Blood, Body Defences And Immunity Flashcards
1
Q
What tissue best describes blood
A
Connective tissue
2
Q
How much plasma and cells will separate in test tubes of whole blood that has been prevented from clotting
A
55% plasma
45% cells
3
Q
What is the term used to describe blood cell formation in the bone marrow
A
Haemopoiesis
4
Q
Which blood group in a universal donor
A
Blood group O
5
Q
What does the red blood cells transport in the bloodstream
A
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
6
Q
Do white blood cells (leukocytes) have nuclei
A
Yes, red blood cells are biconcave discs with no nuclei
7
Q
What is the lifespan of red bloody cells
A
120 days
8
Q
What is the breakdown or destruction of red blood cells called
A
Haemolysis
9
Q
Is blood clotting (coagulation) positive feedback or negative feedback
A
Positive feedback
10
Q
What is lymph and what does it do
A
A clear watery fluid that transports plasma proteins back to the bloodstream
It also carries away bacteria an cell debris from damaged tissues, which can then be filtered out and destroyed by lymph nodes
11
Q
Which important constituent functions of blood is absent from lymph
A
erythrocytes
12
Q
Which important protective cells are found within lymph nodes
A
Lymphocytes and macrophages
13
Q
What substances are transported by blood
A
Oxygen Nutrients Hormones Heat Antibodies and immune cells Clotting factors Waste
14
Q
Why give FFP (fresh frozen plasma)?
A
Give to patients in traumas
To do with bloody clotting - if you’ve lost a lot of blood you need and increase in your clotting factors
15
Q
What is in blood
A
Plasma proteins Electrolytes Nutrients Wastes products Hormones Gases
16
Q
Where are red blood cells reproduced
A
In red bone marrow
17
Q
What does dietary folic acid and vitamin B12 promote
A
Hb synthesis and red blood cell Maturation
18
Q
Why is dietary iron important
A
It is an essential constitute of haemoglobin
19
Q
How long does it take for a red blood cell to mature into a fully active concave disc
A
7 days
20
Q
How long does an erythrocyte circulate in the blood
A
120 day
21
Q
What happens to old erythrocytes
A
They are dealt with my haemolysis mainly in the spleen
Anything good inside the cell is taken out and reused again and excreted through the body
22
Q
What happens when you don’t have enough blood in the body
A
Tissue hypoxia
23
Q
When can tissue hypoxia happen
A
If you’re enemic
Hypovolaemia
Altitude
Lung disease
24
Q
What happens during tissue hypoxia if your enemic
A
You don’t have enough iron to make red blood cells - your red blood cells drops down - lost ability to carry oxygen to the tissues that need it
25
What’s happens during tissue hypoxia In hypovolaemia
Lost a lot of blood - lost a lot of internal circulating volume - inability to carry red blood cells
26
How can altitude affect tissue hypoxia
When you go higher up into atmosphere we start to lose oxygen in out atmosphere so our body has to work harder to get the oxygen out of the air and into the body to use it
27
How does lung disease affect tissue hypoxia
Deficiency in a way that the can either transport oxygen into the body or excrete waste out of the body (co2)
28
What happens in tissue hypoxia
Kidney secrete erythropoietin into blood
Bone marrow increases
Red blood cells numbers rise
Increased blood oxygen - carrying capacity reverses tissue hypoxia
29
How many erythrocytes are in the blood cells
99% (30 trillion in the body)
30
Features of biconcave disc
Increased surface area
Flexible
No nucleus (can’t replicate, increase oxygen carriage)
31
Why do red blood cells contain heamoglobin
Transport oxygen (each atom of iron can carry 1 oxygen molecule, 4 haem groups)
32
What do erythrocytes do
Release oxygen through low ph, low oxygen and increased temperature
33
What happens if you don’t get enough vitamin B12
Can make you tired
34
What happens to iron
It’s recycled, reused in bone marrow to form new haemoglobin
35
What happens to biliverdin
Formed from haem reduced to bilirubin and excreted in the bile, bile is excreted into the small intestine
36
What blood group is compatible with group A as a doner
Group A abs AB
37
What blood group is compatible with group B as a doner
Group B and AB
38
What blood group is compatible with group AB as a doner
Group AB
39
What blood group is compatible with group O as a doner
All groups (universal doner)
40
What blood group is compatible with group A as a recipient
Group A and O
41
What blood group is compatible with group B as a recipient
Group B and O
42
What blood group is compatible with group AB as a recipient
All groups (universal recipient)
43
What blood group is compatible with group O as a recipient
Group O
44
What is an antigen
Any molecule that triggers an immune response
45
How does immune systems respond to foreign antigens
By producing antibodies to get rid of them
46
What rhesus type makes rhesus antibodies
Rh-
| Only stimulated to do so in certain circumstances such as incompatible blood transfusion or pregnancy
47
If a mother creates antibodies to rhesus negative and the father doesn’t and the foetus has the fathers gene and starts creates the opposite the the mother, what happens?
