delta cells do
Alpha - secrete glucagon
Beta - secrete insulin
Delta - secrete somatostatin
What takes up around 25% of the volume of the nucleus. The structure is made up of proteins and ribonucleic acid. Its main function is to re-write ribosomal RNA and combine it with proteins
The nucleolus
What is a mass of genetic material composed of DNA and proteins that condensed to form chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division
Chromatin
What has a large complex of proteins that allow small molecules and irons to freely pass, or defuse, into or out of the nucleus
Nuclear pore
What keeps DNA inside the nucleus and protects it from materials in the cytoplasm
Nuclear envelope/nuclear membrane
What is the major collection and dispatch station of protein products received from the endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
What are minute cylindrical organelles near the nucleus in animal cells, involved in the development of spindle fibres and cell division
Centriole
What is a membranous organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Its main function are the synthesis of lipids, steroid hormones, the detoxification of harmful metabolic byproducts and the storage and metabolism of calcium ions within the cell
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
What is an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degenerative enzymes enclosed in a membrane
Lysosome
What is the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus
Cytoplasm
What is the organelle found in large numbers in those cells, in which the biochemical process of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner part being folded inwards from layers
Mitochondria
What are the three necessary components of all homeostatic mechanisms
Receptor, setpoint, effector 
What is meant by negative feedback
These mechanisms change the variable back to its original state or set point.  the negative imbalance is picked up which triggers a cascade to reset to the start point
What is meant by positive feedback
It does not maintain homeostasis but rather moves away from the set point
What colours there in aligning of cavities and lines hollow organs and killed by a basement membrane. Lots of blood vessels and get nutrients by diffusion from underlying connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
What binds structures and provides protection, fill spaces, store fat, have good blood supply and are well nourished. Contain a variety of cell types such as fibroblasts, macrophages and mast cells
Bone
What are specialised to their role
Muscle tissue
What conduct electrical impulses along axons, communicate with other cells such as nerves, muscle and glands
Nervous tissue
This is the rebound of the long tissues after having been stretched by inspiration
Elastic recoil
This is the gaseous product that is normally expel through the lungs
Carbon dioxide
What are the folds of tissue located in the larynx that vibrate when air passes over them producing the sound waves associated with talking
Vocal chords
The force around us which provides the force that moves air into the lungs
Atmospheric pressure
What is the dome shaped sheet of internal skeletal muscle that extends across the bottom of the thoracic cavity
Diaphragm
Serous membrane that firmly covers the surface of each lung into the fissures between the lungs
Visceral pleura
These projections line the trachea And help filter incoming air that entrap inhaled unwonted particles
Cilia
This response in the lungs is part of the fight or flight response triggered by sympathetic nervous system
Bronchodilation
The passageway for food moving from the oral cavity to the oesophagus and the air passing between the nasal cavity and the larynx
Pharynx
This is a tube like portion of the respiratory tract that connects the larynx with the bronchial parts of the lungs
Trachea
This consists of branched airways leading from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs in the lungs
Bronchial tree
This is colourless gas essential for respiration which binds with haemoglobin
Oxygen
This is the movement of air into and out of the lungs via inhalation and exhalation
Pulmonary ventilation
This is the volume of air that is inspired and then expired in a single breath or respiratory cycle and measures approximately 500 ML
Tidal volume
This is a double layered serious membrane found in the thoracic cavity. The outer layer is called the Parietal pleura and the inner layer is the versicle pleura. What do you both make up
Pleural membrane
space between the visceral and parietal pleura
Pleural cavity
The substance made from the combination of oxygen and haemoglobin
Oxyhaemoglobin
This helps regulate the depth of breathing using stretch receptors and prevents overinflation of the lungs during forceful breathing
Inflation reflex
This is part of the respiratory tract between the pharynx and the trachea, it also contains the vocal chords
Larynx
This  located in the medulla oblongata and pons, it receives of neural, chemical and hormonal nature and controls the rate and depth of respiratory movements
Respiratory centre
This is an increased amount of carbon dioxide in the blood
Hypercapnia
This is a range of cartilage that surrounds the trachea
Cricoid cartridge
This is a lower than normal concentration of oxygen in arterial blood
Hypoxia
This is the matter coughed up and is a mixture of saliva, mucus and foreign material
Sputum 
This is the process of oxygen utilisation and carbon dioxide production at the cellular level
Cellular respiration
These are tiny airfield sacks arranged in clusters in the lungs, in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
Alveoli
This part of the respiratory system includes the trachea, bronchial tree and the lungs
Lower respiratory tract
The membrane across which gas exchange occurs made up of epithelial walls of the alveoli and capillary walls
Respiratory membrane
The gas exchange between the blood and air in the lungs
External respiration
composed of lipoprotein that is secreted by the alveolar cells of the lungs and helps reduce their tendency to collapse in on themselves
surfactant
The gas exchange between the blood and the cells
Internal respiration
This part of the respiratory system includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx and larynx
Upper respiratory tract
This separates the left and right lungs medially
Mediastinum
What term describes blood cell formation in the bone marrow
Haemopiesis
What is heamostasis
A process that stops bleeding (blood clotting)
What is haemoptsis
A term of coughing up bloody from lungs or bronchial tree
What are principal ions involved in the generation of action potential in nerve cells
Sodium and potassium
What is metabolised in the liver
Opioids
What is the purpose of villi in the small intestine
Provides surface area for nutrient absorption
Electrolytes release which ion
Hydrogen
What genetic disorder comes up when the gene is on the X chromosome
Haemophilia A
What genetic disorder comes up when the gene is on the dominant allele
Huntington’s disease
