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Uni Biology > Blood, Body Defences And Immunity > Flashcards

Blood, Body Defences And Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

What tissue best describes blood

A

Connective tissue

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2
Q

How much plasma and cells will separate in test tubes of whole blood that has been prevented from clotting

A

55% plasma

45% cells

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3
Q

What is the term used to describe blood cell formation in the bone marrow

A

Haemopoiesis

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4
Q

Which blood group in a universal donor

A

Blood group O

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5
Q

What does the red blood cells transport in the bloodstream

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

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6
Q

Do white blood cells (leukocytes) have nuclei

A

Yes, red blood cells are biconcave discs with no nuclei

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7
Q

What is the lifespan of red bloody cells

A

120 days

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8
Q

What is the breakdown or destruction of red blood cells called

A

Haemolysis

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9
Q

Is blood clotting (coagulation) positive feedback or negative feedback

A

Positive feedback

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10
Q

What is lymph and what does it do

A

A clear watery fluid that transports plasma proteins back to the bloodstream

It also carries away bacteria an cell debris from damaged tissues, which can then be filtered out and destroyed by lymph nodes

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11
Q

Which important constituent functions of blood is absent from lymph

A

erythrocytes

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12
Q

Which important protective cells are found within lymph nodes

A

Lymphocytes and macrophages

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13
Q

What substances are transported by blood

A 
Oxygen
Nutrients
Hormones
Heat
Antibodies and immune cells
Clotting factors
Waste
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14
Q

Why give FFP (fresh frozen plasma)?

A

Give to patients in traumas

To do with bloody clotting - if you’ve lost a lot of blood you need and increase in your clotting factors

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15
Q

What is in blood

A 
Plasma proteins
Electrolytes 
Nutrients 
Wastes products 
Hormones
Gases
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16
Q

Where are red blood cells reproduced

A

In red bone marrow

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17
Q

What does dietary folic acid and vitamin B12 promote

A

Hb synthesis and red blood cell Maturation

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18
Q

Why is dietary iron important

A

It is an essential constitute of haemoglobin

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19
Q

How long does it take for a red blood cell to mature into a fully active concave disc

A

7 days

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20
Q

How long does an erythrocyte circulate in the blood

A

120 day

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21
Q

What happens to old erythrocytes

A

They are dealt with my haemolysis mainly in the spleen

Anything good inside the cell is taken out and reused again and excreted through the body

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22
Q

What happens when you don’t have enough blood in the body

A

Tissue hypoxia

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23
Q

When can tissue hypoxia happen

A

If you’re enemic
Hypovolaemia
Altitude
Lung disease

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24
Q

What happens during tissue hypoxia if your enemic

A

You don’t have enough iron to make red blood cells - your red blood cells drops down - lost ability to carry oxygen to the tissues that need it

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25
Q

What’s happens during tissue hypoxia In hypovolaemia

A

Lost a lot of blood - lost a lot of internal circulating volume - inability to carry red blood cells

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26
Q

How can altitude affect tissue hypoxia

A

When you go higher up into atmosphere we start to lose oxygen in out atmosphere so our body has to work harder to get the oxygen out of the air and into the body to use it

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27
Q

How does lung disease affect tissue hypoxia

A

Deficiency in a way that the can either transport oxygen into the body or excrete waste out of the body (co2)

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28
Q

What happens in tissue hypoxia

A

Kidney secrete erythropoietin into blood
Bone marrow increases
Red blood cells numbers rise
Increased blood oxygen - carrying capacity reverses tissue hypoxia

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29
Q

How many erythrocytes are in the blood cells

A

99% (30 trillion in the body)

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30
Q

Features of biconcave disc

A

Increased surface area
Flexible
No nucleus (can’t replicate, increase oxygen carriage)

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31
Q

Why do red blood cells contain heamoglobin

A

Transport oxygen (each atom of iron can carry 1 oxygen molecule, 4 haem groups)

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32
Q

What do erythrocytes do

A

Release oxygen through low ph, low oxygen and increased temperature

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33
Q

What happens if you don’t get enough vitamin B12

A

Can make you tired

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34
Q

What happens to iron

A

It’s recycled, reused in bone marrow to form new haemoglobin

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35
Q

What happens to biliverdin

A

Formed from haem reduced to bilirubin and excreted in the bile, bile is excreted into the small intestine

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36
Q

What blood group is compatible with group A as a doner

A

Group A abs AB

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37
Q

What blood group is compatible with group B as a doner

A

Group B and AB

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38
Q

What blood group is compatible with group AB as a doner

A

Group AB

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39
Q

What blood group is compatible with group O as a doner

A

All groups (universal doner)

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40
Q

What blood group is compatible with group A as a recipient

A

Group A and O

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41
Q

What blood group is compatible with group B as a recipient

A

Group B and O

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42
Q

What blood group is compatible with group AB as a recipient

A

All groups (universal recipient)

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43
Q

What blood group is compatible with group O as a recipient

A

Group O

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44
Q

What is an antigen

A

Any molecule that triggers an immune response

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45
Q

How does immune systems respond to foreign antigens

A

By producing antibodies to get rid of them

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46
Q

What rhesus type makes rhesus antibodies

A

Rh-

Only stimulated to do so in certain circumstances such as incompatible blood transfusion or pregnancy

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47
Q

If a mother creates antibodies to rhesus negative and the father doesn’t and the foetus has the fathers gene and starts creates the opposite the the mother, what happens?