They will start to attack eachother, if the baby’s red blood cells get into mothers blood stream, her immune system will consider them foreign invaders and create antibodies to destroy them - these antibodies can cross the placenta and attach the foetus
48
What are leucocytes
White blood cells
Role in defence and immunity
They increase when there is an infection, trauma or malignancy
49
What are the 2 types of leycocytes?
Granulocytes
| Agranulocytes
50
What do granulocytes contain
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
51
What does agranulocytes contain
Monocytes
| Lymphocytes
52
What’s the function of neutrophils
Protects against bacteria
| Attracted by damaged cells which Release chemotaxis
53
What’s the function of eosinophils
Elimination of parasites -release toxic chemicals
Accumulation of allergic inflammation
Promote inflammation
Reduces inflammation -breakdown histamine
54
What’s the function of basophils
Promotes inflammation - release histamine and heparin
55
What does phagocytosis do
Digest bacteria -lysososomes
56
What is function of monocytes
Largest white blood cells (leucocyte)
Develop into macrophages
Can isolate indigested material
Produce IL1
57
What are lymphocytes
Found in lymphatic system
B cells and T cells
Each cell recognises 1 antigen
Allows the body to respond quickly to recognise disease
58
What are thrombocytes
Platelets
59
What do thrombocytes do
Promote blood clotting
1/3 or platelets stored in the spleen for emergency blood clotting
Cause vasoconstriction in damaged blood vessel
Sticky - clump together to block hole
Positive feedback- attract more platelets
Platelet plug
Plug stabilised but fibrin
60
What is the lymphatic system
Extensive tubular network adapted to assist in circulation of body fluids, taking excess fluid from interstitial spaces back to the bloodstream
61
What are the features of the lymphatic system
Thin, blind ended vessels found extensively around the body, extending into interstitial spaces
62
How does lymph fluid go through the lymph node
Afferent lymphatic -arriving
| Efferent lymphatic -exiting
63
How is lymph fluid moved through the valves
By vascular resistance and your moment
Your movement helps squeeze the muscles around which helps your venous return in your veins but also works on lymph nodes
64
What are the lymphatic organs
Primary organs
| Secondary organs
65
What are primary organs
Bone marrow (B cells)
Thymus (T cells)
Where cells are produced
66
What are secondary organs
```
Spleen (filters blood)
Lymph nodes (filter lymph)
```
67
What happens in the capillary network in the lymphatic system
Fluid is forced out at the arterial side, fluid is reabsorbed in the venous side
68
What happens to excess fluid in the lymphatic system
Excess fluid the the tissues cell debris and bacteria absorbed into the lymph vessels
69
What do lymph vessels do if the lymphatic system
Return fluid to venous circulation
| Prevents tissues from becoming swollen
70
What do immune cells do in the lymphatic system
Detect infection
71
How much lymph is filtered a day in the lymphatic system
3-4 litres of lymph a day
72
What are lymph nodes
Oval shaped masses of lymphatic tissue, contains in a connective tissue
Contain both t lymphocytes and b lymphocytes
73
What gets filtered out in lymph nodes
Foreign bodies and microorganisms (immune action)
74
Where is the immune system present
Majority of body’s tissues
75
What is the immune system
Complex interaction of chemical and cellular events designed to recognise non self materials
Both non specific and specific parts
76
What is non specific immunity
Front line of body’s defences against foreign particles and invading microorganisms
77
What are the front line of body’s defences against forge in particles invading microorganisms
```
Species resistance
Inflammation
Chemical barriers
Fever
Mechanical barriers
```
78
What is species resistance
Homo sapiens resistant to organisms other species may not be
79
What is inflammation
Tissue responses, specialist non specific cells
80
What are chemical barriers
Acids, enzymes, interferons, complement
81
What happens when you get a fever
Body becomes inhospitable to certain pathogens
82
What are mechanical barriers
Anatomical defences
83
What happens to body tissues (anatomical defences)
Body tissues are covered in membranes and epithelia which act as barriers - most are bathed in protective fluids
84
What does it prevent when surfaces are colonised by commensal microorganisms
Overgrowth of disease producing species
85
What are the types of anatomical defences
```
Skin
Eyes
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Urinary system
```
86
How is the skin an anatomical defence
Barrier to UV,
resistant to drying,
presence of salt and sebum,
commensal organisms
87
How are eyes an anatomical defence
Lids, lashes, brows, lubricating and antibacterial tears
88
How is the respiratory system and anatomical defence
Nasal hairs
Nasal microfolra
Mucociliary escalator
89
How is the digestive system and an anatomical defence
Antibacterial saliva
Acid sterilisation
Mucus
Intestinal microflora
90
How is the urinary system an anatomical defence
Flushing by sterile urine
| Urine chemistry
91
What immunity is phagocitic cells (macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils)
Non specific immunity
92
What do phagrocitic cells do? (Macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils)
Migrate to sites of inflammation and infection
93
What is the natural killer cell
First line of defence against damaged, abnormal or infected cells
Can give the ‘kiss of death’ to abnormal cells which then self destruct
94
What do natural killers cells NOT require
Cooperation of antibody or other immune cells
95
What is specific immunity/adaptive specific to?