A

They will start to attack eachother, if the baby’s red blood cells get into mothers blood stream, her immune system will consider them foreign invaders and create antibodies to destroy them - these antibodies can cross the placenta and attach the foetus

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48
Q

What are leucocytes

A

White blood cells
Role in defence and immunity
They increase when there is an infection, trauma or malignancy

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49
Q

What are the 2 types of leycocytes?

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

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50
Q

What do granulocytes contain

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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51
Q

What does agranulocytes contain

A

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

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52
Q

What’s the function of neutrophils

A

Protects against bacteria

Attracted by damaged cells which Release chemotaxis

53
Q

What’s the function of eosinophils

A

Elimination of parasites -release toxic chemicals
Accumulation of allergic inflammation
Promote inflammation
Reduces inflammation -breakdown histamine

54
Q

What’s the function of basophils

A

Promotes inflammation - release histamine and heparin

55
Q

What does phagocytosis do

A

Digest bacteria -lysososomes

56
Q

What is function of monocytes

A

Largest white blood cells (leucocyte)
Develop into macrophages
Can isolate indigested material
Produce IL1

57
Q

What are lymphocytes

A

Found in lymphatic system
B cells and T cells
Each cell recognises 1 antigen
Allows the body to respond quickly to recognise disease

58
Q

What are thrombocytes

A

Platelets

59
Q

What do thrombocytes do

A

Promote blood clotting
1/3 or platelets stored in the spleen for emergency blood clotting
Cause vasoconstriction in damaged blood vessel
Sticky - clump together to block hole
Positive feedback- attract more platelets
Platelet plug
Plug stabilised but fibrin

60
Q

What is the lymphatic system

A

Extensive tubular network adapted to assist in circulation of body fluids, taking excess fluid from interstitial spaces back to the bloodstream

61
Q

What are the features of the lymphatic system

A

Thin, blind ended vessels found extensively around the body, extending into interstitial spaces

62
Q

How does lymph fluid go through the lymph node

A

Afferent lymphatic -arriving

Efferent lymphatic -exiting

63
Q

How is lymph fluid moved through the valves

A

By vascular resistance and your moment

Your movement helps squeeze the muscles around which helps your venous return in your veins but also works on lymph nodes

64
Q

What are the lymphatic organs

A

Primary organs

Secondary organs

65
Q

What are primary organs

A

Bone marrow (B cells)
Thymus (T cells)
Where cells are produced

66
Q

What are secondary organs

A 
Spleen (filters blood)
Lymph nodes (filter lymph)
67
Q

What happens in the capillary network in the lymphatic system

A

Fluid is forced out at the arterial side, fluid is reabsorbed in the venous side

68
Q

What happens to excess fluid in the lymphatic system

A

Excess fluid the the tissues cell debris and bacteria absorbed into the lymph vessels

69
Q

What do lymph vessels do if the lymphatic system

A

Return fluid to venous circulation

Prevents tissues from becoming swollen

70
Q

What do immune cells do in the lymphatic system

A

Detect infection

71
Q

How much lymph is filtered a day in the lymphatic system

A

3-4 litres of lymph a day

72
Q

What are lymph nodes

A

Oval shaped masses of lymphatic tissue, contains in a connective tissue

Contain both t lymphocytes and b lymphocytes

73
Q

What gets filtered out in lymph nodes

A

Foreign bodies and microorganisms (immune action)

74
Q

Where is the immune system present

A

Majority of body’s tissues

75
Q

What is the immune system

A

Complex interaction of chemical and cellular events designed to recognise non self materials

Both non specific and specific parts

76
Q

What is non specific immunity

A

Front line of body’s defences against foreign particles and invading microorganisms

77
Q

What are the front line of body’s defences against forge in particles invading microorganisms

A 
Species resistance 
Inflammation
Chemical barriers 
Fever 
Mechanical barriers
78
Q

What is species resistance

A

Homo sapiens resistant to organisms other species may not be

79
Q

What is inflammation

A

Tissue responses, specialist non specific cells

80
Q

What are chemical barriers

A

Acids, enzymes, interferons, complement

81
Q

What happens when you get a fever

A

Body becomes inhospitable to certain pathogens

82
Q

What are mechanical barriers

A

Anatomical defences

83
Q

What happens to body tissues (anatomical defences)

A

Body tissues are covered in membranes and epithelia which act as barriers - most are bathed in protective fluids

84
Q

What does it prevent when surfaces are colonised by commensal microorganisms

A

Overgrowth of disease producing species

85
Q

What are the types of anatomical defences

A 
Skin
Eyes
Respiratory system 
Digestive system 
Urinary system
86
Q

How is the skin an anatomical defence

A

Barrier to UV,
resistant to drying,
presence of salt and sebum,
commensal organisms

87
Q

How are eyes an anatomical defence

A

Lids, lashes, brows, lubricating and antibacterial tears

88
Q

How is the respiratory system and anatomical defence

A

Nasal hairs
Nasal microfolra
Mucociliary escalator

89
Q

How is the digestive system and an anatomical defence

A

Antibacterial saliva
Acid sterilisation
Mucus
Intestinal microflora

90
Q

How is the urinary system an anatomical defence

A

Flushing by sterile urine

Urine chemistry

91
Q

What immunity is phagocitic cells (macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils)

A

Non specific immunity

92
Q

What do phagrocitic cells do? (Macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils)

A

Migrate to sites of inflammation and infection

93
Q

What is the natural killer cell

A

First line of defence against damaged, abnormal or infected cells
Can give the ‘kiss of death’ to abnormal cells which then self destruct

94
Q

What do natural killers cells NOT require

A

Cooperation of antibody or other immune cells

95
Q

What is specific immunity/adaptive specific to?

A

Each type of invader or particle

96
Q

What does specific immunity/adaptive do?

A

Allows us to develop resistance to specific microorganisms

97
Q

What does specific immunity/adaptive consist of

A

2 interdependent components - cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity

98
Q

What is adaptive immunity

A

Can be active or passive

99
Q

What is active adaptive immunity

A

Stimulation of the adaptive immune response - natural or vaccine induced

100
Q

What is passive adaptive immunity

A

Acquire immunoglobulins directly either through injection or through the placenta during pregnancy or via breast milk whist feeding

101
Q

What do antigens do

A

Induce specific immune responses - normally non self in origin

102
Q

What is cell mediated immunity

A

The production of specific t-lymphocytes in the thymus(t cells), some of which attach to non self materials to destroy them

103
Q

What is cell mediated immunity effective against

A

Antigens of fungi, bacteria, viruses and parasites, foreign tissue transplants, abnormal cells

104
Q

What are the T cells and cell mediated immunity (in order)

A

Helper T cell
Cytoxic T cell
Suppressor T cell
Memory T cell

105
Q

What does the helper T cell do

A

(CD4) assist in production of antibody by;
Cooperating with B cells
Secrete a chemical which stimulates the proliferation of cytoxic T cells

106
Q

What do T cells (CTL or killer) do

A

Secrete toxic chemicals which destroy cells

Secrete substances which can enhance the activities of other immune cells

107
Q

What does the suppressor T cell do

A

Restrain cytoxic T cells and B cells

108
Q

What do memory T cells do

A

Retrain ability to recognise previously encountered antigens

109
Q

What is humoral immunity

A

Related to the production and secretion of specific antibodies into the circulation

Antibodies produced by b lymphocytes (b cells produced in bone marrow) attempt to destroy or neutralise antigen

110
Q

What is humoral immunity effective against

A

Bacteria and viruses

111
Q

What do B cells do (humoral immunity)

A

Carry surface antibodies which recognise specific antigens

112
Q

What’s the first line of defence

A

Skin and mucous membranes (non specific)

113
Q

What’s the second line of defence

A

Macrophages (inflammatory response) (non specific)

114
Q

What’s the third like of defence

A

B and T cells (specific)

115
Q

What is an antigen

A

The immune system recognises as a foreign invader in the body

116
Q

What are antibiotics

A

Substances that can destroy bacteria

117
Q

What are antibodies

A

Proteins (Y shape) with constant and variable regions

Have an antigen binding area where they bind a specific antigen

118
Q

What are the proteins called in antibodies

A

Immunoglobulins

119
Q

How are antibodies produced and secreted

A

By the plasma cells from a B cell in response to the presence of an antigen

120
Q

How is the immune response initiated

A

Antigens are presented to T cells

121
Q

What do phagocytes do

A

Secrete chemicals to stimulate and activate T cells and B cells

122
Q

What is the primary immune response

A

Involves initiation of antibody production

123
Q

What is the secondary immune response

A

Enables a rapid and strong response to a pre encountered antigen
This memory is the basis of immunity to subsequent infections or bacteria and viruses

124
Q

What does secondary exposure to antigen lead to

A

Rapid antibody production by B cells

125
Q

What is immunisation

A

Vaccination protection against major bacterial and viral diseases
Relies on memory of immune system

126
Q

What is hypersensitivity reaction

A

Exaggerated immune response to a non harmful antigen (allergy)

Inflammatory response

127
Q

What is autoimmunity

A

Attack of self antigens by immune system

128
Q

What is produces in autoimmunity

A

Autoantibodies and cytoxic T cells

Uni Biology (8 decks)

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