Each type of invader or particle
96
What does specific immunity/adaptive do?
Allows us to develop resistance to specific microorganisms
97
What does specific immunity/adaptive consist of
2 interdependent components - cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity
98
What is adaptive immunity
Can be active or passive
99
What is active adaptive immunity
Stimulation of the adaptive immune response - natural or vaccine induced
100
What is passive adaptive immunity
Acquire immunoglobulins directly either through injection or through the placenta during pregnancy or via breast milk whist feeding
101
What do antigens do
Induce specific immune responses - normally non self in origin
102
What is cell mediated immunity
The production of specific t-lymphocytes in the thymus(t cells), some of which attach to non self materials to destroy them
103
What is cell mediated immunity effective against
Antigens of fungi, bacteria, viruses and parasites, foreign tissue transplants, abnormal cells
104
What are the T cells and cell mediated immunity (in order)
Helper T cell
Cytoxic T cell
Suppressor T cell
Memory T cell
105
What does the helper T cell do
(CD4) assist in production of antibody by;
Cooperating with B cells
Secrete a chemical which stimulates the proliferation of cytoxic T cells
106
What do T cells (CTL or killer) do
Secrete toxic chemicals which destroy cells
| Secrete substances which can enhance the activities of other immune cells
107
What does the suppressor T cell do
Restrain cytoxic T cells and B cells
108
What do memory T cells do
Retrain ability to recognise previously encountered antigens
109
What is humoral immunity
Related to the production and secretion of specific antibodies into the circulation
Antibodies produced by b lymphocytes (b cells produced in bone marrow) attempt to destroy or neutralise antigen
110
What is humoral immunity effective against
Bacteria and viruses
111
What do B cells do (humoral immunity)
Carry surface antibodies which recognise specific antigens
112
What’s the first line of defence
Skin and mucous membranes (non specific)
113
What’s the second line of defence
Macrophages (inflammatory response) (non specific)
114
What’s the third like of defence
B and T cells (specific)
115
What is an antigen
The immune system recognises as a foreign invader in the body
116
What are antibiotics
Substances that can destroy bacteria
117
What are antibodies
Proteins (Y shape) with constant and variable regions
| Have an antigen binding area where they bind a specific antigen
118
What are the proteins called in antibodies
Immunoglobulins
119
How are antibodies produced and secreted
By the plasma cells from a B cell in response to the presence of an antigen
120
How is the immune response initiated
Antigens are presented to T cells
121
What do phagocytes do
Secrete chemicals to stimulate and activate T cells and B cells
122
What is the primary immune response
Involves initiation of antibody production
123
What is the secondary immune response
Enables a rapid and strong response to a pre encountered antigen
This memory is the basis of immunity to subsequent infections or bacteria and viruses
124
What does secondary exposure to antigen lead to
Rapid antibody production by B cells
125
What is immunisation
Vaccination protection against major bacterial and viral diseases
Relies on memory of immune system
126
What is hypersensitivity reaction
Exaggerated immune response to a non harmful antigen (allergy)
Inflammatory response
127
What is autoimmunity
Attack of self antigens by immune system
128
What is produces in autoimmunity
Autoantibodies and cytoxic T cells
